<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>41509</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>8251</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>8263</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>29</issue>
    <volume>56</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>ACS Publications</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Halogen-free Multicomponent Flame Retardant Thermoplastic Styrene-Ethylene-Butylene-Styrene Elastomers Based on Ammonium Polyphosphate – Expandable Graphite Synergy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Developing flame retarded thermoplastic elastomers (TPES) based on styrene−ethylene−butylene−styrene, polypropylene, and mineral oil is a challenging task because of their very high fire loads and flammability. A promising approach is the synergistic combination of expandable graphite (EG) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). Cone calorimetry, oxygen index, and UL 94 classification were applied. The optimal EG:APP ratio is 3:1, due to the most effective fire residue morphology. Exchanging APP with melamine-coated APPm yielded crucial improvement in fire properties, whereas replacing EG/APP with melamine polyphosphate did not. Adjuvants, such as aluminum diethyl phosphinate (AlPi), zinc borate, melamine cyanurate, titanium dioxide, dipentaerylthritol, diphenyl-2-ethyl phosphate, boehmite, SiO2, chalk, and talcum, were tested. All flame retardants reinforced the TPE-S. The combination with AlPi is proposed, because with 30 wt % flame retardants a maximum averaged rate of heat emission below 200 kW m−2 and a V-0 rating was achieved. Multicomponent EG/APP/adjuvants systems are proposed as a suitable route to achieve efficient halogen-free flame retarded TPE-S.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0888-5885</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01177</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">22.08.2017</enrichment>
    <author>Antje Wilke</author>
    <author>Kirsten Langfeld</author>
    <author>B. Ulmer</author>
    <author>V. Andrievici</author>
    <author>Andreas Hörold</author>
    <author>P. Limbach</author>
    <author>Martin Bastian</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermoplastic elastomers</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Amonium polyphosphate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Expandable graphite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synergy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>32692</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2015</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>157</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>177</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>33</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Sage</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>London</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Halogen-free fire retardant styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene-based thermoplastic elastomers using synergistic aluminium diethylphosphinate-based combinations</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Multicomponent flame retardant systems containing aluminum diethylphosphinate in thermoplastic styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene elastomers are investigated (oxygen index, UL 94, cone calorimeter, and mechanical testing). Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy, and elemental analysis illuminate the interactions in the condensed phase. Thermoplastic styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene elastomers are a challenge for flame retardancy (peak heat release rate at 50 kW m-2 &gt; 2000 kW m-2, oxygen index = 17.2 vol%, no UL-94 horizontal burn rating) since it burns without residue and with a very high effective heat of combustion. Adding aluminum diethylphosphinate results in efficient flame inhibition and improves the reaction to small flame, but it is less effective in the cone calorimeter. Its efficacy levels off for amounts &gt;~25 wt%. As the most promising synergistic system, aluminum diethylphosphinate/melamine polyphosphate was identified, combining the main gas action of aluminum diethylphosphinate with condensed phase mechanisms. The protection layer was further improved with several adjuvants. Keeping the overall flame retardant content at 30 wt%, aluminum diethylphosphinate/melamine polyphosphate/titanium dioxide and aluminum diethylphosphinate/melamine polyphosphate/boehmite were the best approaches. An oxygen index of up to 27 vol% was achieved and a horizontal burn rating in UL 94 with immediate self-extinction; peak heat release rate decreased by up to 85% compared to thermoplastic styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene elastomers, to &lt;300 kW m-2.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of fire sciences</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">35768</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1177/0734904114565581</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0734-9041</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1530-8049</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.03.2015</enrichment>
    <author>Kirsten Langfeld</author>
    <author>Antje Wilke</author>
    <author>Aleksandra Sut</author>
    <author>Sebastian Greiser</author>
    <author>B. Ulmer</author>
    <author>V. Andrievici</author>
    <author>P. Limbach</author>
    <author>Martin Bastian</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aluminium phosphinate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermoplastic elastomers</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cone calorimetry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flammability</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
