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    <title language="eng">State of the Art in the Qualification of Metallic Materials for Hydrogen Technologies</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The hydrogen economy is one of the main solutions for achieving climate neutrality in Europe. Metallic materials, predominantly steels, are the most common structural materials in the various components along the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a key factor in the ramp-up of the hydrogen economy. This requires extensive materials qualification, however, most of the accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the influence of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide (e.g., autoclave technique).&#13;
The hollow specimen technique is presented as an alternative method that can overcome the limitations of current techniques and complement them. To standardise the technique, a process has been initiated by ISO in 2021. Knowledge gaps for tests with the technique in hydrogen have been identified by DIN. The H2HohlZug project, which falls under the umbrella of TransHyDE, aims to address the identified knowledge gaps and provide a foundation for a comprehensive standardisation of the hollow specimen technique.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">Closing the gaps towards the Standardisation of the Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Metallic materials, mainly steels, are the most commonly used structural materials in various components throughout the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a crucial factor in the development of the hydrogen economy. This is particularly important since hydrogen can promote crack formation and ultimately lead to premature failure in these materials when combined with mechanical load. This process is commonly known as Hydrogen Embrittlement and can occur in a large number of steels used for the hydrogen technologies.[1] Extensive materials qualification is required for the rapid implementation of hydrogen technologies, however, most accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the effect of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures (e.g. in-situ autoclave technique) that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide.&#13;
The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method that has the potential to overcome the limitations of the current methods and complement them for qualifying metallic materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. Unlike the conventional autoclave technique, this method requires significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety measures and no need for complex equipment or a specialised laboratory. The technique's low investment and testing costs, simple operation, and shorter testing time make it an optimal for widespread use around the world, thereby increasing the output of results.&#13;
Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen technique. This led to the establishment of an ISO committee to standardise the method, however, there are open questions that currently prevent the technique from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions relate to specimen geometry, inner hole surface and gas quality and are being addressed in the TransHyDE - H2HohlZug project. The aim of the project is to systematically address and close the gaps towards the standardisation of this technique for tests in hydrogen. &#13;
The project is divided into four work packages. First, the elastic-plastic behaviour of a hollow tensile specimen is compared with that of a conventional solid tensile specimen of identical external dimensions using finite element methods (3D-FEM) and subsequently validated by experimental results. In the second, the influence of the inner hole surface quality of the specimen on the hydrogen effects is evaluated. Five different methods of producing the inner axial hole were chosen to ensure different average roughness values and residual stresses (drilling vs. EDM), and also to ensure a good representation of the more common and easily accessible processes (drilling and reaming) to the more complex ones (EDM and honing). Next, the influence of gas purity (different compositions) and purging process (different routines) is evaluated. Finally, an optimal specimen geometry, inner hole production process, gas quality and purging process are proposed from each working package and its reproducibility and repeatability is evaluated in a round robin with national and international partners. &#13;
This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by initial results regarding the influence of different manufacturing and finishing processes on the inner hole surface of the hollow specimen and its response to hydrogen effects.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">From Research to a Standard: The Hollow Specimen Technique for High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas Testing</title>
    <abstract language="eng">As the world moves towards a decarbonised economy, the demand for sustainable and low-carbon alternatives is growing rapidly. Hydrogen has an important role to play in this transition, but in order to make the most of hydrogen as an energy carrier, a comprehensive understanding of its impact on the integrity of structural materials is necessary. Metallic materials, mainly steels, are the most commonly used structural materials in various components throughout the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a crucial factor in the development of the hydrogen economy. This is particularly important since hydrogen can promote crack formation and ultimately lead to premature failure in these materials when combined with mechanical load. This process is commonly known as Hydrogen Embrittlement and can occur in almost all the steels used for the hydrogen technologies. Extensive materials qualification is required for the rapid implementation of hydrogen technologies, however, most accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the effect of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide.&#13;
The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method that has the potential to overcome the limitations of the current methods and complement them for qualifying metallic materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. Unlike the conventional autoclave technique, this method requires significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety measures and no need for complex equipment or a specialised laboratory. The technique's low investment and testing costs, simple operation, and shorter testing time make it an optimal for widespread use around the world, thereby increasing the output of results.&#13;
Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen technique. This led to the establishment of an ISO committee to standardise the method. However, there are open questions that currently prevent the technique from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions relate to specimen geometry, inner hole surface and gas quality and are being addressed in the H2HohlZug project, of which the overall aim is to systematically close the gaps towards a standard. This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by initial results.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The Role of Geometry, Surface Quality and Gas Purity</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The hollow specimen technique is a simple and cost-effective method that has the potential to make materials qualification with pressurised gaseous hydrogen widely accessible to academia and industry.&#13;
The feasibility of this method for slow strain tensile tests has been demonstrated in several studies, leading to the establishment of the ISO/TC 164/SC 1/WG 9 ISO committee for its standardisation. Questions have emerged during this process, that currently prevent the method from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These questions relate to specimen geometry, specimen manufacturing and gas quality and are being systematically addressed in the TransHyDE-H2HohlZug project. The first results are presented in this poster.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The TransHyDE - H2HohlZug Project</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The feasibility of the method for slow strain tensile tests has been demonstrated in several studies, leading to the establishment of the ISO/TC 164/SC 1/WG 9 ISO committee for its standardisation. Questions have emerged during this process, that currently prevent the method from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These questions relate to specimen geometry, specimen manufacturing and gas quality and are being systematically addressed in the TransHyDE-H2HohlZug project.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The Role of Strain-Rate and Surface Quality</title>
    <abstract language="eng">As the world moves towards a decarbonised economy, the demand for sustainable and low-carbon alternatives is growing rapidly. Hydrogen has an important role to play in this transition, but in order to make the most of hydrogen as an energy carrier, a comprehensive understanding of its impact on the integrity of structural materials is necessary. Metallic materials, mainly steels, are the most commonly used structural materials in various components throughout the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a crucial factor in the development of the hydrogen economy. This is particularly important since hydrogen can promote crack formation and ultimately lead to premature failure in these materials when combined with mechanical load. This process is commonly known as Hydrogen Embrittlement and can occur in almost all the steels used for the hydrogen technologies. Extensive materials qualification is required for the rapid implementation of hydrogen technologies, however, most accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the effect of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide.&#13;
The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method that has the potential to overcome the limitations of the current methods and complement them for qualifying metallic materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. Unlike the conventional autoclave technique, this method requires significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety measures and no need for complex equipment or a specialised laboratory. The technique's low investment and testing costs, simple operation, and shorter testing time make it an optimal for widespread use around the world, thereby increasing the output of results.&#13;
Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen technique. This led to the establishment of an ISO committee to standardise the method. However, there are open questions that currently prevent the technique from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions relate to specimen geometry, inner hole surface and gas quality and are being addressed in the H2HohlZug project, of which the overall aim is to systematically close the gaps towards a standard. This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by initial results.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">H2HohlZug: Comprehensive Standardisation of the Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The poster starts by presenting the current limitations of the methods used to assess hydrogen effects on materials. Next, an alternative technique called the Hollow Specimen Technique is presented, which aims to overcome the limitations of the current standardised techniques, followed by its advantages. Finally, the H2HohlZug project, its work packages and objectives are presented.</abstract>
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      <value>High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
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  <doc>
    <id>62809</id>
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    <title language="eng">Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The Role of Strain-Rate and Surface Quality</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The feasibility of the method for slow strain tensile tests has been demonstrated in several studies, leading to the establishment of the ISO/TC 164/SC 1/WG 9 ISO committee for its standardisation. Questions have emerged during this process, that currently prevent the method from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These questions relate to specimen geometry, specimen manufacturing and gas quality and are being systematically addressed in the TransHyDE-H2HohlZug project. The first results addressing the questions regarding specimen manufacturing are presented in this poster.</abstract>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
    <subject>
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      <value>Hydrogen</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hollow Specimen Technique</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>TransHyDE</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>H2HohlZug</value>
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  <doc>
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    <title language="eng">Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The TransHyDE - H2HohlZug Project</title>
    <abstract language="eng">As the world moves towards a decarbonised economy, the demand for sustainable and low-carbon alternatives is growing rapidly. Hydrogen has an important role to play in this transition, but in order to make the most of hydrogen as an energy carrier, a comprehensive understanding of its impact on the integrity of structural materials is necessary. Metallic materials, mainly steels, are the most commonly used structural materials in various components throughout the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a crucial factor in the development of the hydrogen economy. This is particularly important since hydrogen can promote crack formation and ultimately lead to premature failure in these materials when combined with mechanical load. This process is commonly known as Hydrogen Embrittlement and can occur in almost all the steels used for the hydrogen technologies. Extensive materials qualification is required for the rapid implementation of hydrogen technologies, however, most accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the effect of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide.&#13;
The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method that has the potential to overcome the limitations of the current methods and complement them for qualifying metallic materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. Unlike the conventional autoclave technique, this method requires significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety measures and no need for complex equipment or a specialised laboratory. The technique's low investment and testing costs, simple operation, and shorter testing time make it an optimal for widespread use around the world, thereby increasing the output of results.&#13;
Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen technique. This led to the establishment of an ISO committee to standardise the method. However, there are open questions that currently prevent the technique from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions relate to specimen geometry, inner hole surface and gas quality and are being addressed in the H2HohlZug project, of which the overall aim is to systematically close the gaps towards a standard. This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by initial results.</abstract>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
    <subject>
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      <value>Hydrogen</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hollow Specimen Technique</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>TransHyDE</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>H2HohlZug</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Standardisation</value>
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    <pageFirst>60</pageFirst>
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    <issue/>
    <volume>4</volume>
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    <title language="eng">Challenges with metallic materials for the transport and storage of hydrogen</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The hydrogen economy is one of the most important solutions to achieve climate neutrality in Europe. It involves the production, storage, transport and use of large quantities of hydrogen in existing and new infrastructures. Components along this supply chain, such as pipelines and storage tanks, are made of various metallic materials, with steel being the most common construction material. The rapid introduction of hydrogen therefore brings with it major challenges, in particular the need for comprehensive qualification of components and materials to ensure the sustainable and safe use of hydrogen technologies. This article provides an overview of the state of the art in the testing of materials and components as well as corresponding future trends and developments for a successful transition to a hydrogen economy.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">VGBE Energy Journal - International Journal for Generation and Storage of Electricity and Heat</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">VGBE - Materials and Quality Assurance 2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bergheim, Germany</enrichment>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
    <author>André de Araujo Abilio</author>
    <author>Florian Konert</author>
    <author>Jonathan Nietzke</author>
    <author>Zephanja Krzysch</author>
    <author>Thomas Böllinghaus</author>
    <author>Oded Sobol</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
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      <value>Materials Testing</value>
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      <value>Component Testing</value>
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      <value>High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hollow Specimen Technique</value>
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    <title language="eng">Hollow Specimen Technique for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The Path Towards Standardisation and the Case Study of a Pipeline Steel and its Weld</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The hollow specimen technique is a simple method that has the potential to make material qualification with gaseous pressurized hydrogen widely applicable for the hydrogen industry at low cost. The feasibility of this method has been demonstrated in several studies, leading to the establishment of an ISO committee for its standardization. Questions have emerged during this process, that currently prevent the method from being standardized for hydrogen testing. These questions relate to specimen geometry, specimen manufacturing and gas quality and are being systematically addressed in the TransHyDE-H2HohlZug project. The aim is to close the identified gaps towards the standardization of this method for hydrogen testing.&#13;
This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by the results regarding the influence of specimen production and its response to hydrogen effects. Depending on the production method, different roughness and residual stresses can be expected on the inner hole surface of the specimens. This is of importance since an increase in stress concentration sites have been found to be associated to a higher severity of hydrogen effects. This influence has been investigated after applying the following machining processes: a) drilled only; b) drilled and reamed; c) drilled and honed; d) electro-discharge machining (EDM) and honed; e) EDM and reamed.&#13;
Roughness measurements using a profilometer, electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis and microhardness tests have been performed previous to mechanical testing to infer on the effect of the different production methods on the surface of the inner hole. Next, the specimens were mechanically tested via slow strain rate tensile tests in a argon and in hydrogen, both at 150 bar and room temperature. Here, a strain-rate sensibility analysis was also performed to identify an optimal strain-rate for the mechanical tests. Based on the results an optimal production method is identified and proposed.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">ASTM Conference on Hydrogen Materials</enrichment>
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      <value>Tensile Test</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Pipeline Steel</value>
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