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    <pageFirst>60</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>64</pageLast>
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    <volume>4</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>VGBE Energy</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Challenges with metallic materials for the transport and storage of hydrogen</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The hydrogen economy is one of the most important solutions to achieve climate neutrality in Europe. It involves the production, storage, transport and use of large quantities of hydrogen in existing and new infrastructures. Components along this supply chain, such as pipelines and storage tanks, are made of various metallic materials, with steel being the most common construction material. The rapid introduction of hydrogen therefore brings with it major challenges, in particular the need for comprehensive qualification of components and materials to ensure the sustainable and safe use of hydrogen technologies. This article provides an overview of the state of the art in the testing of materials and components as well as corresponding future trends and developments for a successful transition to a hydrogen economy.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">VGBE Energy Journal - International Journal for Generation and Storage of Electricity and Heat</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">VGBE - Materials and Quality Assurance 2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bergheim, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.05.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
    <author>André de Araujo Abilio</author>
    <author>Florian Konert</author>
    <author>Jonathan Nietzke</author>
    <author>Zephanja Krzysch</author>
    <author>Thomas Böllinghaus</author>
    <author>Oded Sobol</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Materials Testing</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Component Testing</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hollow Specimen Technique</value>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>59564</id>
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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
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    <title language="eng">State of the Art in the Qualification of Metallic Materials for Hydrogen Technologies</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The hydrogen economy is one of the main solutions for achieving climate neutrality in Europe. Metallic materials, predominantly steels, are the most common structural materials in the various components along the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a key factor in the ramp-up of the hydrogen economy. This requires extensive materials qualification, however, most of the accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the influence of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide (e.g., autoclave technique).&#13;
The hollow specimen technique is presented as an alternative method that can overcome the limitations of current techniques and complement them. To standardise the technique, a process has been initiated by ISO in 2021. Knowledge gaps for tests with the technique in hydrogen have been identified by DIN. The H2HohlZug project, which falls under the umbrella of TransHyDE, aims to address the identified knowledge gaps and provide a foundation for a comprehensive standardisation of the hollow specimen technique.</abstract>
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    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.02.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hollow Specimen Technique</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardisation</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2HohlZug</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TransHyDE</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>61286</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Closing the gaps towards the Standardisation of the Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Metallic materials, mainly steels, are the most commonly used structural materials in various components throughout the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a crucial factor in the development of the hydrogen economy. This is particularly important since hydrogen can promote crack formation and ultimately lead to premature failure in these materials when combined with mechanical load. This process is commonly known as Hydrogen Embrittlement and can occur in a large number of steels used for the hydrogen technologies.[1] Extensive materials qualification is required for the rapid implementation of hydrogen technologies, however, most accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the effect of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures (e.g. in-situ autoclave technique) that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide.&#13;
The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method that has the potential to overcome the limitations of the current methods and complement them for qualifying metallic materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. Unlike the conventional autoclave technique, this method requires significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety measures and no need for complex equipment or a specialised laboratory. The technique's low investment and testing costs, simple operation, and shorter testing time make it an optimal for widespread use around the world, thereby increasing the output of results.&#13;
Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen technique. This led to the establishment of an ISO committee to standardise the method, however, there are open questions that currently prevent the technique from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions relate to specimen geometry, inner hole surface and gas quality and are being addressed in the TransHyDE - H2HohlZug project. The aim of the project is to systematically address and close the gaps towards the standardisation of this technique for tests in hydrogen. &#13;
The project is divided into four work packages. First, the elastic-plastic behaviour of a hollow tensile specimen is compared with that of a conventional solid tensile specimen of identical external dimensions using finite element methods (3D-FEM) and subsequently validated by experimental results. In the second, the influence of the inner hole surface quality of the specimen on the hydrogen effects is evaluated. Five different methods of producing the inner axial hole were chosen to ensure different average roughness values and residual stresses (drilling vs. EDM), and also to ensure a good representation of the more common and easily accessible processes (drilling and reaming) to the more complex ones (EDM and honing). Next, the influence of gas purity (different compositions) and purging process (different routines) is evaluated. Finally, an optimal specimen geometry, inner hole production process, gas quality and purging process are proposed from each working package and its reproducibility and repeatability is evaluated in a round robin with national and international partners. &#13;
This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by initial results regarding the influence of different manufacturing and finishing processes on the inner hole surface of the hollow specimen and its response to hydrogen effects.</abstract>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Tensile Test</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hollow Specimen Technique</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardisation</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>TransHyDE</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>H2HohlZug</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Repair Welding on Future Pressurized Hydrogen Pipelines</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen is the energy carrier for a sustainable future without fossil fuels. This requires a reliable transport infrastructure. In this context, the conversion of existing natural gas (NG) grids is an essential part of the worldwide hydrogen strategies, in addition to the construction of new pipelines. Given the known effects of hydrogen embrittlement, the compatibility of the materials already in use (typically low alloy steels in a wide range of strengths and thicknesses) must be investigated. Initial comprehensive studies of the hydrogen compatibility of pipeline materials indicate that these materials can be used to a certain extent. However, pipelines require frequent maintenance and repair. In some cases, it is necessary to perform welding on pipelines while they are under pressure,&#13;
such as the well-known tapping of natural gas grids. This in-service welding presents additional challenges for hydrogen operations in terms of additional hydrogen absorption during welding and material compatibility. The challenge can be roughly divided into the possible austenitization of the inner pipe material exposed to hydrogen, which can lead to sufficient hydro- gen absorption, and the welding itself, which causes an increased temperature range. Both lead to a significant increase in hydrogen solubility and diffusivity of the respective materials compared to room temperature. In this context, knowledge about hot tapping on hydrogen pipelines is scarce due to the lack of operating experience. Fundamental experimental investigations are required to investigate the possibility of transferring the state-of-the-art concepts from natural gas to hydrogen pipeline grids to ensure that no critical material degradation occurs due to the potentially increased hydrogen uptake. For this reason, the presentation will present the state of the art in hydrogen pipeline hot tapping, including current research projects and their solution strategies in terms of pressurized mock-ups and basic testing scenarios.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">ASTM Conference on Hydrogen Materials</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">La Rochelle, France</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">03.06.2025</enrichment>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Component Test</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>In-service welding</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pipeline</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
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    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>11</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>17</pageLast>
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    <publisherName>Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde e.V. (DGM)</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Dresden</publisherPlace>
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    <title language="deu">Hohlzugprüfung als kostengünstige Methode zur Werkstoffcharakterisierung für die Wasserstoffwirtschaft</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Wasserstoff ist ein notwendiger Baustein zur Erreichung zukünftiger Klimaziele. Für eine schnell hochlaufende Wasserstoffwirtschaft ist es daher notwendig sowohl bestehende Infrastruktur als auch neue Werkstoffe für den sicheren und nachhaltigen Einsatz in Wasserstofftechnologien zu qualifizieren. Die akzeptierten und standardisierten Prüfverfahren zur Ermittlung des Einflusses gasförmigen Wasserstoffs auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften metallischer Werkstoffe sind meist sehr komplex, mit hohem technologischem und finanziellem Aufwand verbunden und stehen nur Wenigen Instituten weltweit zur Verfügung. Die Hohlzugprüftechnik bietet hier eine kostengünstige und einfach zu realisierende Alternative. Mit der im Jahr 2024 erstmals veröffentlichten ISO 7039 wurde diese Prüftechnik auch für die Wirtschaft anwendbar gemacht. Der Standard gilt allgemein für die Prüfung mit gasförmigen Medien, weist jedoch in Bezug auf die Prüfung mit gasförmigem Wasserstoff noch einige Wissenslücken auf. Im Teilvorhaben H2HohlZug des Leitprojekt TransHyDE werden die Lücken zum Einfluss der Geometrie, Oberflächenqualität sowie Gasreinheit in einzelnen Arbeitspaketen geschlossen und die Erkenntnisse in einen Standard überführt.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Tagungsband zur 43. Vortrags- und Diskussionstagung Werkstoffprüfung 2025</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-88355-454-9</identifier>
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    <author>Tobias Mente</author>
    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
    <author>Jonathan Nietzke</author>
    <author>Florian Konert</author>
    <author>Oded Sobol</author>
    <author>Ken Wackermann</author>
    <author>Peter Ruchti</author>
    <author>Stefan Elsen-Humberg</author>
    <author>Thomas Systermans</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hohlzugprüfung</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Druckwasserstoff</value>
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      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>ISO 7039</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>H2HohlZug - TransHyDE</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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  <doc>
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    <title language="eng">From Research to a Standard: The Hollow Specimen Technique for High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas Testing</title>
    <abstract language="eng">As the world moves towards a decarbonised economy, the demand for sustainable and low-carbon alternatives is growing rapidly. Hydrogen has an important role to play in this transition, but in order to make the most of hydrogen as an energy carrier, a comprehensive understanding of its impact on the integrity of structural materials is necessary. Metallic materials, mainly steels, are the most commonly used structural materials in various components throughout the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a crucial factor in the development of the hydrogen economy. This is particularly important since hydrogen can promote crack formation and ultimately lead to premature failure in these materials when combined with mechanical load. This process is commonly known as Hydrogen Embrittlement and can occur in almost all the steels used for the hydrogen technologies. Extensive materials qualification is required for the rapid implementation of hydrogen technologies, however, most accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the effect of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide.&#13;
The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method that has the potential to overcome the limitations of the current methods and complement them for qualifying metallic materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. Unlike the conventional autoclave technique, this method requires significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety measures and no need for complex equipment or a specialised laboratory. The technique's low investment and testing costs, simple operation, and shorter testing time make it an optimal for widespread use around the world, thereby increasing the output of results.&#13;
Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen technique. This led to the establishment of an ISO committee to standardise the method. However, there are open questions that currently prevent the technique from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions relate to specimen geometry, inner hole surface and gas quality and are being addressed in the H2HohlZug project, of which the overall aim is to systematically close the gaps towards a standard. This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by initial results.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">CETIM Workshop Technique H2</enrichment>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hollow Specimen Technique</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TransHyDE</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2HohlZug</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardisation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.1 Komponenten für Energieträger</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>61847</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <pageLast/>
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    <title language="eng">Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The Role of Geometry, Surface Quality and Gas Purity</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The hollow specimen technique is a simple and cost-effective method that has the potential to make materials qualification with pressurised gaseous hydrogen widely accessible to academia and industry.&#13;
The feasibility of this method for slow strain tensile tests has been demonstrated in several studies, leading to the establishment of the ISO/TC 164/SC 1/WG 9 ISO committee for its standardisation. Questions have emerged during this process, that currently prevent the method from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These questions relate to specimen geometry, specimen manufacturing and gas quality and are being systematically addressed in the TransHyDE-H2HohlZug project. The first results are presented in this poster.</abstract>
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      <value>Austenitic Stainless Steel</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>TransHyDE</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The TransHyDE - H2HohlZug Project</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The feasibility of the method for slow strain tensile tests has been demonstrated in several studies, leading to the establishment of the ISO/TC 164/SC 1/WG 9 ISO committee for its standardisation. Questions have emerged during this process, that currently prevent the method from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These questions relate to specimen geometry, specimen manufacturing and gas quality and are being systematically addressed in the TransHyDE-H2HohlZug project.</abstract>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
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    <title language="eng">Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The Role of Strain-Rate and Surface Quality</title>
    <abstract language="eng">As the world moves towards a decarbonised economy, the demand for sustainable and low-carbon alternatives is growing rapidly. Hydrogen has an important role to play in this transition, but in order to make the most of hydrogen as an energy carrier, a comprehensive understanding of its impact on the integrity of structural materials is necessary. Metallic materials, mainly steels, are the most commonly used structural materials in various components throughout the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a crucial factor in the development of the hydrogen economy. This is particularly important since hydrogen can promote crack formation and ultimately lead to premature failure in these materials when combined with mechanical load. This process is commonly known as Hydrogen Embrittlement and can occur in almost all the steels used for the hydrogen technologies. Extensive materials qualification is required for the rapid implementation of hydrogen technologies, however, most accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the effect of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide.&#13;
The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method that has the potential to overcome the limitations of the current methods and complement them for qualifying metallic materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. Unlike the conventional autoclave technique, this method requires significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety measures and no need for complex equipment or a specialised laboratory. The technique's low investment and testing costs, simple operation, and shorter testing time make it an optimal for widespread use around the world, thereby increasing the output of results.&#13;
Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen technique. This led to the establishment of an ISO committee to standardise the method. However, there are open questions that currently prevent the technique from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions relate to specimen geometry, inner hole surface and gas quality and are being addressed in the H2HohlZug project, of which the overall aim is to systematically close the gaps towards a standard. This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by initial results.</abstract>
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      <value>High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
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      <value>TransHyDE</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">H2HohlZug: Comprehensive Standardisation of the Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The poster starts by presenting the current limitations of the methods used to assess hydrogen effects on materials. Next, an alternative technique called the Hollow Specimen Technique is presented, which aims to overcome the limitations of the current standardised techniques, followed by its advantages. Finally, the H2HohlZug project, its work packages and objectives are presented.</abstract>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
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      <value>Tensile Test</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Comprehensive standardization of the hollow specimen method for tests in high pressure hydrogen gas</title>
    <abstract language="eng">As the world moves towards a decarbonised economy, the demand for sustainable and low-carbon alternatives is rapidly increasing. Hydrogen plays an important role in this transition, but in order to make the most of hydrogen as an energy carrier, a comprehensive understanding of its impact on the integrity of structural materials is necessary. Metallic materials, mostly steels, are the most regularly used structural materials in various components throughout the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a crucial factor in the development of the hydrogen economy. This is particularly important since hydrogen can promote crack formation and ultimately lead to premature failure in these materials when combined with mechanical load. This process is commonly known as Hydrogen Embrittlement and can occur in almost all the steels used for the hydrogen technologies. Extensive materials qualification is needed for the rapid implementation of hydrogen technologies, however, most accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the effect of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide.&#13;
The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method that has the potential to overcome the limitations of the current methods and complement them for qualifying metallic materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. In this method, an axial hole is drilled in a tensile specimen, which is then filled with hydrogen gas, sealed, and placed in a standard testing machine. This method requires significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety measures and no need for complex equipment or a specialised laboratory, unlike the conventional autoclave technique. The technique's low investment and testing costs, simple operation, and shorter testing time make it optimal for widespread use around the world, thereby increasing the output of results.&#13;
Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen technique. This led to the establishment of the committee ISO/TC 164/SC 1/WG 9 “Tensile testing, method in high-pressure hydrogen environment“ to standardise the method, however, there are open questions that currently prevent the technique from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions relate to specimen geometry, inner hole surface and gas quality and are being addressed in the H2HohlZug project. Here, the aim is to systematically address and close the gaps towards the standardisation of this technique for tests with hydrogen. &#13;
This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by initial results regarding the optimisation of the specimen geometry, as well as the influence of different manufacturing and finishing processes on the inner hole surface of the hollow specimen and its response to hydrogen effects.</abstract>
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      <value>TransHyDE</value>
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      <value>Standardisation</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Tensile Test</value>
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    <title language="eng">Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The Role of Strain-Rate and Surface Quality</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The feasibility of the method for slow strain tensile tests has been demonstrated in several studies, leading to the establishment of the ISO/TC 164/SC 1/WG 9 ISO committee for its standardisation. Questions have emerged during this process, that currently prevent the method from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These questions relate to specimen geometry, specimen manufacturing and gas quality and are being systematically addressed in the TransHyDE-H2HohlZug project. The first results addressing the questions regarding specimen manufacturing are presented in this poster.</abstract>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
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    <title language="eng">The Impact Of Surface Condition on the Susceptibility to Hydrogen Embrittlement of Steel Using the Hollow Specimen Technique</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The hollow specimen technique is a simple and cost-effective method that has the potential to make materials qualification with pressurised gaseous hydrogen widely accessible to academia and industry. The applicability of this method has already been demonstrated in several studies, which led to the initiation of the ISO committee ISO/TC 164/SC 1/WG 9 for its standardisation in ISO 7039. Questions that emerged during this process are currently preventing the extension of ISO 7039 to hydrogen gas as an ambient medium. These questions relate to specimen geometry, specimen manufacturing and gas quality and are being systematically addressed in the TransHyDE-H2HohlZug project. The aim is to close the identified gaps towards the standardisation of this method for hydrogen testing.&#13;
This contribution briefly presents the structure and milestones of the project and focuses on the results obtained from assessing the influence of specimen production&#13;
and its response to hydrogen effects. Depending on the production method, different roughness and residual stresses can be expected on the inner hole surface of the specimens. This is relevant because an increase in stress concentration sites, e.g. notches, has been found to be associated with increased severity of hydrogen effects. The presence of strain-induced martensite caused by mechanical stress may also be detrimental and accelerate the embrittlement process of metastable austenitic stainless steel (ASS) such as AISI type 304. To assess this influence, the inner hole of the hollow specimens was manufactured in five different ways: 1) only drilling; 2) drilling followed by reaming; 3) drilling followed by honing; 4) electro-discharge machining (EDM) followed by honing; and 5) EDM followed by reaming.&#13;
A representative steels that is widely used in hydrogen technologies was assessed, namely X5CrNi18-10 (AISI type 304). Roughness measurements, and electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis have been performed previous to mechanical testing to infer on the effect of the different production methods on the surface of the inner hole. Next, the specimens were mechanically tested via slow strain rate tensile tests in argon and in hydrogen, both at 150 bar and room temperature. Here, a strain-rate sensibility analysis was performed to investigate the influence of strain-rate on hydrogen degradation. Based on the results an optimal specimen production method is proposed.</abstract>
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      <value>Surface Condition</value>
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    <title language="eng">Tensile testing in high-pressure gaseous hydrogen using the hollow specimen method</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Metallic materials, predominantly steels, are the most common structural materials in the various components along the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a key factor in the ramp-up of the hydrogen economy. This requires extensive materials qualification, however, most of the accepted; and standardized test methods for determining the influence of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide. The hollow specimen technique is a simple, rapid, and economical method designed to overcome the limitations of the current methods for the qualification of metallic materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. However, this technique is not yet standardized. The TransHyDE-H2Hohlzug project is presented in this article, along with the main steps required to optimize the hollow specimen technique. This includes closing knowledge gaps related to the specimen geometry, surface quality, and gas purity in dedicated working packages, thus contributing to a comprehensive standardization of the technique for tests in high-pressure hydrogen gas.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">MRS Bulletin</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1557/s43577-024-00776-9</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-610557</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">16.10.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="PaperofMonth">1</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
    <author>Florian Konert</author>
    <author>Jonathan Nietzke</author>
    <author>Zephanja Krzysch</author>
    <author>Thomas Böllinghaus</author>
    <author>Thorsten Michler</author>
    <author>Ken Wackermann</author>
    <author>Heiner Oesterlin</author>
    <author>Mohamed Tlili</author>
    <author>Peter Ruchti</author>
    <author>Denise Beitelschmidt</author>
    <author>Stephan Elsen-Humberg</author>
    <author>Timo Koenigs</author>
    <author>Thomas Systermans</author>
    <author>Oded Sobol</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tensile Testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hollow Specimen Technique</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.1 Komponenten für Energieträger</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/61055/Freitas_2024_Tensile Testing in high-pressure gaseous hydrogen using the hollow specimen method.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62465</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>861</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>870</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>69</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Investigation of resistance to gaseous hydrogen of a longitudinal weld seam in a X65 pipeline using the hollow specimen technique</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The constantly increasing demand for renewable energy sources leads to the necessity of transporting large amounts of hydrogen. Since pipelines enable a cost-effective way for the distribution of gaseous hydrogen, the interaction of hydrogen and the pipeline materials must be carefully investigated as hydrogen can cause a degradation of the mechanical properties under certain conditions. Especially welds, which are assumed to be more susceptible to the degradation enhanced by hydrogen, are of great interest. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of gaseous hydrogen on the mechanical properties of an X65 pipeline, and the longitudinal submerged arc welding (SAW) welded joint. The tests are conducted using the hollow specimen technique on two types of specimens: one extracted from the base material (BM) and the other extracted as a cross-weld (CW) specimen consisting of BM and weld seam. The specimens are charged in situ under a pressure of 60 bar and tested using slow strain rate (SSR) tensile tests with a nominal strain rate of 10−5 s−1. The properties obtained of specimens tested in hydrogen atmosphere are compared to the properties of comparable specimen in inert argon atmosphere as a reference. The performed tests showed a decrease of the reduction of area (RA) from 72% in inert atmosphere to 52% in hydrogen atmosphere for the CW specimen and a decrease from 73% in inert atmosphere to 51% for the BM. Metallographic analyses showed the crack initiation between fine-grained heat-affected zone (FGHAZ) and BM for the specimens tested in hydrogen atmosphere as well as for the reference specimens. This leads to the conclusion that the location of the crack initiation does not change due to the presence of gaseous hydrogen.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the world</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-025-01953-3</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-624658</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0043-2288</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1878-6669</identifier>
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Since pipelines enable a cost-effective way for the distribution of gaseous hydrogen, the interaction of hydrogen and the pipeline materials must be carefully investigated as hydrogen can cause a degradation of the mechanical properties under certain conditions. Especially welds, which are assumed to be more susceptible to the degradation enhanced by hydrogen, are of great interest. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of gaseous hydrogen on the mechanical properties of an X65 pipeline, and the longitudinal submerged arc welding (SAW) welded joint. The tests are conducted using the hollow specimen technique on two types of specimens: one extracted from the base material (BM) and the other extracted as a cross-weld (CW) specimen consisting of BM and weld seam. 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SINTEF Rapport.\u00a0https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11250\/3069514"}],"container-title":["Welding in the World"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40194-025-01953-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40194-025-01953-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40194-025-01953-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T18:06:19Z","timestamp":1738087579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40194-025-01953-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["1953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40194-025-01953-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-2288","1878-6669"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-2288","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-6669","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Florian Konert</author>
    <author>Jonathan Nietzke</author>
    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Oded Sobol</author>
    <author>Thomas Böllinghaus</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hollow specimen technique</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Pipeline</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SSRT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hydrogen embrittlement</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cross-weld specimen</value>
    </subject>
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    <title language="eng">Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The Role of Strain-Rate and Surface Quality</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical technique that has the potential to make materials qualification with pressurised gaseous hydrogen widely accessible to academia and industry. &#13;
This contribution focuses on the results obtained from assessing the influence of the specimen production and its response to hydrogen effects. Depending on the production method, different roughness and residual stresses can be expected on the inner hole surface of the specimens. This is relevant because an increase in stress concentration sites, e.g. notches, has been found to be associated with increased severity of hydrogen effects. The presence of strain-induced martensite caused by mechanical stress may also be detrimental and accelerate the embrittlement. To assess this influence, the inner hole of the hollow specimens was manufactured in two different ways: 1) only drilling; 2) EDM followed by honing.&#13;
A representative steel widely used in hydrogen technologies was assessed, X5CrNi18-10 (AISI 304). Roughness measurements, and electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis have been performed previous to mechanical testing to infer on the effect of the different production methods on the surface of the inner hole. Next, the specimens were mechanically tested via slow strain rate tensile tests in argon and in hydrogen, both at 150 bar and room temperature. Here, a strain-rate sensibility analysis was performed to investigate the influence of strain-rate on hydrogen degradation.</abstract>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
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      <value>Tensile Testing</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Hollow Specimen Technique</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
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      <value>Surface Condition</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Strain Rate</value>
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    <title language="eng">Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The TransHyDE - H2HohlZug Project</title>
    <abstract language="eng">As the world moves towards a decarbonised economy, the demand for sustainable and low-carbon alternatives is growing rapidly. Hydrogen has an important role to play in this transition, but in order to make the most of hydrogen as an energy carrier, a comprehensive understanding of its impact on the integrity of structural materials is necessary. Metallic materials, mainly steels, are the most commonly used structural materials in various components throughout the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a crucial factor in the development of the hydrogen economy. This is particularly important since hydrogen can promote crack formation and ultimately lead to premature failure in these materials when combined with mechanical load. This process is commonly known as Hydrogen Embrittlement and can occur in almost all the steels used for the hydrogen technologies. Extensive materials qualification is required for the rapid implementation of hydrogen technologies, however, most accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the effect of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide.&#13;
The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method that has the potential to overcome the limitations of the current methods and complement them for qualifying metallic materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. Unlike the conventional autoclave technique, this method requires significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety measures and no need for complex equipment or a specialised laboratory. The technique's low investment and testing costs, simple operation, and shorter testing time make it an optimal for widespread use around the world, thereby increasing the output of results.&#13;
Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen technique. This led to the establishment of an ISO committee to standardise the method. However, there are open questions that currently prevent the technique from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions relate to specimen geometry, inner hole surface and gas quality and are being addressed in the H2HohlZug project, of which the overall aim is to systematically close the gaps towards a standard. This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by initial results.</abstract>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
    <subject>
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      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
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      <value>Hollow Specimen Technique</value>
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      <value>High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
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      <value>TransHyDE</value>
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      <value>H2HohlZug</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Standardisation</value>
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    <title language="eng">Comprehensive Standardisation of the Hollow Specimen Technique for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method&#13;
that has the potential to overcome the limitations and complement&#13;
the current techniques for qualifying metallic materials under highpressure&#13;
hydrogen gas.&#13;
In this technique, an axial hole is manufactured in a tensile&#13;
specimen, which is then filled with hydrogen gas, sealed, and&#13;
placed in a standard testing machine. This method requires&#13;
significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety&#13;
measures and does not require complex equipment or a specialised&#13;
laboratory, unlike the conventional autoclave technique.&#13;
Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing&#13;
hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen&#13;
technique. This led to the establishment of the committee ISO/TC&#13;
164/SC 1/WG 9 to standardise the method, however, there are still&#13;
open questions that currently prevent the technique from being&#13;
standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions are being&#13;
addressed in the H2HohlZug project, which is presented in this&#13;
contribution.</abstract>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
    <subject>
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    <subject>
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      <value>High-pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
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      <value>Hydrogen Embrittlement</value>
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      <value>Tensile Testing</value>
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    <title language="eng">Hollow Specimen Technique for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The Path Towards Standardisation and the Case Study of a Pipeline Steel and its Weld</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The hollow specimen technique is a simple method that has the potential to make material qualification with gaseous pressurized hydrogen widely applicable for the hydrogen industry at low cost. The feasibility of this method has been demonstrated in several studies, leading to the establishment of an ISO committee for its standardization. Questions have emerged during this process, that currently prevent the method from being standardized for hydrogen testing. These questions relate to specimen geometry, specimen manufacturing and gas quality and are being systematically addressed in the TransHyDE-H2HohlZug project. The aim is to close the identified gaps towards the standardization of this method for hydrogen testing.&#13;
This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by the results regarding the influence of specimen production and its response to hydrogen effects. Depending on the production method, different roughness and residual stresses can be expected on the inner hole surface of the specimens. This is of importance since an increase in stress concentration sites have been found to be associated to a higher severity of hydrogen effects. This influence has been investigated after applying the following machining processes: a) drilled only; b) drilled and reamed; c) drilled and honed; d) electro-discharge machining (EDM) and honed; e) EDM and reamed.&#13;
Roughness measurements using a profilometer, electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis and microhardness tests have been performed previous to mechanical testing to infer on the effect of the different production methods on the surface of the inner hole. Next, the specimens were mechanically tested via slow strain rate tensile tests in a argon and in hydrogen, both at 150 bar and room temperature. Here, a strain-rate sensibility analysis was also performed to identify an optimal strain-rate for the mechanical tests. Based on the results an optimal production method is identified and proposed.</abstract>
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    <author>Tomás Grimault de Freitas</author>
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      <value>High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen</value>
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      <value>Austenitic Stainless Steel</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>H2HohlZug</value>
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      <value>TransHyDE</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Tensile Test</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pipeline Steel</value>
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