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    <id>64765</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>5832</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>5838</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>21</issue>
    <volume>9</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Sodium-ion battery research @ BAM (I): investigating the thermal runaway behaviour of commercial sodium-ion battery cells</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Commercially available sodium-ion battery (SIB) cells, with energy densities comparable to lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells based on LiFePO4, were investigated regarding their safety behaviour under thermal abuse conditions. Tests were carried out in an inert atmosphere. The SIB-cells went into thermal runaway (TR), intriguingly, even at a rather low state of charge of 30%. The TR-event was coupled with a pronounced jelly roll ejection, challenging the interpretation of the TR-diagrams. These findings highlight the necessity of incorporating SIB-cells into the ongoing safety classification discussions for LIB-cells.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Sustainable Energy &amp; Fuels</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2398-4902</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1039/d5se00687b</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-647652</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Nils Böttcher</author>
    <author>Luise Sander</author>
    <author>Alexander Ulbricht</author>
    <author>Martinus Putra Widjaja</author>
    <author>Tim-Patrick Fellinger</author>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sodium Ion Batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal Runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery safety</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.5 Röntgenbildgebung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.6 Elektrochemische Energiematerialien</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/64765/d5se00687b.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56807</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>60</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Meta-analysis of heat release and smoke gas emission during thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Herein a meta-analysis of 76 experimental research papers from 2000 to 2021 is given about possible effects on the thermal runaway of lithium-ion battery cells. Data on the hazards of gas emissions and released heat are related to each other and differentiated by cell properties such as, cell geometry, cathode type or state of charge. Quantitative information on the total heat release in the range of 2.0–112.0 kJ Wh−1, the peak heat release rate in the range of 0.006–2.8 kW Wh−1and the smoke gas emission were extracted, normalized in terms of cell energy (Wh), combined in a data library and compared graphically. The total amount of gas emitted (3–48 mmol Wh−1) as well as the released amount of carbon monoxide (1–161 mg Wh−1) and hydrogen fluoride (2–197 mg Wh−1) were investigated as a function of the state of charge and cell geometry. The analysis reveals that the measured values are significantly influenced by the types of calorimeters and smoke gas analyzers used as well as by the type of thermal runaway trigger. This meta-analysis can serve as an important basis for any risk assessment of lithium-ion batteries.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of energy storage</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.est.2022.106579</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-568071</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2352-152X</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.06.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Tim Rappsilber</author>
    <author>Nawar Yusfi</author>
    <author>Simone Krüger</author>
    <author>S.-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Tim-Patrick Fellinger</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cathode active material</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heat release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Smoke gas emission</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56807/Meta-analysis.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58886</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
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    <type>lecture</type>
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    <title language="eng">Current State of Research of Environmentally Friendly, Alternative Materials - Sodium-Ion-Batteries as an Example</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In order meet the anticipated future need for battery-based energy storage, it is essential to explore alternative systems beyond lithium-ion batteries. Sodium-ion batteries emerge as a promising option due to the abundance of readily available materials and the potential for reduced costs.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">32. Sitzung Beraterkreis Technologie (BKT)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Cologne, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.10.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <author>Tim-Patrick Fellinger</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sodium-ion-batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
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    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61955</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
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    <type>poster</type>
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    <title language="eng">Porous „Ionophoric“ Carbon Materials: Synthesis Routes and Electrochemical Applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Porous carbon materials play an important role for energy storage and conversion, e.g., as fuel cell catalysts, supercapacitor or battery electrodes. Tuning porosity features such as pore connectivity, specific surface area, maximum pore size and pore volume is one of the key strategies to improve the performance of those materials.[1] Moreover, the alteration of the chemistry allows further enhancement in performance, even leading to the applicability in new fields. In this context, nitrogen doped carbons (NDCs) are a very promising material class. Highly porous NDCs for example show interesting Na-storage features.[2] Moreover, the integration of iron ions in an NDC, forming FeN4-sites, can results in materials with very promising properties as fuel cell cathode catalysts.[3] However, to relate certain sites to specific performance indicators is still challenging as the variation of the present N-sites is very large in typically obtained NDCs.&#13;
In the past, we were able to develop an ionothermal synthesis strategy which results in highly porous materials with specific, i.e., tetrapyrrolic, N4-sites.[4] Such N4 sites and there metal complexes are reminiscent of biomolecules like the heme molecule, which originally inspired the research on such materials.[5] The N4-sites are mainly occupied by Zn2+ as the synthesis is performed in a ZnCl2-containing salt melt. Moreover, the electrochemical performance of those materials can be rather easily altered upon removing/exchanging the Zn2+. Moreover, again looking at biomolecules, those kind of materials can be regarded as ionophoric carbons as they possess distinct, metal-binding N4-sites embedded in a carbon matrix. &#13;
Herein, we will focus on the synthesis of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) based NDCs with high porosity. We will discuss different strategies to remove and/or exchange Zn2+ in the obtained ZnN4-containing materials. Different analytical methods, e.g., physisorption (N2, Ar, CO2), XPS, XAS, and NMR, will be used to understand the alteration of morphological and chemical features upon ion exchange (see Figure 1). &#13;
  &#13;
Figure 1: A) Schematic illustration of the partial Zn-removal in a ZnN4-containing, ionophoric carbon. B) High resolution N 1s XPS-results of a ZIF-derived ionophoric carbon before and after metal leaching.&#13;
&#13;
Due to the ion exchange/removal, the chemistry of the NDCs is altered, however, typically preserving the porosity features as well as the general structure of the N-motifs. Thus, the influence of the occupancy of the N4-sites on the electrochemical performance can be studied in detail. Finally, structure-property-relations of the different ZIF-derived ionophoric NDCs regarding the performance as anodes in sodium ion batteries will be discussed.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Deutsche Zeolith-Tagung 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Jena, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">28.02.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">01.03.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Tim-Patrick Fellinger</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ionophoric carbon</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sodium ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>PGM-free catalysts</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.6 Elektrochemische Energiematerialien</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65535</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley-VCH</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Weinheim</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Kern–Schale: Versiegelung nanoporöser Partikel mit semipermeablen Kohlenstoffschichten befreit Hartkohlenstoffanoden von ihrem Dilemma</title>
    <abstract language="deu">In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Kern-Schale-Strategie vorgestellt, die das grundlegende Problem gängiger nichtgraphitischer Hartkohlenstoff-Anoden adressiert: Hohe reversible Kapazitäten gehen bislang typischerweise mit erheblichen irreversiblen Verlusten in den ersten Zyklen einher. Analog zu Graphit, das sowohl Lithiumspeicherung als auch die Abtrennung von Elektrolytlösungsmitteln in einer homogenen Struktur vereint, zeigen wir, dass sich diese beiden Funktionen auch in nichtgraphitischen Kohlenstoffen gezielt in einer heterogenen Architektur kombinieren lassen. Hochporöse Aktivkohlen werden durch kinetisch kontrollierte Gasphasenabscheidung mit einer dünnen Schicht nichtgraphitischen Kohlenstoffs überzogen, sodass eine funktionale Kern-Schale-Struktur entsteht. Gasadsorptionsmessungen an Kern-, Schalen-, Kern-Schale- und mechanisch beschädigte Kern-Schale-Partikeln, bestätigen, dass die Porosität des Kerns erhalten bleibt und die Schale semipermeabel ist. Die Sorption von Diethylcarbonat wird als geeignetere Methode im Vergleich zu N2- oder CO2-Sorptionsmessungen eingeführt, um die irreversiblen Verluste des ersten Zyklus mit der tatsächlichen Flüssig-Fest-Grenzfläche von Kohlenstoffanoden zu verknüpfen. Die funktionalen Kern-Schale-Partikel zeigen eine stark reduzierte Aufnahme von Diethylcarbonat, was hohe reversible Kapazitäten bei deutlich geringeren Erstzyklusverlusten ermöglicht. Bei einer reversiblen Kapazität von 400 ± 24 mAh g−1 und einer initialen Coulombeffizienz von 82 ± 2% zeigt sich, dass die dreistufige Natriumspeicherung in der gezielt entwickelten Kern-Schale-Architektur den größeren Ionenradius von Natrium gegenüber Lithium (372 mAh g−1 in Graphit) kompensieren kann. Die entwickelten Kern-Schale-Anoden erreichen damit ein Leistungsniveau, das für eine kommerzielle Anwendung vielversprechend ist.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Angewandte Chemie</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1521-3757</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/ange.202519457</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655354</identifier>
    <note>Es gibt eine parallele Sprachausgabe (englisch), ein Link befindet sich im Feld zugehöriger Identifikator - There is a parallel language edition (English), a link is in the field related identifier</note>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Paul Alexander Appel</author>
    <author>Carsten Prinz</author>
    <author>Jian Liang Low</author>
    <author>Nahom Enkubahri Asres</author>
    <author>Shu-Han Wu</author>
    <author>Annica Freytag</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <author>Nader de Sousa Amadeu</author>
    <author>Tim-Patrick Fellinger</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Kern-Schale-Struktur</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Natriumionenbatterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hartkohlenstoffanode</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Diethylcarbonatdampfsorption</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aktivkohle</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.3 Strukturanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.6 Elektrochemische Energiematerialien</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/65535/AngewandteChemie_2026_Appel_KernSchale.pdf</file>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/65535/ange71010-sup-0001-suppmat.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65534</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>9</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley-VCH</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Weinheim</publisherPlace>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Core‐Shell: Resolving the Dilemma of Hard Carbon Anodes by Sealing Nanoporous Particles With Semi‐Permeable Coatings</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A core-shell strategy is introduced to overcome the dilemma of common non-graphitic hard carbon anodes, linking high reversible storage capacity to practically unacceptable irreversible losses in the first cycle(s). Just as Graphite homogeneously combines effective lithium storage with an electrolyte solvent-sieving function, we show that both of these functions could be strategically integrated into non-graphitic carbons in a heterogeneous structure. Highly porous activated carbons are sealed by kinetically tuned gas-phase deposition of non-graphitic carbon to form a functional core-shell structure. Gas sorption porosimetry on core, shell, core–shell, and cracked core-shell particles confirms preserved core porosity and a semi-permeable shell. Diethyl carbonate sorption analysis is introduced as a more suitable probe than N2 or CO2 sorption, linking first-cycle losses to the liquid–solid interface of carbon anodes. The functional core-shell particles with much reduced diethyl carbonate uptake allow for high storage capacity and reduced first cycle losses. Delivering 400 ± 24 mAh g−1 with 82 ± 2% first-cycle reversibility, it is shown that three-stage Na storage in designed core-shell anodes can compensate for the larger size of sodium compared to lithium stored in graphite anodes (372 mAh g−1). The designed core-shell anodes show state-of-the-art performance with commercial promise.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Angewandte Chemie - International Edition</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1433-7851</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/anie.202519457</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655346</identifier>
    <note>Es gibt eine parallele Sprachausgabe (deutsch), ein Link befindet sich im Feld zugehöriger Identifikator - There is a parallel language edition (German), a link is in the field related identifier</note>
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