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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <pageLast>17</pageLast>
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    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Nature</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Combined heating rate and restraint condition effect on stress relief cracking during PWHT of thick-walled Cr–Mo-V steel SAW joints</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Creep-resistant steels such as 13CrMoV9-10 are utilized in the manufacture of thick-walled pressure vessels and are typically joined by submerged arc welding (SAW). However, these materials are susceptible to stress relief cracking (SRC) if the required post weld heat treatment (PWHT) is not applied correctly. Existing PWHT guidelines, encompassing heating rate and dwell (or holding) time at a given temperature, are derived from a synthesis of empirical knowledge and typically free-shrinkage weld experiments to assess the susceptibility to SRC. Therefore, this study discusses the combined effect of the PWHT heating rate under free-shrinkage compared to restrained shrinkage. Welding experiments were conducted (using plates with a thickness of 25 mm) for both shrinkage conditions for a variety of heating rates and maximum temperatures. In-situ acoustic emission analysis was used to locate propagating SRCs during PWHT. Hardness measurements, mechanical property characterization (Charpy impact strength), and microstructure correlation were used to evaluate the SRC susceptibility. The results suggested that the influence of heating rate could not be directly related to SRC formation and that the initial weld microstructure prior to PWHT was more relevant in terms of very high hardness in the coarse grain heat affected zone, especially that of the last beads in the top layer of the welding sequence. This was seen in the form of random, unexpected SRC occurrence in only one specimen at a heating rate commonly used in welding practice (approximately 100 K/h). In this context, the additional effect of an external shrinkage restraint on SRC must be considered in the form of increasing mechanical loads during welding, which are typically not within the scope of welding practice. To mitigate the probability of SRC during PWHT, it is imperative to reduce the welding heat input and to restrict the structural shrinkage restraint of the weld joint.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-025-02062-x</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1878-6669</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-631439</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">21.05.2025</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Denis Czeskleba</author>
    <author>H. Fleißner-Rieger</author>
    <author>Jonathan Nietzke</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Component test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stress relief cracking</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>PWHT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Creep-resistant steel</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.1 Komponenten für Energieträger</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/63143/s40194-025-02062-x_online_first.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63241</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>12</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>bookpartcollection</type>
    <publisherName>Technische Universität Clausthal</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Deutschland</publisherPlace>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Simulation of hydrogen distribution in submerged arc welded heavy plates as tool for evaluating cold cracking sensitivity for offshore structures</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Foundation structures for offshore wind turbines are typically made of heavy plate struc-tural steels, such as S420ML, welded by submerged arc welding. Due to the welding process conditions, higher amounts of hydrogen can be introduced. In this context, large plate thicknesses result in long diffusion paths and a prolonged diffusion time for hydrogen at ambient temperature and possible delayed hydrogen-assisted cold cracking. As a result, hydrogen can accumulate in areas of high mechanical stress and strain. Due to the delayed diffusion, a minimum waiting time of up to 48 h must be observed before non-destructive testing can be performed. In addition, the assessment of possible cold crack locations is very complex. For this reason, a numerical model of a component-like weld test was developed to simulate the temperature field during welding and subsequent cooling. A hydrogen diffusion model based on the temporal-local temperature distribution was established. It was applied to simulate the change of hydrogen distribution as a function of temperature cycle during multi-layer welding and further for the entire waiting time interval ≤ 48 h. As a result, crack critical areas could be evaluated in terms of accu-mulated hydrogen. An advantage of the diffusion model is the simulation of a normalized concentration, i.e. between "0" (no hydrogen) and "1" (max. concentration), which can be scaled to experimentally determined hydrogen concentrations. Finally, selected results for increased real hydrogen ingress are presented, which confirm the relatively high crack resistance of the S420 submerged arc welded joint.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Tagungsband 6. Symposium Materialtechnik</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.21268/20250507-6</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-632416</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-SA - Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Tobias Mente</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>Denis Czeskleba</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen assisted cracking</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Diffusion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Numerical simulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Offshore steel</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.1 Komponenten für Energieträger</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/63241/TUC_Tagung_Rhode_280525.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>861</pageFirst>
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    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>69</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
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    <title language="eng">Investigation of resistance to gaseous hydrogen of a longitudinal weld seam in a X65 pipeline using the hollow specimen technique</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The constantly increasing demand for renewable energy sources leads to the necessity of transporting large amounts of hydrogen. Since pipelines enable a cost-effective way for the distribution of gaseous hydrogen, the interaction of hydrogen and the pipeline materials must be carefully investigated as hydrogen can cause a degradation of the mechanical properties under certain conditions. Especially welds, which are assumed to be more susceptible to the degradation enhanced by hydrogen, are of great interest. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of gaseous hydrogen on the mechanical properties of an X65 pipeline, and the longitudinal submerged arc welding (SAW) welded joint. The tests are conducted using the hollow specimen technique on two types of specimens: one extracted from the base material (BM) and the other extracted as a cross-weld (CW) specimen consisting of BM and weld seam. The specimens are charged in situ under a pressure of 60 bar and tested using slow strain rate (SSR) tensile tests with a nominal strain rate of 10−5 s−1. The properties obtained of specimens tested in hydrogen atmosphere are compared to the properties of comparable specimen in inert argon atmosphere as a reference. The performed tests showed a decrease of the reduction of area (RA) from 72% in inert atmosphere to 52% in hydrogen atmosphere for the CW specimen and a decrease from 73% in inert atmosphere to 51% for the BM. Metallographic analyses showed the crack initiation between fine-grained heat-affected zone (FGHAZ) and BM for the specimens tested in hydrogen atmosphere as well as for the reference specimens. This leads to the conclusion that the location of the crack initiation does not change due to the presence of gaseous hydrogen.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the world</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-025-01953-3</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-624658</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0043-2288</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1878-6669</identifier>
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Since pipelines enable a cost-effective way for the distribution of gaseous hydrogen, the interaction of hydrogen and the pipeline materials must be carefully investigated as hydrogen can cause a degradation of the mechanical properties under certain conditions. Especially welds, which are assumed to be more susceptible to the degradation enhanced by hydrogen, are of great interest. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of gaseous hydrogen on the mechanical properties of an X65 pipeline, and the longitudinal submerged arc welding (SAW) welded joint. The tests are conducted using the hollow specimen technique on two types of specimens: one extracted from the base material (BM) and the other extracted as a cross-weld (CW) specimen consisting of BM and weld seam. 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This leads to the conclusion that the location of the crack initiation does not change due to the presence of gaseous hydrogen.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;","DOI":"10.1007\/s40194-025-01953-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T18:05:54Z","timestamp":1738087554000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigation of resistance to gaseous hydrogen of a longitudinal weld seam in a X65 pipeline using the hollow specimen technique"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3799-8305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Konert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Nietzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Rhode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Oded","family":"Sobol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"B\u00f6llinghaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1953_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2022.104534","volume":"101","author":"A Laureys","year":"2022","unstructured":"Laureys A et al (2022) Use of existing steel pipeline infrastructure for gaseous hydrogen storage and transport: A review of factors affecting hydrogen induced degradation. 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