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    <title language="eng">On the interpretation of Varestraint and Transvarestraint hot cracking test results</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The Varestraint test and its variant Transvarestraint are one of the most widely used techniques for evaluating a material solidification cracking sensitivity during welding. The result of such tests is a crack length which is proportional to the material’s cracking susceptibility. Nevertheless, the welding and load parameters can unintentionally influence the crack length, which in some cases can distort the material evaluation. An approach is described as to how these effects can be assessed with the aid of a digital crack analysis. The crack lengths are compared position-dependently with their possible propagation due to the weld pool movement during continuous loading. The index derived from this can be used by the operator to evaluate his test parameters. In addition, a comparison of the results of different Varestraint setups is made possible. Alongside experimental results, a numerical sensitivity analysis is presented on how individual welding and loading parameters can affect the crack lengths.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
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The result of such tests is a crack length which is proportional to the material\u2019s cracking susceptibility. Nevertheless, the welding and load parameters can unintentionally influence the crack length, which in some cases can distort the material evaluation. An approach is described as to how these effects can be assessed with the aid of a digital crack analysis. The crack lengths are compared position-dependently with their possible propagation due to the weld pool movement during continuous loading. The index derived from this can be used by the operator to evaluate his test parameters. In addition, a comparison of the results of different Varestraint setups is made possible. 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    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Maximilian Thomas</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>Jens Gibmeier</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Varestraint test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Solidification cracking</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Weldability</value>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
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    <title language="deu">Konstruktive Einflüsse bei der beanspruchungsgerechten Reparatur geschweißter Bauteile aus hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Für eine nachhaltige und ressourceneffiziente Fertigung von Windkraftanlagen ist der Einsatz moderner hochfester Feinkornbaustähle vielfach notwendig. Bei der Montage hochfester Stahlkonstruktionen kommt es trotz anforderungsgerechter schweißtechnischer Fertigung vereinzelt zur Detektion von unzulässigen Unregelmäßigkeiten im Schweißbereich. Derzeitige Normen und Verarbeitungsrichtlinien geben hierbei kaum Informationen zu adäquaten Reparaturkonzepten, insbesondere für hochfeste Stähle. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) bauteilrelevante Untersuchungen zu den schweißbedingten Beanspruchungen und Gefügeveränderungen bei der schweißtechnischen Reparatur durch lokales thermisches Ausfugen und erneutes Schweißen durchgeführt.&#13;
Hierzu werden einige wesentliche Ergebnisse an Beispielen des Ingenieurbaus, mit Blick auf die mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften und Eigenspannungen erörtert. In einem aktuellen Vorhaben (FOSTA P1311, IGF 20162N) sind darauf aufbauend die Einflüsse durch die Schrumpfbehinderung und Wärmeführung beim Reparaturschweißen hochfester Feinkornbaustähle (S500MLO, S960QL) sowie die Reparaturzyklenanzahl Fokus systematischer Untersuchungen. Mittels strukturmechanischer Berechnungen ließen sich hierzu selbstbeanspruchende Probenformen identifizieren, die unterschiedliche definierte Steifigkeitsverhältnisse von Reparaturschweißnähten realer Bauteile abbilden. Schweißnähte an diesen bauteilähnlichen Proben weisen signifikant erhöhte schweißbedingte Beanspruchungen mit zunehmenden (Biege-)Einspanngraden auf. Im Vergleich mit bisherigen Erkenntnissen wird gezeigt, dass eine sichere Reparatur solcher Schweißnähte nur mittels optimaler Reparaturkonzepte und Wärmeführung gelingt, um diesen hohen Beanspruchungen und auch den speziellen Gefügen hochfester Stähle Rechnung zu tragen.&#13;
Ziel der Untersuchungen ist es letztlich, Empfehlungen für beanspruchungs- und werkstoffgerechte Reparaturkonzepte gerade für KMU abzuleiten, um Schäden und zumeist teure Nacharbeiten zu vermeiden.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Tagungsband 4. Symposium Material Technik</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2364-0804</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-8440-8021-6</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">4. Niedersächsisches Symposium Materialtechnik</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">25.02.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.02.2021</enrichment>
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    <author>Amadeus Becker</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>Thomas Michael</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Eigenspannungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gefügedegradation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reparatur</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schweißen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53900</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>15</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>20</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>Stahlinstitut VDEh</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Düsseldorf</publisherPlace>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="deu">Wasserstoffunterstützte Kaltrissbildung in Schweißnähten hochfester Stahlgüten - Anforderungen an die Prüfung</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Wasserstoff kann eine Rissbildung u.U. auch noch nach Tagen in der Schweißnaht bewirken. Dabei stellen höherfeste Stähle etablierte Kaltrissprüftests vor Herausforderungen. Generell nimmt die zur Rissvermeidung tolerierbare Wasserstoffkonzentration mit zunehmender Festigkeit der Werkstoffe ab. Zudem verändern weiterentwickelte Schweißverfahren die Nahtgeometrie und Wärmeeinbringung und die Ausbildung risskritischer Mikrostrukturen (z.B. Wärmeeinflusszone). Am Beispiel des Implant- und Tekken-Tests werden die Einsatz- u. Anwendungsgrenzen bewertet. Zu berücksichtigen ist, dass beim Schweißen eine äußere mechan. Beanspruchung durch bauteilspezifische Steifigkeitsverhältnisse wirksam ist. Zusätzlich werden weiterführende Prüfverfahren zur Bestimmung der Wasserstoffkonzentration und -diffusion in Schweißnähten vorgestellt, wie die Trägergasheißextraktion (TGHE) für die Ermittlung der Wasserstoffkonzentration (ISO 3690) oder Hochtemperaturdiffusionskoeffizienten.&#13;
Diese Werte sind für die schweißtechnische Praxis von großer Bedeutung, um Haltezeiten z.B. für das Wasserstoffarmglühen abzuleiten.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2021 - Werkstoffe und Bauteile auf dem Prüfstand</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-941269-98-9</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">02.12.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">03.12.2021</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>Thomas Schaupp</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Kaltrissprüfung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schweißen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stahl</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hochfest</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60946</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>3</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>9</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>8</issue>
    <volume>2024</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>International Association "Welding"</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Kyiv, Ukraine</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Challenges for testing hydrogen-assisted cold cracking in weld seams of high-strength steel grades</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen can cause weld cold cracking even days after fabrication. In this respect, higher strength steels present a challenge to established cold crack testing. In general, the tolerable hydrogen concentration for crack prevention decreases with increasing material strength. In addition, advanced welding processes require changes in weld geometry and heat input. This directly influences the formation of crack-critical microstructures, e.g. in hardened areas of the heat-affected zone. The limits of use and application of modern cold cracking tests are evaluated by (1) the externally loaded Implant-test and (2) the self-restraint Tekken-test. In particular, external mechanical stresses, which cause additional mechanical loads on the components during welding, must be considered due to the component-specific stiffness of high-strength steels. Accompanying test methods for&#13;
determining hydrogen concentration and diffusion in welds are presented, such as carrier gas hot extraction for determining hydrogen concentration (ISO 3690) or temperature-dependent diffusion coefficients. These values are of great importance for a holistic approach to the evaluation of the cold cracking sensitivity of high strength steels.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">The Paton Welding Journal</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.37434/tpwj2024.08.01</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0957-798X</identifier>
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    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Tobias Mente</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>Thomas Schaupp</author>
    <author>Anatoly Zavdoveev</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cold cracking test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-strength steel</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63652</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>3</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
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    <publisherName/>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Modern welding processes for optimizing repair welding on high-strength offshore steels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The successful energy transition in Germany will require offshore wind turbines with outputs &gt;10 MW in the future, for which high-strength steels with a yield strength of up to 500 MPa and wall thicknesses up to 150 mm are increasingly being used. The repair of weld seams when detecting defects during NDT requires localized gouging and rewelding. This involves high demands on welding manufacturing, especially for highstrength steels. Due to a lack of investigations, there are no repair concepts and information in standards and guidelines, particularly for high-strength thick plate joints made of high-strength offshore steels. However, these are urgently needed to enable processors, especially SMEs, to carry out safe and economical repairs. Therefore, BAM startedthe FOSTA project P1629 (IGF 01IF22746N) to investigate the stress-optimized repair(local gouging and welding) of high-strength thick plate joints made of offshore grades in the yield strength range off 355 to 460 MPa and similar weld metal with controlled high-performance GMAW processes and optimized narrower gouging grooves. The experimental analyses consider the complex interaction of material, process, and designrelated influences on the formation of weld-related stresses and the special microstructure of high-strength fine-grain structural steels. Welding-related material Degradation and crack-critical residual tensile stresses need to be avoided to ensure high component safety and performance. With component-related welding experiments on special testing equipment, adapted process and heat control concepts along with variable groove configurations will be developed and recommendations for guidelines elaborated. This is the prerequisite for fully utilizing the strength potential of high-strength steels and making a valuable contribution to the energy transition in Germany, especially for steelprocessing SMEs.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Tagungsband 6. Symposium Materialtechnik</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.21268/20250507-5</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-636520</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">6. Symposium Materialtechnik</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.02.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">21.02.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Levin Reichel</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Thomas Michael</author>
    <author>Dirk Schroepfer</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengiesser</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Narrow groove</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Optimized repair welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Modern welding processes</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-strength steel</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/63652/FINALES_Manuskript_Reichel.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52440</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1671</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1685</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>65</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of welding stresses on relief cracking during heat treatment of a creep-resistant 13CrMoV steel: Part III - Assessment of residual stresses from small-scale to real component welds</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For higher operational temperatures and pressures required in petrochemical plants, the modified 13CrMoV9-10 steel was developed providing high resistance against creep and compressed hydrogen. Extreme care during the welding procedure is necessary for this steel, attributed to low toughness, high strength in as-welded state, and increased susceptibility to stress relief cracking (SRC) during post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). Previous research of SRC in creep-resistant steels discussed mainly thermal and metallurgical factors. Few previous findings addressed the influences of welding procedure on crack formation during PWHT considering real-life manufacturing conditions. These investigations focus on effects of welding heat control on stresses during welding and subsequent PWHT operations close to realistic restraint and heat dissipation conditions using a special 3D testing facility, which was presented in parts I and II of this contribution. Part III addresses investigations on residual stress evolution affecting crack formation and discusses the transferability of results from large-scale testing to laboratory-scale. Experiments with test set-ups at different scales under diverse rigidity conditions and an assessment of the residual stresses of the weld-specimens using X-ray (surface near) and neutron diffraction analysis (bulk) were performed. This study aims to provide a way of investigating the SRC behaviour considering component-specific residual stresses via small-scale testing concepts instead of expensive weld mock-ups.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the world</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-021-01101-7</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-524403</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1878-6669</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">15.04.2021</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Thomas Lausch</author>
    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>R. C. Wimpory</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Creep-resistant steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stresses</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Post-weld heat treatment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stress relief cracking</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/52440/Schroepfer2021_Article_InfluenceOfWeldingStressesOnRe.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54578</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2101650</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley online library</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Assessment of the Solidification Cracking Susceptibility of Welding Consumables in the Varestraint Test by Means of an Extended Evaluation Methodology</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Various test methods are available for assessing the susceptibility of materials to solidification cracking during welding. In the widely used Varestraint test, the crack length is selected as a criterion as a function of the applied bending strain.&#13;
Unfortunately, the crack length does not characterize the material behavior alone but depends to varying degrees on the individual test parameters used, which makes the interpretation of the results difficult. In addition, the crack length is not comparable under different test conditions. To overcome these disadvantages, we have developed a novel evaluation methodology that decouples the machine influence from the material behavior. The measured crack length is related to the maximum possible value specified by welding speed and deformation time. This relative crack length is calculated numerically, considering the orientation of the cracks. Experiments on two high-alloy martensitic welding consumables show that, in contrast to the conventional evaluation, a comparison of different welding parameters becomes possible. Furthermore, the strain rate proved to be a suitable crack criterion in agreement with Prokhorov's hot cracking model.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Advanced Engineering Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/adem.202101650</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-545780</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1438-1656</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">20.04.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="PaperofMonth">1</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Maximilian Thomas</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>J. Gibmeier</author>
    <author>F. Vollert</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Solidification cracking</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Varestraint test</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/54578/Adv Eng Mater - 2022 - Kromm.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51030</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>20080</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>20093</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>38</issue>
    <volume>45</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam, NL</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Hydrogen-assisted cracking of GMA welded 960 MPa grade high-strength steels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">High-strength steels with yield strength of 960 MPa are susceptible to hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) during welding processing. In the present paper, the implant test is used to study HAC in a quenched and tempered steel S960QL and a high-strength steel produced by thermo-mechanical controlled process S960MC. Welding is performed using the gas metal arc welding process. Furthermore, diffusible hydrogen concentration (HD) in arc weld metal is determined. Based on the implant test results, lower critical stress (LCS) for complete fracture, critical implant stress for crack initiation, and embrittlement index (EI) are determined. At HD of 1.66 ml/100 g, LCS is 605 MPa and 817 MPa for S960QL and S960MC, respectively. EI is 0.30 and 0.46 for S960QL and S960MC, respectively. Fracture surfaces of S960QL show higher degradation with reduced deformation. Both, higher EI of S960MC and fractography show better resistance to HAC in the HAZ of S960MC compared to S960QL.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International Journal of Hydrogen Energy</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.05.077</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0360-3199</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510307</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">10.08.2020</enrichment>
    <author>Thomas Schaupp</author>
    <author>W. Ernst</author>
    <author>H. Spindler</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-strength steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Diffusible hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen-assisted cracking</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heat-affected zone</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Implant test</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/51030/Schaupp_2020_HAC of GMA welded 960 MPa grade steels.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>50603</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>913</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>923</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>64</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Nature</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Heidelberg, New York</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Surface- and volume-based investigation on influences of different Varestraint testing parameters and chemical compositions on solidification cracking in LTT filler metals</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The subject of this study is how, and to what extent, Varestraint/Transvarestraint test results are influenced by both testing parameters and characteristics of evaluation methods. Several different high-alloyed martensitic LTT (low Transformation temperature) filler materials, CrNi and CrMn type, were selected for examination due to their rather distinctive solidification cracking behaviour, which aroused interest after previous studies. First, the effects of different process parameter sets on the solidification cracking response were measured using standard approaches. Subsequently, microfocus X-ray computer tomography (μCT) scans were performed on the specimens. The results consistently show sub-surface cracking to significant yet varying extents. Different primary solidification types were found using wavelength dispersive X-ray (WDX) analysis conducted on filler metals with varying Cr/Ni equivalent ratios. This aspect is regarded as the main difference between the CrNiand CrMn-type materials in matters of cracking characteristics. Results show that when it comes to testing of modern highperformance alloys, one set of standard Varestraint testing parameters might not be equally suitable for all materials. Also, to properly accommodate different solidification types, sub-surface cracking has to be taken into account.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-020-00895-2</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506039</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">09.04.2020</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Maximilian Thomas</author>
    <author>F. Vollert</author>
    <author>Jens Weidemann</author>
    <author>J. Gibmeier</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Solidification cracking</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Varestraint testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>MVT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LTT filler metal</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microfocus X-ray computer tomography (μCT)</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/50603/s40194-020-00895-2.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>50628</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>819</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>829</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>64</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of welding stresses on relief cracking during heat treatment of a creep-resistant 13CrMoV steel: Part II - Mechanisms of stress relief cracking during post weld heat treatment</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Welding of 13CrMoV9-10 vanadium steel requires care due to an increased susceptibility to stress relief cracking during post weld heat treatment. Previous research into the crack formation in creep-resistant steels has focused on thermal and metallurgical factors; however, little knowledge has been gathered regarding the crack formation during post weld heat treatment considering real-life restraint conditions. This work is subdivided in two parts. Part I showed that an increasing heat input during submerged arc welding under restraint led to an increasing stress level in the joint prior to the post weld heat treatment. The magnitude of stress relief cracking observed in the heat-affected zone after the post weld heat treatment is affected by the heat input. In Part II of this work, the cracks and the associated microstructure which occurred under restraint were studied. The application of a Special acoustic emission analysis indicated that the cracks formed in a temperature range between 300 and 500 °C during the post weld heat treatment. The toughness in the heat-affected zone of the restrained welds was affected by the welding heat input.&#13;
Microstructural analyses of all specimens revealed accelerated aging due to precipitation of carbides during post weld heat treatment under restraint.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the world</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-020-00881-8</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506283</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1878-6669</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.08.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="RelatedIdentifier">https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/frontdoor/index/index/docId/53423</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Thomas Lausch</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Creep-resistant steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Post weld heat treatment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stress relief cracking</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/50628/Kromm2020_Article_InfluenceOfWeldingStressesOnRe.pdf</file>
  </doc>
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