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  <doc>
    <id>36021</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>253</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>266</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>2016</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>vfdb, Vereinigung zur Förderung des deutschen Brandschutzes</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Altenberge</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="deu">Einfluss moderner Materialien auf die Rauchentwicklung bei Wohnungsbränden</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Bei einzelnen Objekten, die unter Laborbedingungen verbrennen, konnte schon seit längerer Zeit ein großer Unterschied zwischen älteren und neuen Möbeln hinsichtlich der Entflammbarkeit und der Rauchentwicklung sowie der Rauchgaszusammensetzung festgestellt werden [1, 2]. In einer Serie von Großversuchen im Rahmen des vom BMBF geförderten Forschungsvorhabens TIBRO wurde in Zusammenarbeit mit der Feuerwehr Frankfurt in vier Großversuchen die Brand- und Rauchentwicklung in einem Wohnzimmer und einem angrenzenden Zimmer untersucht. Es wurden ältere Möbel und moderne Möbel sowie unterschiedliche Belüftungsbedingungen untersucht. Alle vier Brände gingen von einem Sessel aus, der mit einem Papierkissen entzündet wurde. Es wurden jeweils im Brandraum und im Nachbarraum Temperaturen gemessen sowie die zeitlich veränderliche Rauchgaszusammensetzung in zwei unterschiedlichen Raumhöhen in der Zimmermitte des Nachbarraums bestimmt [3]. &#13;
Der Einfluss der in der Wohnung vorhandenen Materialien sowie der Einfluss der Belüftung auf die Brandentwicklung wurden untersucht. Sowohl die Art der Materialien als auch die Belüftung beeinflussen die Brandentwicklung signifikant. Statistiken und die Erfahrung der Feuerwehren zeigen, dass für Personen, die sich im Brandentstehungsraum befinden, die Hilfe der Feuerwehr in den meisten Fällen zu spät kommt. Für den Nachbarraum können anhand der Großversuche Abschätzungen über den Zeitgewinn für Personen, die sich dort befinden, abgeleitet werden.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Tagungsband der vfdb Jahresfachtagung der vfdb 2016 in Stuttgart</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">63. vfdb Jahresfachtagung 2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Stuttgart, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">8.05.2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">11.05.2016</enrichment>
    <author>Anja Hofmann-Böllinghaus</author>
    <author>Frederik Rabe</author>
    <author>Tanja Gnutzmann</author>
    <author>Sven Kaudelka</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rauchentwicklung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Brand</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wohnung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Materialien</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>42925</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>280</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>294</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>Interscience</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Influence of modern furniture on the fire development in fires in homes</title>
    <abstract language="eng">About 80 % of all fire fatalities in Germany occur in fires in homes1. UK statistics show that living and bed room fires are more often responsible for fatalities than kitchen fires although kitchen fires occur much more often2. It has been known for some time that modern materials tend to burn differently from older materials and it has been acknowledged that the amount of combustible plastics in homes has increased significantly over the last decades3-7. To investigate the influence of modern furniture and ventilation conditions of fires in homes a series of four large scale tests in two living rooms with adjacent rooms was performed by BAM and the Frankfurt fire service8. Two living rooms, one with older furniture and one with modern furniture were tested twice each. Each test started with the ignition of a paper cushion on an upholstered chair. The influence of modern materials on the fire development was investigated as well as the influence of the ventilation on the fire development. Two tests with closed windows and two tests with open windows were performed. Temperatures were measured in the living rooms and the adjacent rooms, gas compositions were measured in the adjacent rooms and videos were taken in all rooms. The ventilation as well as the different materials influenced the fire development regarding temperatures in the rooms and smoke production and composition significantly. The fire in the living room with modern furniture developed faster than the same setting with older furniture. More ventilation (open window) led to higher temperatures in the rooms and faster fire development as well. Smoke gas composition was measured in the adjacent rooms to assess the positive effect for a person being in the adjacent room and not in the room of fire origin. In all settings an upholstered chair was the first burning item. The modern upholstered chair was investigated in three pre-experiments under different conditions to enhance the understanding of the living room fires. The measured mass losses and derived mass loss rates have been used for numerical modelling of the pre-experiments.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Tagungsband</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Fire and Materials Konferenz</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">San Francisco, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">06.02.2017</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">08.02.2017</enrichment>
    <author>Anja Hofmann-Böllinghaus</author>
    <author>Sven Kaudelka</author>
    <author>Tanja Gnutzmann</author>
    <author>Frederik Rabe</author>
    <author>A. Klippel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Furniture</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Large scale</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64931</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>3</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <volume>50</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Incipient Fires—Definition, Detection and Extinguishment by Laypersons</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The earlier a fire is noticed, the less developed it is and the easier it can be prevented respectively stopped, even by laypersons. Within the research project ‘TEBRAS’ the incipient phase of fires was investigated in detail. In the course of the project, it became apparent that the definition of what exactly the incipient phase of a fire encompasses is not definite and depends on the disciplines dealing with the subject ‘fire’. Based on the results of a literature review, an inquiry under experts and laypersons as well as practical fire tests a definition for the phenomenon of the incipient fire was developed which divides it into four phases. Driving key factors for each phase are identified considering the main parameters to detect and extinguish the fire.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Fire and Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0308-0501</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/fam.70025</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">08.12.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Sarah‐K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Tanja Gnutzmann</author>
    <author>Marion Meinert</author>
    <author>Anja Hofmann-Böllinghaus</author>
    <author>Dirk Oberhagemann</author>
    <author>Ulrich Krause</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Developing fires</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Development of fires</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/64931/Fire and Materials - 2026 Issue - Hahn - Incipient Fires.pdf</file>
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    <id>57627</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <edition/>
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    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>RISE</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Development of toxicity assessment method  for bus interior materials</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In recent years, fire safety requirements for bus interior materials have been increased and introduced into international regulations. Fire safety requirements for the burning rate, melting and dripping behaviour of interior materials already exist for many years. However, it remains unclear to what extent the release of smoke, combustion products and their toxicity should be limited. Therefore, a research and development project 82.0723 funded by BASt (Federal Highway Research Institute) was initiated to develop a simplified procedure for testing the toxicity and smoke development in case of fire of interior materials used in buses. The scope of the research included calculations to assess the toxicity of fire gases and the derivation of specifications for the formation of practicable limit values for smoke toxicity. Further investigations are needed to derive these limit values for smoke toxicity in order to be applicable for real fire scenarios in buses.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings from the Seventh  International Conference on  Fires in Vehicles</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Conference Fire in Vehicles FIVE</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Stavanger, Norway</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">24.04.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">25.04.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>A. Klippel</author>
    <author>Anja Hofmann-Böllinghaus</author>
    <author>K. Piechnik</author>
    <author>Tanja Gnutzmann</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bus materials</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57608</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>665</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>680</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>5</issue>
    <volume>47</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>New York, NY</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Reaction-to-fire testing of bus interior materials: Assessing burning behaviour and smoke gas toxicity</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Although fire safety regulations for buses have been adapted in recent years regarding, for example, fire detection and engine fire suppression systems, the changes in regulations for bus interior materials are minimal. A comparison of fire safety regulations for interior materials in other transport sectors for trains, ships or aircraft reveals a much lower level of requirements for bus materials. Although repeated bus accidents as well as fire statistics show the danger a bus fire can pose to passengers.&#13;
&#13;
In particular, the combination of a fire incident and passengers with reduced mobility led to severe disasters in Germany and other European countries. To enhance the fire safety for passengers, the interior bus materials are crucial as the fire development in the bus cabin determines whether escape and rescue is possible. Against this background, bus interior materials were tested in different fire test scenarios. Measurement of a wide variety of parameters, for example, the mass loss, ignition time, smoke gas composition, heat release rate among others were carried out. Tested materials complied to the newest set of requirements. For this purpose, interior materials and their components had to be identified according to their chemical structure. Parts of the tests were funded by BASt (Federal Highway Research Institute) in the project 82.0723/2018. Experimental results show reaction-to-fire behaviour which lead to very limited times for escape and rescue in case of fire in a bus cabin. Based on the studies on fire behaviour and toxicity assessment, recommendations for improved fire safety regulations for interior materials could be made.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Fire and materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1099-1018</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/fam.3108</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-576085</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">07.06.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>A. Klippel</author>
    <author>Anja Hofmann-Böllinghaus</author>
    <author>Tanja Gnutzmann</author>
    <author>K. Piechnik</author>
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    <title language="eng">Simulation of wood pyrolysis with component-based mechanism</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This paper presents a comprehensive fire simulation study that models the pyrolysis process of beech wood using kinetic parameters with the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). The kinetic methodology is based on the application of these kinetic parameters to govern the underlying pyrolysis reactions. The primary objective was to numerically model the pyrolysis process for beech wood using both single-component (single-step, single reaction scheme) and multi-component (single-step, multi-reaction scheme) kinetic reaction schemes. The accuracy of the numerical model was validated by comparing FDS simulation results with experimental data obtained from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and cone calorimeter tests. This approach aids in identifying reliable kinetic reaction input parameters for modelling wood fires. A case study was included to demonstrate the implementation of the kinetic reaction schemes. Numerical results from the TGA simulations for the small-scale pure cellulose test using the single-component approach exhibit consistency with the experimental data. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the multi-component approach more accurately replicates the shape of the experimental curve for beech wood compared to the single-component approach. However, discrepancies in the tail regions of the curves obtained from the FDS simulations showed the need for further improvement in the modelling approach, particularly regarding the exclusion of char oxidation reactions, which needs to be investigated further.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Heat and Mass Transfer</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0947-7411</identifier>
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    <author>Ranjith Nandish</author>
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    <author>Jochen Zehfuß</author>
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    <title language="eng">Influence of modern plastic furniture on the fire development in fires in homes: large-scale fire tests in living rooms</title>
    <abstract language="eng">About 80% of all fire fatalities in Germany occur because of fires in homes. It has been known for some time that modern materials (synonym for materials consisting mostly of synthetic polymers) tend to burn differently from older materials (synonym for materials consisting mostly of fibrous cellulosic substances) and it has been acknowledged that the amount of combustible plastics in homes has increased significantly over the last decades. To investigate the influence of modern furniture and ventilation conditions of fires in homes, a series of four large-scale tests in two Living rooms (LRs) with adjacent rooms (ARs) was performed by BAM and the Frankfurt fire service. Two LRs, one with older furniture and one with modern furniture, were tested twice each. Each test started with the ignition of a paper cushion on an upholstered chair. The influence of modern materials on the fire development was investigated, as well as the influence of the ventilation on the fire development. In all settings, an upholstered chair was the first burning item. Results of the test series show that fires in rooms with modern furniture develop faster than fires in rooms with older furniture.&#13;
This is true for temperature development in the rooms as well as for smoke production.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Fire and Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/fam.2934</identifier>
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    <author>Anja Hofmann-Böllinghaus</author>
    <author>Andrea Klippel</author>
    <author>Tanja Gnutzmann</author>
    <author>Sven Kaudelka</author>
    <author>Frederik Rabe</author>
    <subject>
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      <value>Room fire</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Furniture</value>
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      <value>Modern</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Gas analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Smoke</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/52756/fam.2934.pdf</file>
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