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  <doc>
    <id>53360</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>8820</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>19</issue>
    <volume>11</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Combining Signal Features of Ground-Penetrating Radar to Classify Moisture Damage in Layered Building Floors</title>
    <abstract language="eng">To date, the destructive extraction and analysis of drilling cores is the main possibility to obtain depth information about damaging water ingress in building floors. The time- and costintensive procedure constitutes an additional burden for building insurances that already list piped water damage as their largest item. With its high sensitivity for water, a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) could provide important support to approach this problem in a non-destructive way. In this research, we study the influence of moisture damage on GPR signals at different floor constructions. For this purpose, a modular specimen with interchangeable layers is developed to vary the screed and insulation material, as well as the respective layer thickness. The obtained data set is then used to investigate suitable signal features to classify three scenarios: dry, damaged insulation, and damaged screed. It was found that analyzing statistical distributions of A-scan features inside one B-scan allows for accurate classification on unknown floor constructions. Combining the features with multivariate data analysis and machine learning was the key to achieve satisfying results. The developed method provides a basis for upcoming validations on real damage cases.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Applied Sciences</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/app11198820</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-533606</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">28.10.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="RelatedIdentifier">https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/frontdoor/index/index/docId/59609</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Tim Klewe</author>
    <author>Christoph Strangfeld</author>
    <author>Tobias Ritzer</author>
    <author>Sabine Kruschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Radar</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Material Moisture</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Non-destructive testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Signal Features</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Civil Engineering</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Machine Learning</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/53360/applsci-11-08820.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53764</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>3755</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>21</issue>
    <volume>13</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel, Switzerland</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Distributed Humidity Sensing in Concrete Based on Polymer Optical Fiber</title>
    <abstract language="eng">We present a preliminary investigation on distributed humidity monitoring during the drying process of concrete based on an embedded polymer optical fiber (POF). The water dissipated into the POF changes several properties of the fiber such as refractive index, scattering coefficient and attenuation factor, which eventually alters the Rayleigh backscattered light. The optical time Domain reflectometer (OTDR) technique is performed to acquire the backscattered signal at the wavelengths 650 nm and 500 nm, respectively. Experimental results show that the received signal increases at 650 nm while the fiber attenuation factor clearly increases at 500 nm, as the concrete dries out. In the hygroscopic range, the information retrieved from the signal change at 650 nm agrees well with the measurement result of the electrical humidity sensors also embedded in the concrete sample.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymers</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2073-4360</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/polym13213755</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-537644</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">17.11.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Xin Lu</author>
    <author>Konstantin Hicke</author>
    <author>Mathias Breithaupt</author>
    <author>Christoph Strangfeld</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Distributed fiber optic sensing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Distributed humidity sensing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polymer optical fibers</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Concrete drying</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Material moisture</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Embedded humidity sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.6 Faseroptische Sensorik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Sensorik</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/53764/polymers-13-03755-v2_published.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61101</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>9</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>TU Braunschweig</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">An assessment of the repeatability of 3D printed concrete structures</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Additive manufacturing of concrete structures, also known as 3D concrete printing, is a technology that received a lot of attention over the past decade due to its financial an ecological advantage as sustainable construction technology. Although several techniques and approaches demonstrate these advantages, quality control during printing is highly challenging and rarely applied and harmonized standards are not existing. Due to the continuous mixing process used in 3D concrete printing, it is impossible to exclude variations in the dry mixture or water content, and a single test sample is insufficient to be representative for the whole structure. A defect in one layer during the printing can affect the entire integrity of the whole structure. This study shows the results of an arch designed as framework structure that was printed multiple times under the same boundary conditions using an extrusion-based 3D concrete printer. Each arch was tested for its mechanical strength and load bearing behavior. The results of the mechanical testing of the printed arches are compared with material data obtained by classical tests and discussed regarding their statistical significance.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Digital Concrete 2024 - Supplementary Proceedings</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.24355/dbbs.084-202408150641-0</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-611012</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Digital Concrete 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Munich, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">04.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">06.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Götz Hüsken</author>
    <author>Olubunmi Anthony Jeyifous</author>
    <author>Eric Schönsee</author>
    <author>Christoph Strangfeld</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>3D concrete printing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Repeatability</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Process control</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Quality control</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.4 Baustofftechnologie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Green Intelligent Building</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/61101/Huesken_et_al-An_assessment_of_the_repeatability_of_3D_printed_concrete_structures.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51029</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>120092</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>263</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Determination of the diffusion coefficient and the hydraulic conductivity of porous media based on embedded humidity sensors</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Reinforced concrete and several other building materials deteriorate during their service life. Almost all deterioration processes are related to moisture. For understanding those processes, knowing the exact amount of the moisture content and the moisture transport characteristics is crucial. In fact, the moisture transport in porous materials is a two-phase flow; consisting of the vapour and the liquid phase. The two corresponding parameters are the diffusion coefficient and the hydraulic conductivity. By means of an inverse approach, these two coefficients are experimentally determined. The moisture transport of eight different screed types during hydration and evaporation is monitored based on embedded humidity sensors. The measured humidity profiles are converted into a pore saturation by adapting the approach of Hillerborg to the measured pore volume distribution. The summation of all pore saturations yields the total moisture content including the ink-bottle effect during desorption. The pore volume distribution was determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry as well as by gas adsorption. The measurement of the humidity and the pore saturation in the entire sample enables to invert the mass balance in order to extract the diffusion coefficient and the hydraulic conductivity. The determined diffusion coefficients of the eight investigated screeds are between m2s-1 and m2s-1.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Construction and Building Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120092</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">03.12.2020</enrichment>
    <author>Christoph Strangfeld</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Material moisture</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Moisture transport</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Embedded sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Diffusion coefficient</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Partially saturated pores</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52063</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Non-destructive testing at BAM</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A brief introduction to non-destructive testing at BAM, Department 8 and its Divisions.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">AK Post Docs Symposium</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">BAM Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">02.02.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">02.02.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Christoph Strangfeld</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Non-destrucitve testing</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62162</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>4</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Investigation of long-term embedded RFID sensors for structural health monitoring</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Ensuring the health of civil engineering structures is crucial for the safety and longevity of the built environment. In this direction, structural health monitoring (SHM) has been increasingly employed, providing insight into the structural behavior, based on sensor data representing structural responses. This paper investigates the plausibility of embedding sensors into concrete structures for SHM, leveraging radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, in an attempt to enable the passive operation of sensors without continuous power supply and to reduce potential sources of interference. In contrast to conventional SHM sensors, the uninterrupted operation of embedded sensors must be ensured because post-installation interventions are either impractical or impossible. RFID technology enables wireless data acquisition and energy transmission without mechanical impact on civil engineering structures, although it may be challenging when RFID sensors are embedded in concrete.&#13;
This study presents a durable passive embedded RFID sensor system (i.e., a system without batteries), including the selection of components, such as housing and cable materials, suitable for withstanding the aggressive environment of concrete without damaging the sensitive electronics or contaminating the data recorded by the sensors. The proposed sensor system is validated in laboratory tests, the results of which provide insights into the influence of each component and are intended to advance the implementation of embedded sensor systems.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the IEEE Sensors 2024</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">979-8-3503-6351-7</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1109/SENSORS60989.2024.10785220</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">IEEE Sensors 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Kobe, Japan</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.10.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">23.10.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">24.03.2025</enrichment>
    <author>Sergej Johann</author>
    <author>Jan Stührenberg</author>
    <author>Aditya Tandon</author>
    <author>Kosmas Dragos</author>
    <author>Matthias Bartholmai</author>
    <author>Christoph Strangfeld</author>
    <author>Kay Smarsly</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Structural health monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>RFID-based sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Smart sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Embedded sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Green Intelligent Building</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Verkehrsinfrastrukturen</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55530</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Bore hole probe for ultrasound-based quality control of sealing constructions</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Several countries, which use or used nuclear power, started to destruct nuclear power plants. Thus, large amounts of radioactive waste have to be stored safely during the next decades. Large underground caverns will&#13;
be used a nuclear waste disposal. Once the cavern is full, a sealing construction is required. The sealing should avoid the contact to any fluids or substances of the storage barrels and reduce hazardous radiation.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">International Symposium Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Zurich, Switzerland</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">16.08.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">18.08.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Christoph Strangfeld</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasonic testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nuclear waste</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59609</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>researchdata</type>
    <publisherName>Zenodo</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Geneva</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">GPR Dataset of Moisture Measurements on Building Floors in Laboratory and On-Site</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Related work&#13;
&#13;
Laboratory Study:&#13;
Combining Signal Features of Ground-Penetrating Radar to Classify Moisture Damage in Layered Building Floors&#13;
https://doi.org/10.3390/app11198820&#13;
&#13;
On-Site Study:&#13;
TBA&#13;
&#13;
Doctoral Thesis:&#13;
Non-destructive classification of moisture deterioration in layered building floors using ground penetrating radar&#13;
https://doi.org/10.14279/depositonce-19306&#13;
&#13;
Measurement Parameters&#13;
&#13;
The GPR measurements were carried out with the SIR 20 from GSSI and a 2 GHz antenna pair (bandwidth 1 GHz to 3 GHz) in common-offset configuration. Each B-Scan consists of N A-Scans, each including 512 samples of a 11 ns time window. Survey lines were recorded with 250 A-Scans/ meter, which equals a 4 mm spacing between each A-Scan No Gains were applied. &#13;
&#13;
Folder Description:&#13;
&#13;
Lab_dry, Lab_insulDamage, Lab_screedDamage&#13;
- each contain 168 Measurements (B-Scans)  in .csv on 84 dry floors, floors with insulation damage and screed damage.&#13;
- each floor setup was measured twice on two orthogonal survey lines, indicated by _Line1_ and _Line2_ in the file name.&#13;
- the file names encode the building floor setup e.g. CT50XP100 describes a 50 mm cement screed with 100 mm extruded polystyrene below&#13;
- the material codes are&#13;
   CT: cement screed, CA: anhydrite screed, EP: expanded polystyrene, XP: extruded polystyrene, GW: glass wool, PS: perlites&#13;
&#13;
further information can be found in the publication https://doi.org/10.3390/app11198820&#13;
&#13;
OnSite_&#13;
- 5 folders containing B-Scans on 5 different practical moisture damages&#13;
- the building floor setup is encoded according to the lab with an additional measurement point numbering at the start and a damage case annotation at the end of the file name with _dry, _insulationDamage and_screedDamage&#13;
&#13;
File Description:&#13;
&#13;
B-Scans, Measurement files - no header&#13;
- dimension: 512 x N data point with N beeing the number of A-Scans including 512 samples of a 11 ns time window.&#13;
- survey lines were recorded with 250 A-Scans/ meter, which equals a 4 mm spacing between each A-Scan&#13;
&#13;
Moisture References&#13;
- Moist_Reference of On-Site Locations include the columns MeasPoint: Measurement point, wt%Screed: moisture content of screed layer in mass percent; wt%Insul: moisture content of insulation layer in mass percent. References were obtained by drilling cores with 68 mm diameter in the center of each survey line.&#13;
- Moist_Reference_Screed of Lab data include the columns Screed: Screed material and thickness in mm, wt%Screed moisture content of screed layer in mass percent&#13;
- Moist Reference_Insul of Lab data include the columns Insulation: Insulation material and thickness in mm, water addition in l: water added to the insulation layer in liters, V%Insulation: water added to the insulation layer in volume percent, RH%: resulting relative humidy in the insulation layer during measurement. These References are only avaible for Lab measurements on insulation damages.</abstract>
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    <author>Tim Klewe</author>
    <author>Christoph Strangfeld</author>
    <author>Tobias Ritzer</author>
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      <value>Building Floors</value>
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    <abstract language="eng">Frequency analysis of the tank during every filling Passive actuator is integrated inside filling nozzle/ pressure vessel Frequency from 5 kHz to 150 kHz Frequency sweep (Chirp) can be performed Works with every fluid: air, hydrogen, oxygen, argon, water.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">Interpretation of NMR signals from partly saturated sandstones</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The development of prevention methods and the detection of moisture related damages in buildings and transport infrastructure at an early stage are current issues in the field of non-destructive testing in civil engineering.&#13;
Especially the subject of partial saturation requires further research since it is more likely to occur than full saturation of the material. In fact, partial saturation in porous media is even more complicated because both fully and partly saturated pores (i.e. pores in which the surfaces are covered with thin water layers) are present.&#13;
As the non-destructive method nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) enables the measurement and quantification of relative low moisture contents, it is suitable for the investigation of partly saturated porous building materials. Nevertheless, the differentiation between partly and fully saturated pores is still a challenge. Therefore, in this study, we investigate two sandstones types (Bozanov and Schönbrunner sandstone) at various defined saturation states by using NMR. Furthermore, we measure the relative humidities within the samples and compute the water layer thicknesses (WLT) along the pore walls of all pore sizes to calculate the corresponding degree of pore saturation. To finally assign the NMR signals to pore sizes and to differentiate between partly and fully saturated pores, the water content distribution obtained from the WLT calculation is used for calibration of the relaxation-time distribution. In this extended abstract, selected results only for Schönbrunner sandstone are presented.</abstract>
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