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    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
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    <title language="eng">Biocide Resistance - Road to Risk Assessment</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This presentation details the current status of biocide resistance risk assessment and provides a roadmap for future activities.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">OECD, 6th Meeting of the Working Party on Biocides</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Paris, France</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">28.09.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">29.09.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial coating</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardization</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biocides</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Risk assessment</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>37756</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Correlative imaging of gene expression and metabolic activity by combining single-molecule mRNA FISH and nanometer-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Populations of genetically identical cells that share the same environment can differ markedly in their phenotypes. This phenomenon has been termed phenotypic heterogeneity. While a few molecular mechanisms that lead to heterogeneity in gene expression have been elucidated, it remains unclear how heterogeneity in gene expression is transmitted to heterogeneity in activity; especially in metabolism. Metabolic activity of single bacterial cells can be quantified by labeling the substrate with stable isotopes and by measuring label uptake with nanometer-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS). Here we combined NanoSIMS with single-molecule mRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) to link heterogeneity in gene expression and metabolism in nitrogen fixing bacteria. We find that gene expression and metabolic activity are decoupled in single cells. However, heterogeneity in gene expression is correlated with heterogeneity in metabolic activity on the population level. Gene expression kinetics can provide insights into the molecular mechanisms that lead to heterogeneity in metabolism.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">NanoSIMS user meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Utrecht, The Netherlands</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">26.09.2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">27.09.2016</enrichment>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>mRNA-FISH</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NanoSIMS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stable isotopes</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>59245</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Antibiotic tolerance of biofilms emerging fro multicellular effects of antibiotic efflux</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The overarching goal of this project is to develop a predictive model for efflux-mediated antimicrobial tolerance in bacterial multicellular assemblies. Our central hypostasis is that efflux pump activity causes emergent antibiotic tolerance of multicellular bacterial populations, through the interplay of efflux mediated spatial interactions and efflux-linked persistence. To test this hypothesis, we will use a combination of microscopy, microbial killing assays, computational modelling, and data analysis, integrating information from 3 types of multicellular assembly: colonies, cell-to-cell interactions in a monolayer microfluidic device, and 3D flow chamber biofilms. Building on our preliminary observations, we will experimentally characterize the link between colony structure and spatial patterns of efflux gene expression in strains that differ in their levels of efflux. We will develop a mathematical model to test whether local growth inhibition of neighbors due to effluxing cells, coupled with local environment-dependent regulation of efflux, can account qualitatively for these results. By including persister cell formation in our model we will predict, and measure, the emergent function of antimicrobial tolerance in our colonies. To fully understand how tolerance emerges from the interplay between efflux-mediated spatial interactions and efflux-linked persister cell formation, we need quantitative measurements at the single cell level. To this end, we will use a microfluidic setup with cells growing in a monolayer to qualify in detail the dependence of efflux expression and persister cell formation on nutrient conditions, the correlation between efflux and persister formation, and the spatial range of efflux-mediated neighbour growth inhibition. To predict and quantitatively understand the emergent multicellular function of tolerance, we will perform individual-based modelling of biofilm growth, using as input the parameters measured on the single-cell level with our microfluidics experiments. Our simulations will predict biofilm spatial structure development, patterns of efflux and persister formation and, ultimately, tolerance to antimicrobial challenge. These predictions will be directly tested in flow-cell biofilm experiments. We are currently generating acrAB-tolC knockout-strain, without efflux activity, and a strain with an inducible acrAB-tolC efflux pump. To distinguish the different strains under the microscope, they were labeled with genes encoding for different fluorescent proteins. All strains are currently characterized in terms of growth, minimum inhibitory concentration of different antimicrobial substances, colony morphology, and biofilm formation ability. On the theoretical side, we are currently working on modeling the system at various scales and degree of detail, ranging from coarse-grained continuum models to stochastic, individual-based models. Some exploratory work was doe to test existing software for individual-based modelling that may be adapted for our purpose. Furthermore, we are in the process of developing more coarse-grained models. This work involves some physiological modelling and literature search, focusing on working mechanisms of efflux pumps and kinetic models for import and export of antibiotics.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">SPP Meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Jena, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">04.10.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">06.10.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Valerie Jaut</author>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antibiotic</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bioilm</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tolerance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Efflux</value>
    </subject>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57859</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
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    <type>lecture</type>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Die Entstehung von antimikrobiellen Resistenzen durch die Verwendung von Bioziden</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Dieser Vortrag gibt einen Überblick über die BAM und die Aktivitäten im Bereich Biozidresistenz.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Berliner Hochschule für Technik Studiengang Biotechnologie</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">05.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimikrobielle Resistenz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antmikrobielle Oberflächen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardisierung</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>37757</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Correlative imaging of gene expression and metabolic activity by combining single-molecule mRNA FISH and nanometer-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Populations of genetically identical cells that share the same environment can differ markedly in their phenotypes. This phenomenon has been termed phenotypic heterogeneity. While a few molecular mechanisms that lead to heterogeneity in gene expression have been elucidated, it remains unclear how heterogeneity in gene expression is transmitted to heterogeneity in activity; especially in metabolism. Metabolic activity of single bacterial cells can be quantified by labeling the substrate with stable isotopes and by measuring label uptake with nanometer-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS). Here we combined NanoSIMS with single-molecule mRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) to link heterogeneity in gene expression and metabolism in nitrogen fixing bacteria. We find that gene expression and metabolic activity are decoupled in single cells. However, heterogeneity in gene expression is correlated with heterogeneity in metabolic activity on the population level. Gene expression kinetics can provide insights into the molecular mechanisms that lead to heterogeneity in metabolism.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">22nd International Workshop on “Single Molecule Spectroscopy and Super-resolution Microscopy in the Life Sciences”</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">14.09.2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">16.09.2016</enrichment>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>mRNA-FISH</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NanoSIMS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stable isotopes</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61542</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
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    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">How to regulate and assess resistance risks  of co-selecting agents  during application and in the environment</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This talk deals with the question on How to regulate and assess resistance risks of co-selecting agents during application and in the environment. It shows that there the overview of worldwide activities to regulate co-selecting agents is missing. Regulations for product authorization usually consider resistance in target organisms, but there is a risk of emergence of resistance from non-target organisms as well. Moreover, pollution effects on resistance development in the environment are not explicitly covered during product authorization and few risk assessment schemes and methods available.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">EDAR7 - Environmental Dimension of Antimicrobial Resistance Conference 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Montreal, Canada</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">26.05.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">31.05.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bacteria</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardization</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biocides</value>
    </subject>
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    <id>56264</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Development of a laboratory method to assess resistance development of microorganisms to biocides – An update</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This presentation describes the development of a laboratory method to assess resistance development of microorganisms to biocides and antimicrobial surfaces.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">The International Biodeterioration Research Group (IBRG) autumn meeting 2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">11.10.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">12.10.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial coating</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardization</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biocides</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Risk assessment</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>57858</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Development of a laboratory method to assess resistance development of microorganisms to biocides – An update</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This presentation describes our efforts at BAM towards the development of a laboratory method to assess resistance development of microorganisms to biocides.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">The International Biodeterioration Research Group (IBRG) spring meeting 2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.03.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">05.03.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial coating</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardization</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biocides</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>53163</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Development of a laboratory method to assess resistance development of microorganisms to biocides</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Bacteria are exposed to biocides through surface disinfection or by antimicrobial surfaces. These stressful environments provide a strong selective pressure for bacteria to adapt. Here, we describe the development of a laboratory method to assess adaption of bacteria by resistance development in response to surface disinfection and antimicrobial surfaces.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">OECD, 5th Meeting of the Working Party on Biocides</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">26.05.2021</enrichment>
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    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial coating</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardization</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
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    <id>53164</id>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Development of a laboratory method to assess resistance development of microorganisms to biocides</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Bacteria are exposed to biocides through surface disinfection or by antimicrobial surfaces. These stressful environments provide a strong selective pressure for bacteria to adapt. Here, we describe the development of a laboratory method to assess adaption of bacteria by resistance development in response to surface disinfection and antimicrobial surfaces.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">The International Biodeterioration Research Group (IBRG) Spring Meeting 2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">28.06.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">02.07.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial coating</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardization</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>49899</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1342</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1347</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>52</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Fast fitting of reflectivity data of growing thin films using neural networks</title>
    <abstract language="eng">X-ray reflectivity (XRR) is a powerful and popular scattering technique that can give valuable insight into the growth behavior of thin films. This study Shows how a simple artificial neural network model can be used to determine the thickness, roughness and density of thin films of different organic semiconductors [diindenoperylene, copper(II) phthalocyanine and alpha-sexithiophene] on silica from their XRR data with millisecond computation time and with minimal user input or a priori knowledge. For a large experimental data set of 372 XRR curves, it is shown that a simple fully connected model can provide good results with a mean absolute percentage error of 8–18% when compared with the results obtained by a genetic least mean squares fit using the classical Parratt formalism. Furthermore, current drawbacks and prospects for improvement are discussed.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Applied Crystallography</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1107/S1600576719013311</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1600-5767</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-498997</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">09.12.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="RelatedIdentifier">https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/frontdoor/index/index/docId/51888</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>A. Greco</author>
    <author>V. Starostin</author>
    <author>Christos Karapanagiotis</author>
    <author>A. Hinderhofer</author>
    <author>A. Gerlach</author>
    <author>L. Pithan</author>
    <author>Sascha Liehr</author>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <author>Stefan Kowarik</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Artificial neural networks</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>X-ray reflectivity</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/49899/kowarik NN XRR.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>49077</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Single-cell trait-based biodiversity in microbial communities and its link to ecosystem functioning in a stratified lake</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A fundamental question in ecology is how biodiversity affects ecosystem function. Biodiversity is commonly estimated based on genetic variation. We investigated a new approach that defines and measures biodiversity in complex microbial communities. We used the variation in multiple functionally-relevant, phenotypic traits measured in parallel in single cells as a metric for microbial phenotypic diversity. We studied phenotypic diversity and ecosystem functioning throughout different photosynthetic layers dominated by divergent microbial communities in the gradient of Lago di Cadagno. We determined genetic diversity by 16S and 18S amplicon sequencing and bulk ecosystem functioning (photosynthesis). In addition, we determined phenotypic diversity using single-cell technologies such as nanometer-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) correlated with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning flow-cytometry. We measured functional trait variation between individuals in 13CO2 fixation, 15NH4+ uptake, and variation in physio-morphological cell traits, such as cell size, shape, and auto-fluorescence for various pigments related to photosynthesis. We used the distances between individuals in a multidimensional trait space to derive phenotypic trait-based diversity indices, such as trait richness, trait evenness, and trait divergence. We find that phenotypic trait divergence associates with ecosystem functioning, whereas genetic diversity does not. Including activity-based, single-cell phenotypic measurements with NanoSIMS provided an additional accuracy to the trait-based diversity assessment and allowed us to formulate hypotheses on the mechanisms that shape the correlation between phenotypic diversity and eco-system function. Together, our results show that phenotypic diversity is a meaningful concept to measure microbial biodiversity and associate it with ecosystem functioning.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">8th Congress of European Microbiologists - FEMS 2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Glasgow, UK</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">07.11.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">11.11.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NanoSIMS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biodiversity</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>49080</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Single-cell trait-based biodiversity in microbial communities and its link to ecosystem functioning in a stratified lake</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A fundamental question in ecology is how biodiversity affects ecosystem function. Biodiversity is commonly estimated based on genetic variation. We investigated a new approach that defines and measures biodiversity in complex microbial communities. We used the variation in multiple functionally-relevant, phenotypic traits measured in parallel in single cells as a metric for microbial phenotypic diversity. We studied phenotypic diversity and ecosystem functioning throughout different photosynthetic layers dominated by divergent microbial communities in the gradient of Lago di Cadagno. We determined genetic diversity by 16S and 18S amplicon sequencing and bulk ecosystem functioning (photosynthesis). In addition, we determined phenotypic diversity using single-cell technologies such as nanometer-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) correlated with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning flow-cytometry. We measured functional trait variation between individuals in 13CO2 fixation, 15NH4+ uptake, and variation in physio-morphological cell traits, such as cell size, shape, and auto-fluorescence for various pigments related to photosynthesis. We used the distances between individuals in a multidimensional trait space to derive phenotypic trait-based diversity indices, such as trait richness, trait evenness, and trait divergence. We find that phenotypic trait divergence associates with ecosystem functioning, whereas genetic diversity does not. Including activity-based, single-cell phenotypic measurements with NanoSIMS provided an additional accuracy to the trait-based diversity assessment and allowed us to formulate hypotheses on the mechanisms that shape the correlation between phenotypic diversity and eco-system function. Together, our results show that phenotypic diversity is a meaningful concept to measure microbial biodiversity and associate it with ecosystem functioning.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">8th Congress of European Microbiologists - FEMS 2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Glasgow, UK</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">07.11.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">11.11.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NanoSIMS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biodiversity</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>49083</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Persistence as a microbial survival strategy against biocides and its link to antibiotic resistance evolution</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Question:&#13;
One cornerstone to prevent the spread of bacteria in clinical and industrial settings is the application of biocides including disinfectants and preservatives. However, bacteria can evolve resistance to biocides, which in turn can confer cross-resistance to antibiotics. Additionally, clonal bacterial populations can display phenotypic heterogeneity with respect to the tolerance of antibiotic stress leading to a prolonged survival of a sub-population; this phenomenon is termed persistence. Persistence to antibiotics is an evolvable trait and can serve as a stepping stone for the evolution of genetically encoded resistance. Until now, there is a lack of systematic studies that investigate if bacterial populations establish persister subpopulations that tolerate disinfectant stress longer than most of the population. Our objective is to investigate if persistence is a bacterial survival strategy against biocides. Furthermore, we investigate the mechanisms of biocide persistence and if persistence can evolve in the face of fluctuating exposure to biocides. Lastly, we test if the evolved mechanisms of biocide tolerance lead to biocide resistance and if they confer cross-tolerance and cross-resistance against antibiotics.&#13;
Methods:&#13;
We use time-kill assays in the presence of biocides and experimental evolution combined to whole-genome sequencing in the model organism E. coli.&#13;
Results: &#13;
We find persister sub-populations against chlorhexidine and quaternary ammonium compounds, but not to alcohols, aldehydes and oxidative compounds. We will present the relationship of mechanisms known to underlie antibiotic persister formation to the formation of persisters against biocides. In addition, we will present data from an ongoing evolution experiment for persistence against biocides.&#13;
Conclusion&#13;
There is a link between antibiotic and biocide persistence with possible implications for antibiotic resistance evolution and spread.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">5th International Symposium on the Environmental Dimension of Antibiotic Resistance - EDAR 2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Hong Kong, China</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">09.06.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">14.06.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biocides</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Persister cells</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>49081</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Persistence as a microbial survival strategy against biocides and its link to antibiotic resistance evolution</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Background: &#13;
One cornerstone to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria in clinical settings is the application of disinfectants. However, bacteria can evolve resistance to disinfectants, which in turn can confer cross-resistance to antibiotics. Additionally, clonal bacterial populations can display phenotypic heterogeneity with respect to the tolerance of antibiotic stress leading to a prolonged survival of a sub-population; this phenomenon is termed persistence. Persistence to antibiotics is an evolvable trait and can serve as a stepping stone for the evolution of genetically encoded resistance. Until now, there is a lack of systematic studies that investigate if bacterial populations establish persister subpopulations that tolerate disinfectant stress longer than most of the population.&#13;
Objectives: &#13;
Our objective is to investigate if persistence is a bacterial survival strategy against disinfectants. Furthermore, we investigate the mechanisms of disinfectant persistence and if persistence can evolve in the face of fluctuating exposure to disinfectants. Lastly, we test if the evolved mechanisms of disinfectant tolerance lead to disinfectant resistance and if they confer cross-tolerance and cross-resistance against antibiotics.&#13;
Methods: &#13;
We use time-kill assays in the presence of disinfectants and experimental evolution combined to whole-genome sequencing in the model organism E. coli.  &#13;
Results: &#13;
We find persister sub-populations against chlorhexidine and quaternary ammonium compounds, but not to alcohols, aldehydes and oxidative compounds. We will present the relationship of mechanisms known to underlie antibiotic persister formation to the formation of persisters against disinfectants. In addition, we will present data from an ongoing evolution experiment for persistence against disinfectants.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">8th Congress of European Microbiologists - FEMS 2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Glasgow, UK</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">07.11.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">11.11.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biocides</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Persister cells</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>50194</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>202</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>211</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>62</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Environmental drivers of metabolic heterogeneity in clonal microbial populations</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Microorganisms perform multiple metabolic functions that shape the global cycling of elements, health and disease of their host organisms, and biotechnological processes. The rates, at which different metabolic activities are performed by individual cells, can vary between genetically identical cells within clonal populations. While the molecular mechanisms that result in such metabolic heterogeneity have attracted considerable interest, the environmental conditions that shape heterogeneity and its consequences have received attention only in recent years. Here, we review the environmental drivers that lead to metabolic heterogeneity with a focus on nutrient limitation, temporal fluctuations and spatial structure, and the functional consequences of such heterogeneity. We highlight studies using single-cell methods that allow direct investigation of metabolic heterogeneity and discuss the relevance of metabolic heterogeneity in complex microbial communities.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Current Opinion in Biotechnology</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.copbio.2019.11.018</identifier>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S095816691930134X?via%3Dihub</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">20.01.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <author>M. Ackermann</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phenotypic variation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NanoSIMS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Diversity</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Metabolism</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65384</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>13</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <volume>4</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Consequences of benzalkonium chloride tolerance for selection dynamics and de novo resistance evolution driven by antibiotics</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Biocides are used in large amounts in industrial, medical, and domestic settings. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a commonly used biocide, for which previous research revealed that Escherichia coli can rapidly adapt to tolerate BAC-disinfection, with consequences for antibiotic susceptibility. However, the consequences of BAC tolerance for selection dynamics and resistance evolution to antibiotics remain unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of BAC tolerance in E. coli on its response upon challenge with different antibiotics. Competition assays showed that subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin—but not ampicillin, colistin and gentamicin—select for the BAC-tolerant strain over the BAC-sensitive ancestor at a minimal selective concentration of 0.0013–0.0022 µg/mL. In contrast, the BAC-sensitive ancestor was more likely to evolve resistance to ciprofloxacin, colistin and gentamicin than the BAC-tolerant strain when adapted to higher concentrations of antibiotics in a serial transfer laboratory evolution experiment. The observed difference in the evolvability of resistance to ciprofloxacin was partly explained by an epistatic interaction between the mutations conferring BAC tolerance and a knockout mutation in ompF encoding for the outer membrane porin F. Taken together, these findings suggest that BAC tolerance can be stabilized in environments containing low concentrations of ciprofloxacin, while it also constrains evolutionary pathways towards antibiotic resistance.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">npj Antimicrobials and Resistance</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2731-8745</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1038/s44259-025-00170-8</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-653842</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">21.01.2026</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Orestis Kanaris</author>
    <author>Lydia-Yasmin Sobisch</author>
    <author>Annett Gödt</author>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <author>Niclas Nordholt</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>AMR</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Resistance evolution</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Resistance selection</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/65384/Kanaris_et_al_2026_consequences_of_benzalconium_chloride_tolerance.pdf</file>
  </doc>
</export-example>
