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    <title language="eng">Modern welding processes for optimising repair welds on high strength offshore steels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The successful energy transition in Germany will require offshore wind turbines with outputs &gt;10 MW in the future. To achieve these high outputs, turbines far from coast are required with large subsea jacket structures (30 m up to 50 m) and tall towers (up to 200 m). High-strength steels with a yield strength up to 500 MPa and wall thicknesses up to 150 mm are increasingly being used for these structures. This plac-es high demands on welding manufacturing, especially for high-strength offshore steels. During the manu-facturing process detected defects by NDT require localized repair of welds by gouging and rewelding. Due to a lack of investigations, there are no repair concepts and information in standards and guidelines, par-ticularly for high-strength thick plate joints made of high-strength offshore steels. However, these are ur-gently needed to enable manufacturers, especially SMEs, to carry out safe and economical repairs. There-fore, BAM started the FOSTA project P1629 (IGF 01IF22746N) to investigate the stress-optimized repair (local gouging and welding) of high-strength thick plate joints made of offshore grades in the yield strength range off 355 to 460 MPa and similar weld metal with controlled high-performance GMAW pro-cesses and optimized narrow gouging grooves. The experimental analyses take into account the complex interaction of process, material, and design-related influences on the formation of weld induced stresses and the special microstructure of high-strength fine-grain structural steels. Welding-related material degra-dation and crack-critical residual tensile stresses need to be avoided to ensure high component safety and performance. A reduction in residual stress in the presence of high restraint conditions can be achieved by adapted heat control (if no disassembly measures are possible). The repair process involves manual thermal gouging, which allows the groove configuration to be modi-fied. Modern welding processes using high frequency arc control provide deep root penetration and focused energy input capable of welding narrow seams. A comparison was made between the traditional weld con-figuration with a wide 45° groove and transition arc welding and a narrow 30° groove with modern welding process. Even in the case of free shrinkage specimens, the narrow groove weld exhibits a significant reduc-tion of residual stresses, cf. Figure 1, especially in the HAZ and toward the adjacent base material. This can be attributed to the lower weld metal volume needed and the reduction of heat input per layer due to the controlled arc process. For the purposes of this comparison, the same weld seam build-up (but different number of layers) has been applied to both seam configurations. Note that in industrial application (manu-al welding), the wider groove would be welded with several off-center weld beads with conventional weld-ing process. In this analysis this would cause asymmetric effects regarding the residual stress state, diffi-cult to compare to each other. Component-related welding experiments on special testing equipment, adapted process and heat control concepts along with variable groove configurations will be developed and recommendations for guidelines elaborated. This is the prerequisite for fully utilizing the strength potential of high-strength steels and making a valuable contribution to the energy transition in Germany, especially for steel-processing SMEs.</abstract>
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    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Trollhättan, Sweden</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.03.2025</enrichment>
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    <author>Martin Hübner</author>
    <author>Levin Reichel</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Repair welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gouging</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Offshore wind turbines</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-strength steels</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Effect of alloy modification on the wear protection coatings made of Ni- and Co-based materials and surface machinability via ultrasonic milling process</title>
    <abstract language="eng">AbstractWear-resistant coatings are required for highly efficient and economical steel components in equipment, process, and power plant engineering to withstand high corrosive, tribological, thermal, and mechanical stresses. Co-alloys are used as wear-resistant coatings for steel components, tailored to the specific application. The substitutability of Co alloys with Ni-based wear protection systems, in addition to price and supply uncertainties, is facilitated by the combination of innovative welding and machining processes such as ultrasonic-assisted milling. The aim of the study is to improve the machinability of two different hard-facing alloys while maintaining the same wear protection potential. Therefore, the wear-resistant alloys NiMoCrSi (Colmonoy C56) and CoMnCrSi (Tribaloy T400) were modified by the alloying additions Nb, Hf, and Ti and then applied to a carbon-manganese steel S355 using the plasma transfer arc (PTA) welding process. The influence of the alloying additions on the microstructure as</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology</parentTitle>
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Co-alloys are used as wear-resistant coatings for steel components, tailored to the specific application. The substitutability of Co alloys with Ni-based wear protection systems, in addition to price and supply uncertainties, is facilitated by the combination of innovative welding and machining processes such as ultrasonic-assisted milling. The aim of the study is to improve the machinability of two different hard-facing alloys while maintaining the same wear protection potential. Therefore, the wear-resistant alloys NiMoCrSi (Colmonoy C56) and CoMnCrSi (Tribaloy T400) were modified by the alloying additions Nb, Hf, and Ti and then applied to a carbon-manganese steel S355 using the plasma transfer arc (PTA) welding process. The influence of the alloying additions on the microstructure as well as on the formation of the hard phases of the build-up welds is compared. For example, the inclusion of the alloying element Nb results in the formation of a more refined hard phase and reduces the machining force required for C56 and T400. In most cases, the wear resistance potential has been maintained. In order to improve the machinability of the hard facings, the optimization of the demanding machining conditions by alloy modifications of the Co- and Ni-based alloys is also presented. 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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Maraike Willeke</author>
    <author>Marcel Giese</author>
    <author>Swenja Lorenz</author>
    <author>Kai Treutler</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Volker Wesling</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wear resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Co-based alloy</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ni-based alloy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>PTA welding process</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasonic assisted milling process</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/62393/Willeke_et_al-2025-The_International_Journal_of_Advanced_Manufacturing_Technology.pdf</file>
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    <title language="deu">Moderne Schweißverfahren zur Optimierung von Reparaturschweißungen an hochfesten Offshore-Stählen</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The successful energy transition in Germany will require offshore wind turbines with outputs &gt;10 MW in the future, for which high-strength steels with a yield strength of up to 500 MPa and wall thicknesses up to 150 mm are increasingly being used. The repair of weld seams when detecting defects during NDT requires local-ized gouging and rewelding. This involves high demands on welding manufacturing, especially for high-strength steels. Due to a lack of investigations, there are no re-pair concepts and information in standards and guidelines, particularly for high-strength thick plate joints made of high-strength offshore steels. However, these are urgently needed to enable processors, especially SMEs, to carry out safe and eco-nomical repairs. Therefore, BAM started the FOSTA project P1629 (IGF 01IF22746N) to investigate the stress-optimized repair (local gouging and welding) of high-strength thick plate joints made of offshore grades in the yield strength range off 355 to 460 MPa and similar weld metal with controlled high-performance GMAW processes and optimized narrower gouging grooves. The experimental analyses consider the complex interaction of material, process, and design-related influences on the formation of weld-related stresses and the special microstructure of high-strength fine-grain structural steels. Welding-related material degradation and crack-critical residual tensile stresses need to be avoided to ensure high component safety and performance. With component-related welding experiments on special testing equipment, adapted process and heat control concepts along with variable groove configurations will be developed and recommendations for guidelines elabo-rated. This is the prerequisite for fully utilizing the strength potential of high-strength steels and making a valuable contribution to the energy transition in Germany, espe-cially for steel-processing SMEs.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Symposium Materialtechnik TU Clausthal</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.02.2025</enrichment>
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    <author>Levin Reichel</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reparaturschweißen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Ausfugen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Offshore</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sprühlichtbogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Eigenspannungen</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63218</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>110</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>122</pageLast>
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    <title language="eng">Influence of heat input on properties and residual stresses in hybrid addi-tive manufacturing of high strength steels using MSG processes</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The application of steels with a higher yield strength allows reductions in wall thickness, component weight and production costs. Hybrid additive manufacturing based on Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) processes (DED-Arc) can be used to realise highly effi-cient component modifications and repairs on semi-finished products and additively manufactured structures. There are still a number of key issues preventing widespread implementation, particularly for SMEs. In addition to the manufacturing design, detailed information about assembly strategy and geometric adaptation of the component for modifications or repairs are missing. These include the welding-related stresses associ-ated with the microstructural influences caused by the additive manufacturing steps, particularly in the transition area of the substrate and filler material interface. The pre-sent research focuses the effect of welding heat control during DED-Arc process on the residual stresses, especially in the transition area. Defined specimens were welded fully automatically with a high-strength solid wire (yield strength &gt; 790 MPa) especially adapted for DED-Arc on S690QL substrate. The working temperature and heat input were systematically varied for a statistical effect analysis on the residual stress state of the hybrid manufactured components. Regarding heat control, t8/5 cooling times within the recommended processing range (approx. 5 s to 20 s) were complied. The investiga-tion revealed a significant influence of the working temperature Ti on the compressive residual stresses in the transition area and the tensile residual stresses at the base of the substrate. High working temperatures result in lower compressive residual stresses, heat input E does not significantly affect the tensile stresses.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Tagungsband 6. Symposium Materialtechnik : 20. bis 21. Februar 2025</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.21268/20250506-3</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-632188</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">6. Symposium Materialtechnik</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Lorenz Engelking</author>
    <author>R. Scharf-Wildenhain</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>A. Hälsig</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>J. Hensel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DED-Arc</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heat control</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/63218/Symposium2025_Engelking.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63377</id>
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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
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    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>370</pageFirst>
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    <volume>15</volume>
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    <publisherName>Shaker Verlag GmbH</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Düren</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Clausthaler Zentrum für Materialtechnik</creatingCorporation>
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    <title language="deu">Innovatives Instandsetzungsschweißen von Altstahl: Materialverhalten und Herausforderungen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Aus Gründen der Nachhaltigkeit und Wirtschaftlichkeit gibt es in der stahlverarbeiten-den Industrie einen Trend zum Bauen im Bestand, um kostenintensive Sperrungen oder Rückbau zu vermeiden. Schweißen wird dabei als wirtschaftliches Fügeverfahren im Zusammenhang mit Altstählen kaum genutzt, obwohl Nieten- und Schraubenverbindungen oft unwirtschaftlich sind. Für die Instandsetzung ist häufig beschädigtes Bestands-material durch neue Stähle zu ersetzen bzw. Alt-Neu-Stahl-Mischverbindungen herzu-stellen. Aufgrund der verschiedenen Herstellungsprozesse von Altstählen ist nicht jeder Stahl aus dem 20. Jahrhundert schweißgeeignet. Daher ist zunächst eine Schweißeignungsprüfung erforderlich. In den vorliegenden Untersuchungen wurden verschiedene Altstähle hinsichtlich ihres Schweißverhaltens mittels Dilatometrie analysiert. Ziel war es, eine Datenbasis aus Schweiß-Zustands-Zeit-Diagrammen und Simulationen der Wärmeeinflusszone zu erstellen, um praxisrelevante Schweißuntersuchungen ableiten zu können. Diese geben wesentlichen Aufschluss hinsichtlich ihres schweißmetallurgischen Verhaltens und ihrer Schweißeignung. Solche Grundlagen sind zur Entwicklung innovativer schweißtechnischer Konzepte zur beanspruchungsgerechten Instandsetzung bestehender Altstahl-Infrastruktur in Deutschland notwendig.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Fortschrittsberichte der Materialforschung und Werkstofftechnik / Bulletin of Materials Research and Engineering</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-8440-9961-4</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.21268/20250505-1</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">6. Symposium Materialtechnik, 20. bis 21. Februar 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.02.2025</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-SA - Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Nina Schröder</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Altstahl</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schweiß-ZTU Diagramme</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Instandsetzungsschweißen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schweißeignungsprüfung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dilatometrie</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
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    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62749</id>
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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
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    <title language="deu">Moderne Schweißverfahren zur Optimierung der Reparatur von hochfesten Offshore-Stählen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Ausbau der Offshore-Windenergie mit Anlagenleistungen von über 10 MW er-fordert zunehmend den Einsatz hochfester Stähle mit Streckgrenzen ab 460 MPa bei Wanddicken von bis zu 150 mm. Inakzeptable Defekte, die während bzw. nach der schweißtechnischen Montage solcher dickwandigen Verbindungen im Nahtbereich detektiert werden, können wirtschaftlich durch lokales Ausfugen und anschließendes Schweißen noch in der Fertigung repariert werden. Insbesondere bei hochfesten Baustählen stellt dies hohe Anforderungen an die schweißtechnische Fertigung, da bislang keine standardisierten Reparaturkonzepte oder normativen Vorgaben existie-ren. Praxisnahe Empfehlungen sind hier vor allem für kleine und mittlere Unterneh-men (KMU) notwendig, damit diese Reparaturschweißungen sicher und wirtschaft-lich durchführen können.&#13;
Die laufende Untersuchung (FOSTA P1629/IGF 01IF22746N) legt daher den Schwerpunkt auf die Optimierung der Reparaturverfahren mit dem Ziel, schweißbe-dingte Beanspruchungen zu reduzieren, weil diese häufig zu erneuten Bildung Fehl-stellen führen. Hierfür werden hochfeste, dickwandige Verbindungen aus Offshore-Stahlgüten im Streckgrenzenbereich von 355 MPa bis 460 MPa untersucht. Die ex-perimentellen Analysen berücksichtigen dabei die komplexen Wechselwirkungen zwischen werkstoff- und prozess- sowie konstruktionsbedingten Einflüssen auf den Beanspruchungszustand nach dem Schweißzyklus (Verbindungsschweißen, Ausfu-gen, Reparaturschweißen). Diese Faktoren, wie z. B. die Steifigkeitsverhältnisse der Schweißnaht, sind von entscheidender Bedeutung für die resultierenden Eigenspan-nungen, die sich infolge der schweißtechnischen Reparatur ausbildet. Um die Bau-teilsicherheit und Leistungsfähigkeit zu gewährleisten, sind insbesondere risskriti-sche, mehrachsige Eigenspannungszustände zu vermeiden. So lassen sich moderne Hochleistungs-MAG-Schweißprozesse mit hierfür optimierten, schmaleren Fugen-geometrien in bauteilbezogenen Schweißversuchen auf Großprüfanlagen untersu-chen, um hierfür angepasste Prozess- und Wärmeführungsparameter zu identifizie-ren und angepasste Reparaturkonzepte abzuleiten. Ziel ist es, Handlungsempfehlun-gen für Richtlinien und Normen zu erarbeiten, die das Potenzial hochfester Stähle voll ausschöpfen und die Anwendbarkeit im Offshore-Stahlbau, insbesondere für KMU, substanziell stärken. Auf diese Weise leistet das Projekt einen entscheiden-den Beitrag zur erfolgreichen Umsetzung der Energiewende in Deutschland.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">NA 092-00-05 GA "Gemeinschaftsarbeitsausschuss NAS/NMP, Zerstörende Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen (DVS AG Q 4/Q 4.1)"</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.03.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">20.03.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Levin Reichel</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reparaturschweißen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Ausfugen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Offshore</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Moderne Schweißprozesse</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63041</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Effect of heat control on mechanical properties and residual stresses at the transition zone of component and substrate in hybrid DED‑arc manufacturing</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In hybrid additive manufacturing, components or semi-finished products manufactured by conventional primary forming are enhanced or modified by additive manufactured structures. However, systematic investigations focusing on the critical transition area between the specific properties of the substrate (like high-strength) and the additively manufactured component, made of specific filler material, are still lacking. The focus of the present study was to determine the influence of heat control on the Δt8/5 cooling time, the distortion, the mechanical properties, and the residual stresses in the transition area of hybrid-additive components. This contributed to the knowledge regarding the safe avoidance of cold cracking, excessive distortion, a reduction in yield stress, and the implementation of hybrid DED-arc manufacturing. The heat control was varied by means of heat input and working temperature such that the Δt8/5 cooling times corresponded to the recommended processing range. The heat input has a greater influence on the cooling time in the transition area than the working temperature. Working temperature and the total energy applied per layer have a significant effect on component distortion. The lowest working temperature of 100 °C in combination with the highest total energy per layer leads to significantly greater distortion compared to manufacturing with a high working temperature of 300 °C and low total energy per layer. In addition, the longitudinal residual compressive stresses in the sensitive transition area are reduced from − 500 MPa to approx. − 200 MPa by adjusting the working temperature from 100 to 300 °C. Such complex interactions must be clarified comprehensively to provide users with easily applicable processing recommendations and standard specifications for an economical hybrid additive manufacturing of components made, for example, of high-strength steels in the transition area.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1878-6669</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-025-02036-z</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630415</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Rhodes Island, Greece</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">07.07.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">12.07.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">07.05.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>R. Scharf-Wildenhain</author>
    <author>Lorenz Engelking</author>
    <author>A. Hälsig</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>J. Hensel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hybrid additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DED-arc</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heat control</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-strength metals</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/63041/Scharf-Wildenhain_Engelking_Effect of heat control.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65051</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
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    <type>lecture</type>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of Ultrasonic-Assisted Milling on Surface Integrity of Additively Manufactured Components Using DED-Arc/GMAW</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Additive manufacturing (AM) is increasingly used for producing complex metallic com-ponents. Subsequent machining is essential to achieve final geometries and surface conditions. The resulting surface integrity, particularly the near-surface residual stress state, plays a crucial role in component performance and fatigue life. This study inves-tigates the potential of ultrasonic-assisted milling (USAM), a hybrid machining process, to improve surface integrity and machinability compared to conventional milling (CM). Three materials were investigated, two difficult-to-cut materials CoCr26Ni9Mo5W and FeNi36 and a low-alloy steel S355J2C. The CoCr26Ni9Mo5W and FeNi36 were addi-tively manufactured via DED-Arc and then machined with varying cutting speeds and feed rates within a Design of Experiments. USAM exhibited enhanced machinability and surface integrity, particularly at low cutting speeds, by reducing cutting forces up to 40% and shifting near-surface residual stresses from tensile to compressive. For S355J2C, USAM reduced cutting forces by approximately 45% and induced surface-near compressive residual stresses up to approximately -700 MPa, leading to a 11% higher fatigue strength compared to CM. These findings highlight the advantages of ultrasonic assistance in post-AM machining, offering enhanced fatigue performance and surface quality for various metallic materials.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">4th International Conference on Advanced Joining Processes 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Coimbra, Portugal</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">16.10.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">17.10.2025</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasonic-assisted milling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Surface integrity</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fatigue strength</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65048</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of Substrate Design on Properties and Residual Stresses in Hybrid AM/DED-Arc of High-Strength Steels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">High-strength, fine-grained structural steels are increasingly used in modern steel construction to meet economic and environmental demands through lightweight design and reduced material usage. Additive manufacturing (AM), in particularly direct energy deposition with gas metal arc welding (DED-Arc), offers significant advantages in flex-ibility, production speed, and cost efficiency. In hybrid AM, conventionally manufac-tured parts are extended or modified using AM processes. Welding-induced residual stresses, especially in the transition area, pose challenges to structural integrity. This study investigates the influence of substrate design and thermal pretreatment on the residual stress state of hybrid AM components made from base material steel S690QL and a welding filler, a modified solid wire G79. Two substrate geometries (I- and T-substrate) are analysed, which are additively and conventionally manufactured, re-spectively. Results show that substrate geometry significantly affects local residual stresses, microstructure and hardness, particularly in the transition are. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of welding stresses in hybrid AM components to achieve reliable, crack-resistant and economic high-strength steel structures.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">4th International Conference on Advanced Joining Processes 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Coimbra, Portugal</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">16.10.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">17.10.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DED-Arc</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hybrid additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65260</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Bericht zum Fortschritt des laufenden Projekts: „Praktikable Prüfung geschweißter Ferngasleitungen aus niedrig-legierten Stählen für den sicheren Transport von Wasserstoff“</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Das Vorhaben untersucht, wie geschweißte Ferngasleitungen aus niedriglegierten und höherfesten Stählen sicher für den Transport von Wasserstoff genutzt werden können. Im Fokus steht, in welchem Maß Wasserstoff unter verschiedenen Druck-, Temperatur- und Gaszusammensetzungen in Werkstoffe und Schweißverbindungen eindringt, deren Duktilität mindert und sprödbrüchiges Versagen verursachen kann. Dafür wird die Prüftechnik der Hohlzugproben in Kombination mit Slow-Strain-Rate-Tests weiterentwickelt, um reale Beanspruchungsbedingungen abzubilden und wirtschaftliche, praxisnahe Prüfungen zu ermöglichen. Untersucht werden insbesondere Schweißnahtgefüge, deren Interaktion, zyklische Belastungen sowie die Übertragbarkeit der Laborergebnisse auf reale Komponenten. Ziel ist ein praktikables Bewertungs- und Qualifizierungskonzept, das die H2-Readiness bestehender und neuer Rohrleitungen beschleunigt und in Normung und Industrieanwendung überführt werden kann.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Herbstsitzung des Fachausschuss "FA 1 Schweißmetallurgie und Werkstoffverhalten"</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Düsseldorf, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">06.11.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">06.11.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoffversprödung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hohlzugproben</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Slow-Strain Rate Test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schweißnahtgefüge</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65240</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen innovativer metallischer Werkstoffe zur Optimierung von Oberflächenintegrität und Werkzeugverschleiß Neueste Erkenntnisse und Perspektiven im Kontext der Komponentensicherheit</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Vortrag behandelt ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen als innovative Technologie zur Bearbeitung schwer zerspanbarer metallischer Werkstoffe und deren Einfluss auf Oberflächenintegrität, Werkzeugverschleiß und Komponentensicherheit. Ausgangspunkt ist die Herausforderung durch hohe Festigkeit, heterogene Gefüge und Eigenspannungen bei konventioneller und additiver Fertigung (z. B. Ni-, Co-Legierungen, Eisen-Aluminide). Diese Faktoren führen zu erhöhten Prozesskräften, Werkzeugverschleiß und nachteiligen Oberflächeneigenschaften.&#13;
Ultraschallunterstützung reduziert Zerspankräfte, stabilisiert Prozesse bei AM-Bauteilen und verbessert die Oberflächengüte durch Einbringung von Druckeigenspannungen. Untersuchungen zeigen: Optimale Amplituden (ca. 4 µm) minimieren Eigenspannungen und Defekte, erhöhen die Ermüdungsfestigkeit und verlängern die Werkzeugstandzeit. Bei Eisen-Aluminiden und DED-Arc-gefertigten Bauteilen konnten deutliche Verbesserungen in Rauheit, Kraftverlauf und Verschleiß erzielt werden. Für Co-/Ni-Legierungen wurde zusätzlich die Wirksamkeit durch Legierungsmodifikation nachgewiesen.&#13;
Perspektivisch bietet die Technologie Potenzial für Lebensdauersteigerung hochfester Bauteile, Integration von Oberflächenverfestigung in den Fräsprozess und Reduktion von Nachbearbeitungsschritten. Geplante Projekte adressieren Hochentropielegierungen, Mehrkomponentenwerkstoffe und hybride Fertigungsstrategien. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass US-Fräsen eine Schlüsselrolle für ressourceneffiziente, sichere und leistungsfähige Komponenten in Leichtbau und Hochtemperaturanwendungen einnehmen kann.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">4. Wissenschaftliches Forum zur ULTRASONIC-Bearbeitung</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Jena, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">12.11.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">12.11.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Oberflächenintegrität</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Werkzeugverschleiß</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Zerspankräfte</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive Fertigung (DED-Arc, AM)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Eisen-Aluminid</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Co-/Ni-Legierungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ermüdungsfestigkeit</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Eigenspannungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lebensdauersteigerung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hybridfertigung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hochentropielegierungen (MPEA)</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Leichtbau</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65245</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Begrüßung und Vorstellung der BAMund des Fachbereichs 9.2 - Zentrale Forschungswerkstatt</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Zentralwerkstatt der BAM übernimmt die Fertigung und Konstruktion komplexer Prüf- und Versuchseinrichtungen und adressiert zugleich zentrale Forschungsthemen zur Werkstoff- und Komponentensicherheit. Dazu gehören die Entwicklung innovativer Fertigungstechnologien, ressourceneffiziente Verarbeitungskonzepte für hochfeste und additive Komponenten sowie die Untersuchung von Fertigungseinflüssen auf Oberflächenintegrität und Werkstoffdegradation. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt auf der H₂-Sicherheit, insbesondere der Fertigung und Prüfung von Hohlzugproben für Wasserstoff-Pipelines. Ergänzend werden Automatisierungslösungen, digitale Methoden und moderne Spanntechnik zur Effizienzsteigerung eingesetzt. Die Arbeiten sind eng mit den BAM-Kompetenzzentren AM@BAM, H2Safety@BAM und WIND@BAM verzahnt und leisten einen Beitrag zur Energiewende sowie zur Normung und zum Technologietransfer.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">37. Stammtisch Metall des "Der Mittelstand BVMW e.V. "</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">17.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">17.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Werkstoffsicherheit</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H₂-Sicherheit</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive Fertigung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ressourceneffizienz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Automatisierung in der Fertigung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Prüftechnikentwicklung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Normung und Technologietransfer</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Oberflächenintegrität</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Leichtbau</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
