<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>58723</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>17</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>13</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI AG</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Surface Crystallization of Barium Fresnoite Glass: Annealing Atmosphere, Crystal Morphology and Orientation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Controlled oriented crystallization of glass surfaces is desired for high precision applications, since the uppermost crystal layer significantly influences the properties of the material. In contrast to previous studies, the data presented here deal with separated crystals growing at defect-free surfaces in four atmospheres with different degrees of humidity (ambient/dry air, argon and vacuum). A glass with the composition 2 BaO–TiO2–2.75 SiO2 was heat-treated at 825 °C until fresnoite (Ba2TiSi2O8) grew to a significant size. The crystal growth rate is found to increase with increasing humidity. The morphology of the crystals changes from highly distorted dendrites in the driest atmosphere (vacuum) to circular/spear-head-shaped crystals in the wettest atmosphere (ambient air), which we attribute to a decrease in viscosity of the glass surface due to water uptake. The least distorted crystals appear in the form of depressions of up to 6 µm. This has an influence on the observed crystal orientation, as measured by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The pulled-in crystals change the orientation during growth relative to the flat glass surface due to an enrichment in SiO2 at the crystal fronts. This confirms that the orientation of crystals is not fixed following nucleation.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Crystals</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/cryst13030475</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-587230</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus_import_data">{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]],"date-time":"2023-03-11T05:50:17Z","timestamp":1678513817767},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DFG","award":["RE 4146\/1-1","PA 3097\/1-1"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Crystals"],"abstract":"&lt;jats:p&gt;Controlled oriented crystallization of glass surfaces is desired for high precision applications, since the uppermost crystal layer significantly influences the properties of the material. In contrast to previous studies, the data presented here deal with separated crystals growing at defect-free surfaces in four atmospheres with different degrees of humidity (ambient\/dry air, argon and vacuum). A glass with the composition 2 BaO\u2013TiO2\u20132.75 SiO2 was heat-treated at 825 \u00b0C until fresnoite (Ba2TiSi2O8) grew to a significant size. The crystal growth rate is found to increase with increasing humidity. The morphology of the crystals changes from highly distorted dendrites in the driest atmosphere (vacuum) to circular\/spear-head-shaped crystals in the wettest atmosphere (ambient air), which we attribute to a decrease in viscosity of the glass surface due to water uptake. The least distorted crystals appear in the form of depressions of up to 6 \u00b5m. This has an influence on the observed crystal orientation, as measured by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The pulled-in crystals change the orientation during growth relative to the flat glass surface due to an enrichment in SiO2 at the crystal fronts. This confirms that the orientation of crystals is not fixed following nucleation.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst13030475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T07:30:33Z","timestamp":1678433433000},"page":"475","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Surface Crystallization of Barium Fresnoite Glass: Annealing Atmosphere, Crystal Morphology and Orientation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Franziska","family":"Scheffler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Otto-Schott-Institut f\u00fcr Materialforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universit\u00e4t, Fraunhoferstr. 6, 07743 Jena, Germany"}]},{"given":"Mirjam","family":"Fleck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otto-Schott-Institut f\u00fcr Materialforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universit\u00e4t, Fraunhoferstr. 6, 07743 Jena, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9266-9267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer-Institut f\u00fcr Mikrostruktur von Werkstoffen und Systemen, Walter-H\u00fclse-Str. 1, 06120 Halle, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1473-8247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Casado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencia e Ingenier\u00eda en Alimentos y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Ambato, Avda. Los Chasquis y r\u00edo Payamino s\/n, Ambato 180207, Ecuador"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3053-923X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Gnecco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Tielemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und -Pr\u00fcfung (BAM), Richard-Willst\u00e4tter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Delia S.","family":"Brauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otto-Schott-Institut f\u00fcr Materialforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universit\u00e4t, Fraunhoferstr. 6, 07743 Jena, Germany"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und -Pr\u00fcfung (BAM), Richard-Willst\u00e4tter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00542748","article-title":"Ba2TiGe2O8 and Ba2TiSi2O8 pyroelectric glass-ceramics","volume":"16","author":"Halliyal","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/00150198508017915","article-title":"Unusual pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties of fresnoite (Ba2TiSi2O8) single crystal and polar glass-ceramics","volume":"62","author":"Halliyal","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ferroelectrics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/00150198508017914","article-title":"X-ray structure refinement and pyroelectric investigation of fresnoite, Ba2TiSi2O8","volume":"62","author":"Markgraf","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ferroelectrics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1063\/1.94948","article-title":"Polar glass ceramics for sonar transducers","volume":"44","author":"Ting","year":"1984","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Nagel, M.S. (2011). Phasen- und Texturanalyse Gerichteter, Durch Elektrochemisch Induzierte Keimbildung Hergestellter Fresnoit-Glaskeramiken. [Ph.D. Thesis, Friedrich-Schiller-Universit\u00e4t]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssc.2006.08.030","article-title":"Enhancement of second harmonic intensity in thermally poled ferroelectric nanocrystallized glasses in the BaO-TiO2-SiO2 system","volume":"140","author":"Toyohara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2007.03.005","article-title":"Structure and non-linear optical properties of BaO-TiO2-SiO2 glass containing Ba2TiSi2O8 crystal","volume":"353","author":"Masai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1664022","article-title":"Large second-order optical nonlinearities of fresnoite-type crystals in transparent surface-crystallized glasses","volume":"95","author":"Takahashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1063\/1.89045","article-title":"New piezoelectric crystal: Synthetic fresnoite (Ba2Si2TiO8)","volume":"29","author":"Kimura","year":"1976","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.795.640","article-title":"Electrical properties of fresnoite Ba2TiSi2O8 using impedance spectroscopy","volume":"795","author":"Osman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2018.05.002","article-title":"Fresnoite glass-ceramics\u2014A review","volume":"98","author":"Wisniewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Keding, R. (1997). Elektrolytisch Induzierte Keimbildung in Schmelzen Dargestellt anhand der Gerichteten Kristallisation von Fresnoit. [Ph.D. Thesis, Friedrich-Schiller-Universit\u00e4t]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3093(00)00338-0","article-title":"Oriented glass-ceramics containing fresnoite prepared by electrochemical nucleation of a BaO-TiO2-SiO2-B2O3 melt","volume":"278","author":"Keding","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004423220508","article-title":"Microstructural characterization of grain-oriented glass-ceramics in the system Ba2TiSi2O8-SiO2","volume":"34","author":"Keding","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3093(97)00267-6","article-title":"Electrochemical nucleation for the preparation of oriented glass ceramics","volume":"219","author":"Keding","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2008.0135","article-title":"Patterning of c-axis-oriented Ba2TiX2O8 (X = Si, Ge) crystal lines in glass by laser irradiation and their second-order optical nonlinearities","volume":"23","author":"Honma","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2007.07.081","article-title":"Writing of crystal line patterns in glass by laser irradiation","volume":"354","author":"Honma","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1021\/cg901407d","article-title":"Electron Backscatter Diffraction of Fresnoite Crystals Grown from the Surface of a 2BaO3\u00b7 TiO2\u00b73 2.75SiO2 Glass","volume":"10","author":"Wisniewski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2005.07.044","article-title":"Orientated crystallization of fresnoite glass-ceramics by using a thermal gradient","volume":"26","author":"Ochi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7368","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ce25933h","article-title":"Piezoelectric glass-ceramics produced via oriented growth of Sr2TiSi2O8 fresnoite: Thermal annealing of surface modified quenched glasses","volume":"14","author":"Patschger","year":"2012","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3093(00)00214-3","article-title":"Surface crystallization of silicate glasses: Nucleation sites and kinetics","volume":"274","author":"Zanotto","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Reinsch, S., and M\u00fcller, R. (1999). Analysis of the Composition and Structure of Glass and Glass Ceramics, Springer."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2020.100758","article-title":"Oriented surface nucleation in inorganic glasses\u2014A review","volume":"118","author":"Wisniewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultramic.2016.11.004","article-title":"Experimental evidence concerning the significant information depth of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)","volume":"173","author":"Wisniewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultramicroscopy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6381","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ce40796a","article-title":"Growth mechanisms of surface crystallized diopside","volume":"15","author":"Otto","year":"2013","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5035","DOI":"10.1021\/cg3009909","article-title":"Oriented Nucleation of Diopsode Crystals in Glass","volume":"12","author":"Wisniewski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2021.120661","article-title":"Oriented surface nucleation in diopside glass","volume":"562","author":"Tielemann","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9069","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09069","article-title":"Microstructure of transparent strontium fresnoite glass-ceramics","volume":"5","author":"Wisniewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20125","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20125","article-title":"Oriented Nucleation of both Ge-Fresnoite and Benitoite\/BaGe4O9 during the Surface Crystallisation of Glass Studied by Electron Backscatter Diffraction","volume":"6","author":"Wisniewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3794","DOI":"10.1021\/cg4008087","article-title":"Surface crystallization of fresnoite from a glass studied by hot stage scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction","volume":"13","author":"Wisniewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3202","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.8b00312","article-title":"Oriented Nucleation and Crystal Growth of Ba-Fresnoite (Ba2TiSi2O8) in 2 BaO\u00b7TiO2\u00b72 SiO2 Glasses with Additional SiO2","volume":"18","author":"Wisniewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CE02057D","article-title":"Morphology, topography, and crystal rotation during surface crystallization of BaO\/SrO\/ZnO\/SiO2 glass","volume":"21","author":"Kracker","year":"2019","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2003.08.046","article-title":"Nanocrystallization of fresnoite glass. I. Nucleation and growth kinetics","volume":"330","author":"Cabral","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2012.11.026","article-title":"Isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization of a fresnoite glass","volume":"362","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1524\/zkri.1969.130.16.438","article-title":"The crystal structure of fresnoite, Ba2(TiO)Si2O7","volume":"130","author":"Moore","year":"1969","journal-title":"Z. Krist. Cryst. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"FIZ Karlsruhe (2015, July 31). ICSD (Inorganic Crystal Structure Database). Available online: https:\/\/icsd.products.fiz-karlsruhe.de\/en\/about\/about-icsd."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1289","article-title":"Mechanisms for silanol formation on amorphous silica fracture surfaces","volume":"82","author":"Pantano","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1021\/j100791a510","article-title":"The Critical Surface Tension of Glass","volume":"68","author":"Olsen","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Jebsen-Marwedel, H., and Br\u00fcckner, R. (1980). Glastechnische Fabrikationsfehler. \u201cPathologische\u201d Ausnahmezust\u00e4nde des Werkstoffes Glas und Ihre Behebung; Eine Br\u00fccke Zwischen Wissenschaft Technologie und Praxis, Springer."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3093(00)00147-2","article-title":"Surface crystallization and texture in cordierite glasses","volume":"273","author":"Zanotto","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"75","article-title":"Viscous phase silicate processing","volume":"3","author":"Reinsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Process. Approaches Ceram. Compos."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2019.04.020","article-title":"Laser patterning and growth mechanism of orientation designed crystals in oxide glasses: A review","volume":"275","author":"Komatsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"100093","article-title":"Internal nucleation tendency and crystal surface energy obtained from bond energies and crystal lattice data","volume":"14","author":"Tielemann","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids X"}],"container-title":["Crystals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4352\/13\/3\/475\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T10:37:14Z","timestamp":1678444634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4352\/13\/3\/475"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["cryst13030475"],"URL":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390\/cryst13030475","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":["Inorganic Chemistry","Condensed Matter Physics","General Materials Science","General Chemical Engineering"],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]}}}</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">02.11.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Franziska Scheffler</author>
    <author>Mirjam Fleck</author>
    <author>Richard Busch</author>
    <author>Santiago Casado</author>
    <author>Enrico Gnecco</author>
    <author>Christopher Tielemann</author>
    <author>Delia S. Brauer</author>
    <author>Ralf Müller</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fresnoite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Surface crystallization</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Crystal growth</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Crystal morphology</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Crystal orientation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>EBSD</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5 Werkstofftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5.6 Glas</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/58723/2023 Scheffler_Surface Crystallization of Barium Fresnoite Glass.pdf</file>
  </doc>
</export-example>
