<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>56908</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>16</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>22</issue>
    <volume>14</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Laminar burning velocities of hydrogen-blended methane-air and natural gas-air mixtures, calculated from the early stage of p(t) records in a spherical vessel</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The flammable hydrogen-blended methane–air and natural gas–air mixtures raise specific safety and environmental issues in the industry and transportation; therefore, their explosion characteristics such as the explosion limits, explosion pressures, and rates of pressure rise have significant importance from a safety point of view. At the same time, the laminar burning velocities are the most useful parameters for practical applications and in basic studies for the validation of reaction mechanisms and modeling turbulent combustion. In the present study, an experimental and numerical study of the effect of hydrogen addition on the laminar burning velocity (LBV) of methane–air and natural gas–air mixtures was conducted, using mixtures with equivalence ratios within 0.90 and 1.30 and various hydrogen fractions rH within 0.0 and 0.5. The experiments were performed in a 14 L spherical vessel with central ignition at ambient initial conditions. The LBVs were calculated from p(t) data, determined in accordance with EN 15967, by using only the early stage of flame propagation. The results show that hydrogen addition determines an increase in LBV for all examined binary flammable mixtures. The LBV variation versus the fraction of added hydrogen, rH, follows a linear trend only at moderate hydrogen fractions. The further increase in rH results in a stronger variation in LBV, as shown by both experimental and computed LBVs. Hydrogen addition significantly changes the thermal diffusivity of flammable CH4–air or NG–air mixtures, the rate of heat release, and the concentration of active radical species in the flame front and contribute, thus, to LBV variation.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Energies</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1996-1073</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/en14227556</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-569083</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">26.01.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>M. Mitu</author>
    <author>D. Razus</author>
    <author>Volkmar Schröder</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Methane</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Natural gas</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laminar burning velocity (LBV)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Closed vessel combustion</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56908/energies-14-07556.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>29997</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2013</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1445</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1453</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>12</issue>
    <volume>64</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>sti</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Bucure</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Limiting oxygen concentration and minimum inert concentration of fuel-air-inert gaseous mixtures evaluation by means of adiabatic flame temperatures and measured fuel-air lower flammability limits</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The present paper aims to re-examine the validity of the linear correlation found between AFTLOC, the adiabatic flame temperature at the apex of the flammability range of fuel-air-inert mixtures (where LOC, the Limiting Oxygen Concentration, is measured) and AFTLFL, the adiabatic flame temperature at the lower flammability limit of fuel-air mixtures (LFL). New sets of experimental measurements of LFL and LOC referring to fuel-air mixtures diluted with N2, CO2 and H2O(vap) from trusted literature sources form a comprehensive database for such evaluation. Both the slope and intercept of correlations AFTLOC = a + b*AFTLFL are dependent on the nature of inert gas and on initial temperature. Based on the linear correlation between AFTLOC and AFTLFL, a procedure for calculation of LOC and MIC (Minimum Inert Concentration) of fuel-air-inert mixtures is presented, using measured or calculated LFL of fuel-air mixtures and their corresponding AFT. The method predicts with reasonable accuracy LOC and MIC of fuel-air-inert mixtures (relative deviations ranging between -14 and +17% when calculated and measured LOC and MIC for fuelair-nitrogen and fuel-air-carbon dioxide at ambient initial conditions are examined).</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Revista de chimie</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">32936</identifier>
    <identifier type="url">http://www.revistadechimie.ro/pdf/GIURCAN%20V.pdf%2012%2013.pdf</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0034-7752</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">16.01.2014</enrichment>
    <author>V. Giurcan</author>
    <author>D. Razus</author>
    <author>M. Mitu</author>
    <author>Volkmar Schröder</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fuel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Limiting oxygen concentration</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Minimum inert concentration</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Adiabatic flame temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flammability limit</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>2701</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2004</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>775</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>784</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>6</issue>
    <volume>43</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Lausanne</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Limiting Oxygen Concentration Evaluation in Flammable Gaseous Mixtures by means of Calculated Adiabatic Flame Temperatures</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) of fuel / air / inert premixed gaseous systems are usually determined from measurements of explosion limits at progressive dilution with inert gas of fuel / air mixtures, which is a long and cumbersome procedure. An alternative procedure to evaluate LOC would be of great interest for all fields of activity involving the use of flammable mixtures, especially when less characterized fuels are used. The paper describes a new procedure (algorithm) meant to estimate the LOC of fuel / air / inert premixed systems, using the values of lower explosion limit (LEL) of the fuel / air mixture and the calculated adiabatic flame temperature (CAFT) both at LOC and LEL when nitrogen is used as an inert gas. It is based on an empirical correlation established between the CAFT computed for fuel / air / nitrogen mixtures at LOC and CAFT at LEL, for a large number of flammable gases and vapors. This requires only the measurement of LEL. The correlation was derived from flammability data taken from literature sources (German and American recommended values). The method is based upon the assumption that mixtures at LOC have an equivalence ratio 8 / 1.250, which is close to the equivalence ratio of the most reactive fuel / air systems.
Inverse calculations made with this new algorithm for nine fuel / air / nitrogen mixtures allowed the determination of LOC with a relative deviation of 2/ 22%.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Chemical engineering and processing = Verfahrenstechnik = Génie des procédés</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">2680</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/S0255-2701(03)00078-3</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0255-2701</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-3204</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">03.11.2003</enrichment>
    <author>D. Razus</author>
    <author>Maria Molnarne</author>
    <author>Oliver Fuß</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Limiting oxygen concentration</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lower explosion limit</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Calculated adiabatic flame temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flammable</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>4690</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2003</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Evaluation of Limiting Oxygen Concentration of Fuel/Air/Inert Gaseous Mixtures by means of Calculated Adiabatic Flame Temperatures and Measured Fuel/Air Lower Explosion Limits</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">ICheaP-6 - The 6th Italian Conference on Chemical and Process Engineering</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">4923</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">ICheaP-6 - The 6th Italian Conference on Chemical and Process Engineering</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Pisa, Italy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">2003-06-08</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">2003-06-11</enrichment>
    <author>D. Razus</author>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Weder Datei noch physisches Exemplar vorhanden ("No Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>2583</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2003</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>69</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>74</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>1</volume>
    <type>bookpartcollection</type>
    <publisherName>AIDIC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Milano</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Evaluation of Limiting Oxygen Concentration of Fuel/Air/Inert Gaseous Mixtures by Means of Calculated Adiabatic Flame Temperatures and Measured Fuel/Air Lower Explosion Limits</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">6th Italian Conference on Chemical and Process Engineering (Chemical engineering transactions 3)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">2545</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">88-900775-2-2</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventName">6th Italian Conference on Chemical and Process Engineering (ICheaP-6)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Pisa, Italy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">2003-06-08</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">2003-06-11</enrichment>
    <author>D. Razus</author>
    <author>Maria Molnarne</author>
    <author>Oliver Fuß</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Abschätzmethode</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chemische Sicherheitstechnik</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sauerstoffgrenzkonzentration</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Brand- und Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>11775</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2006</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>193</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>197</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>45</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Lausanne</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Estimation of LOC (Limiting Oxygen Concentration) of Fuel-Air-Inert Mixtures at Elevated Temperatures by means of Adiabatic Flame Temperatures</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The limiting values of fuel concentration in a flammable fuelair mixture are the LEL (lower explosion limit) and UEL (upper explosion limit). The addition of an inert component to fuel/air mixtures determines the increase of LEL and decrease of UEL, until these values finally merge at the inerting point. The maximum oxygen amount of a non-flammable fuelairinert mixture is the LOC (limiting oxygen concentration), an important safety characteristics.

The investigation of a comprehensive set of flammability data at elevated temperatures and ambient pressure taken from literature sources was made for systems containing nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water(vapour) as inert components, at 100°, 200° and 250 °C. The adiabatic flame temperatures at LEL (CAFTLEL) and LOC (CAFTLOC) were calculated by taking into account the dissociation of gases within the flame. A linear correlation of CAFTLOC versus CAFTLEL was empirically derived for the examined systems. The slope and intercept of the correlation are dependent on temperature and on nature of the inert gas. The correlation allows the development of a simple procedure for estimating LOC, when the LEL of fuelair and the equivalence ratio of the fuelairinert mixture at the inerting point are known.

Knowing the scarce information concerning the flammability of fuelairinert mixtures at temperatures higher than ambient, the proposed procedure brings about an useful tool for estimation of LOC.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Chemical engineering and processing = Verfahrenstechnik = Génie des procédés</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">13456</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.cep.2005.06.010</identifier>
    <identifier type="url">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_aset=V-WA-A-W-A-MsSAYWA-UUW-U-AABEVUVVEU-AABZEYCWEU-CDDDVBEVC-A-U&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=full&amp;_udi=B6TFH-4H6PKBF-1&amp;_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2006&amp;_cdi=5227&amp;_orig=search&amp;_st=13&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000049503&amp;_version=</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0255-2701</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-3204</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">09.01.2006</enrichment>
    <author>D. Razus</author>
    <author>Maria Molnarne</author>
    <author>C. Movileanu</author>
    <author>A. Irimia</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Limiting oxygen concentration</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lower explosion limit</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Calculated adiabatic flame temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion of gases</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flammability</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1815</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2002</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>30</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>PO 253</issue>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>Nemira</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>[S.l.]</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Limiting Oxygen Concentration Evaluation in Flammable Gaseous Mixtures by means of Calculated Adiabatic Flame Temperatures</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Book of abstracts of the 3rd International Conference of the Chemical Societies of the South-Eastern European Countries on Chemistry in the New Millennium</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">1679</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventName">3rd International Conference of the Chemical Societies of the South-Eastern European Countries ; International Conference of the Chemical Societies of the South-Eastern European Countries on Chemistry in the New Millennium - an Endless Frontier</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bucharest, Romania</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">2002-09-22</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">2002-09-25</enrichment>
    <author>D. Razus</author>
    <author>Maria Molnarne</author>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
