<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>52057</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>634-1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>634-13</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3 (Special issue: Measurement of the environmental impact of materials)</issue>
    <volume>14</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Environmental impact of geosynthetics in coastal protection</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Geosynthetic materials are applied in measures for coastal protection. Weathering or any damage of constructions, as shown by a field study in Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia), could lead to the littering of the beach or the sea (marine littering) and the discharge of possibly harmful additives into the marine environment. The ageing behavior of a widely used geotextile made of polypropylene was studied by artificial accelerated ageing in water-filled autoclaves at temperatures of 30 to 80 °C and pressures of 10 to 50 bar. Tensile strength tests were used to evaluate the progress of ageing, concluding that temperature rather than pressure was the main factor influencing the ageing of geotextiles. Using a modified Arrhenius equation, it was possible to calculate the half-life for the loss of 50% of the strain, which corresponds to approximately 330 years. Dynamic surface leaching and ecotoxicological tests were performed to determine the possible release of contaminants. No harmful effects on the test organisms were observed.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1996-1944</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/ma14030634</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520576</identifier>
    <enrichment key="RelatedIdentifier">https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/frontdoor/index/index/docId/51985</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">22.02.2021</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Philipp Scholz</author>
    <author>I. Putna-Nimane</author>
    <author>I. Barda</author>
    <author>I. Liepina-Leimane</author>
    <author>E. Strode</author>
    <author>A. Kileso</author>
    <author>E. Esiukova</author>
    <author>B. Chubarenko</author>
    <author>I. Purina</author>
    <author>Franz-Georg Simon</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geosynthetics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geotextiles</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dynamic surface leaching test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Artificial ageing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Marine littering</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/52057/materials-14-00634-v2.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56797</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>14</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <volume>11</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Change over Time in theMechanical Properties of Geosynthetics Used in Coastal Protection in the South-Eastern Baltic</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The most massive design on the Baltic shore used geosynthetic materials, the landslide protection construction in Svetlogorsk (1300 m long, 90,000 m2 area, South-Eastern Baltic, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russian Federation) comprises the geotextile and the erosion control geomat coating the open-air cliff slopes. Due to changes in elastic properties during long-term use in the open air, as well as due to its huge size, this structure can become a non-negligible source of microplastic pollution in the Baltic Sea. Weather conditions affected the functioning of the structure, so it was assessed that geosynthetic materials used in this outdoor (open-air) operation in coastal protection structures degraded over time. Samples taken at points with different ambient conditions (groundwater outlet; arid places; exposure to the direct sun; grass cover; under landslide) were tested on crystallinity and strain at break. Tests showed a 39–85% loss of elasticity of the polymer filaments after 3 years of use under natural conditions. Specimens exposed to sunlight are less elastic and more prone to fail, but not as much as samples taken from shaded areas in the grass and under the landslide, which were the most brittle.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2077-1312</identifier>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/11/1/113</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/jmse11010113</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-567978</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">13.02.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>B. Chubarenko</author>
    <author>D. Domnin</author>
    <author>Franz-Georg Simon</author>
    <author>Philipp Scholz</author>
    <author>V. Leitsin</author>
    <author>A. Tovpinets</author>
    <author>K. Karmanov</author>
    <author>E. Esiukova</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geosynthetics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microplastic</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Degradation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56797/jmse-11-00113.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59159</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>24</issue>
    <volume>13</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI AG</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Assessment of the Long-Term Leaching Behavior of Incineration Bottom Ash: A Study of Two Waste Incinerators in Germany</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The long-term leaching behavior of incineration bottom ash (IBA) was studied with large-scale samples from two German waste incinerators with grate technology. The observation period was up to 281 days. The aging processes proceeded faster in the outdoor storage of the samples. The dominant factor in the leaching behavior is the pH, which starts at values above 12 and decreases to values below 10 (outdoors, &amp;lt;11 indoors). Most heavy metals exhibit minimum solubility in this pH range. The solubility of Sb depends on the prevailing Ca concentration, due to the formation of low-soluble Ca antimonate. The very low sulfate concentrations observed in the leaching tests with fresh IBA could be explained by the presence of ettringite. In the course of the aging reaction, ettringite is transformed into gypsum. The results from batch tests were compared with those from column tests, showing reasonable agreement. Leaching dynamics can be better followed with column tests. All results confirm that the use of IBA is possible under German law.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Applied Sciences</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2076-3417</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/app132413228</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-591599</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus_import_data">{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T00:59:15Z","timestamp":1702515555619},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010809","name":"German UMWELTBUNDESAMT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3720333050"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"&lt;jats:p&gt;The long-term leaching behavior of incineration bottom ash (IBA) was studied with large-scale samples from two German waste incinerators with grate technology. The observation period was up to 281 days. The aging processes proceeded faster in the outdoor storage of the samples. The dominant factor in the leaching behavior is the pH, which starts at values above 12 and decreases to values below 10 (outdoors, &amp;lt;11 indoors). Most heavy metals exhibit minimum solubility in this pH range. The solubility of Sb depends on the prevailing Ca concentration, due to the formation of low-soluble Ca antimonate. The very low sulfate concentrations observed in the leaching tests with fresh IBA could be explained by the presence of ettringite. In the course of the aging reaction, ettringite is transformed into gypsum. The results from batch tests were compared with those from column tests, showing reasonable agreement. Leaching dynamics can be better followed with column tests. All results confirm that the use of IBA is possible under German law.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;","DOI":"10.3390\/app132413228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T17:00:37Z","timestamp":1702486837000},"page":"13228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of the Long-Term Leaching Behavior of Incineration Bottom Ash: A Study of Two Waste Incinerators in Germany"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4512-2031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franz-Georg","family":"Simon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BAM Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und-pr\u00fcfung, 12205 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7129-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BAM Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und-pr\u00fcfung, 12205 Berlin, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaza, S., Yao, L.C., Bhada-Tata, P., and Van Woerden, F. (2018). What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050.","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-1329-0"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Williams, P.T. (1998). Waste Treatment and Disposal, John Wiley &amp; Sons."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Chandler, A.J., Eighmy, T.T., Hartlen, J., Hjelmar, O., Kosson, D.S., Sawell, S.E., van der Sloot, H.A., and Vehlow, J. (1997). Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Residues, The International Ash Working Group, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2010.03.010","article-title":"Understanding the chemical and mineralogical properties of the inorganic portion of MSWI bottom ash","volume":"30","author":"Bayuseno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.11.036","article-title":"Complete determination of the material composition of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash","volume":"102","author":"Huber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-020-01109-z","article-title":"Material and chemical composition of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash fractions with different densities","volume":"23","author":"Huber","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.10.013","article-title":"Compositional modelling and crushing behaviour of MSWI bottom ash material classes","volume":"101","author":"Loginova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122433","article-title":"Metal recovery from incineration bottom ash: State-of-the-art and recent developments","volume":"393","author":"Simon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.01.070","article-title":"Mineralogical characterization of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash with an emphasis on heavy metal-bearing phases","volume":"187","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.06.040","article-title":"Influence of operational conditions, waste input and ageing on contaminant leaching from waste incinerator bottom ash: A full-scale study","volume":"76","author":"Hyks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-1116(97)80228-2","article-title":"Overview of Geochemical Processes Controlling Leaching Characteristics of MSWI Bottom Ash","volume":"Volume 71","author":"Goumans","year":"1997","journal-title":"Studies in Environmental Science"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"752","article-title":"Characterization of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash by scanning electron microscopy and quantitative energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM\/EDX)","volume":"370","author":"Speiser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.150","article-title":"Technologies for the management of MSW incineration ashes from gas cleaning: New perspectives on recovery of secondary raw materials and circular economy","volume":"635","author":"Quina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.11.031","article-title":"Legal situation and current practice of waste incineration bottom ash utilisation in Europe","volume":"102","author":"Blasenbauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.09.004","article-title":"Innovative treatment trains of bottom ash (BA) from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) in Germany","volume":"59","author":"Holm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Holm, O., and Thome-Kozmiensky, E. (2018). Removal, Treatment and Utilisation of Waste Incineration Bottom Ash, TK Verlag."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Prasad, M.N.V., and Shih, K. (2016). Environmental Materials and Waste, Resource Recovery and Pollution Prevention, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Kahle, K., Kamuk, B., Kalles\u00f8e, J., Fleck, E., Lamers, F., Jacobsson, L., and Sahl\u00e9n, J. (2015). Bottom Ash from WtE Plants, Metal Recovery and Utilization, Report, International Solid Waste Association ISWA."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.106386","article-title":"A review on the utilization of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash as a mineral resource for construction materials","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.08.013","article-title":"Leaching behaviour of incineration bottom ash in a reuse scenario: 12 years-field data vs. lab test results","volume":"73","author":"Hyks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"731","article-title":"Utilisation of Incineration Bottom Ash in Road Construction","volume":"Volume 9","author":"Thiel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Mangement"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"759","article-title":"Alterungsverhalten von MVA-Schlacken","volume":"27","author":"Simon","year":"1995","journal-title":"M\u00fcll Abfall"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"51","article-title":"Leaching experiments on the release of heavy metals and PAH from soil and waste materials","volume":"207\u2013208","author":"Kalbe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2009.11.022","article-title":"Effect of contact time on the release of contaminants from granular waste materials during column leaching experiments","volume":"30","author":"Meza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Finkel, M., and Grathwohl, P. (2021). Mass Transfer Principles in Column Percolation Tests: Initial Conditions and Tailing in Heterogeneous Materials. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14164708"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Rauscher, K., Voigt, J., Wilke, I., and Wilke, K.T. (1977). Chemische Tabellen und Rechentafeln f\u00fcr die Analytische Praxis, VEB Deutscher Verlag f\u00fcr Grundstoffindustrie. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.31025\/2611-4135\/2021.15115","article-title":"Antimony and vanadium in incineration bottom ash\u2014Leaching behavior and conclusions for treatment processes","volume":"16","author":"Simon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Detritus"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandarra, B.S., Silva, S., Pereira, J.L., Martins, R.C., and Quina, M.J. (2022). A Study on the Classification of a Mirror Entry in the European List of Waste: Incineration Bottom Ash from Municipal Solid Waste. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su141610352"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131649","article-title":"An integrated characterisation of incineration bottom ashes towards sustainable application: Physicochemical, ecotoxicological, and mechanical properties","volume":"455","author":"Bandarra","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-053X(01)00034-4","article-title":"Process identification and model development of contaminant transport in MSWI bottom ash","volume":"22","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2004.05.006","article-title":"Mineralogical study of secondary mineral phases from weathered MSWI bottom ash: Implications for the modelling and trapping of heavy metals","volume":"19","author":"Piantone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2005.11.003","article-title":"The leaching of major and trace elements from MSWI bottom ash as a function of pH and time","volume":"21","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2007.12.032","article-title":"A consistent geochemical modelling approach for the leaching and reactive transport of major and trace elements in MSWI bottom ash","volume":"23","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.07.034","article-title":"Analysis and interpretation of the leaching behaviour of waste thermal treatment bottom ash by batch and column tests","volume":"56","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.06.047","article-title":"Chemical composition and leachability of differently sized material fractions of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash","volume":"95","author":"Huber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.004","article-title":"Review of leaching behavior of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ash","volume":"668","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Gustafsson, J.P. (2020). Visual MINTEQ, a Freeware Chemical Equilibrium Model for the Calculation of Metal Speciation, Solubility Equilibria, Sorption etc. for Natural Waters, Available online: https:\/\/vminteq.lwr.kth.se\/."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Allison, J.D., Brown, D.S., and Novo-Gradac, K.J. (1991). MinteqA2\/ProdefA2, A Geochemical Assessment Model for Environmental Systems, Database of Computer Programme, Version 3.0."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2015). Elution von Feststoffen\u2014Sch\u00fcttelverfahren zur Untersuchung des Elutionsverhaltens von anorganischen und organischen Stoffen mit einem Wasser\/Feststoff-Verh\u00e4ltnis von 2 l\/kg (Standard No. DIN 19529: 2015-12)."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2003). Charakterisierung von Abf\u00e4llen\u2014Auslaugung; \u00dcbereinstimungsuntersuchung f\u00fcr die Auslaugung von k\u00f6rnigen Abf\u00e4llen und Schl\u00e4mmen\u2014Teil 2: Einstufiges Sch\u00fcttelverfahren mit einem Fl\u00fcssigkeits-\/Feststoffverh\u00e4ltnis von 10 l\/kg und einer Korngr\u00f6\u00dfe unter 4 mm (ohne oder mit Korngr\u00f6\u00dfenreduzierung) (Standard No. DIN EN 12457-2: 2003-01)."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2009). Elution von Feststoffen\u2014Perkolationsverfahren zur gemeinsamen Untersuchung des Elutionsverhaltens von organischen und anorganischen Stoffen f\u00fcr Materialien mit einer Korngr\u00f6\u00dfe bis 32 mm\u2014Grundlegende Charakterisierung mit einem ausf\u00fchrlichen S\u00e4ulenversuch und \u00dcbereinstimmungsuntersuchung mit einem S\u00e4ulenschnelltest (Standard No. DIN 19528: 2009-01)."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(1997). Bodenbeschaffenheit\u2014Extraktion in K\u00f6nigswasser l\u00f6slicher Spurenelemente (Soil Quality\u2014Extraction of Trace Elements Soluble in Aqua Regia) (Standard No. DIN ISO 11466:1997-06)."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"13","article-title":"Hazard Classification of Waste: Review of Available Practical Methods and Tools","volume":"7","author":"Hennebert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Detritus"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"IGAM, and ITAD (2019). Einstufung von Hausm\u00fcllverbrennungsschlacken in das Abfallverzeichnis Anhand der Gefahrenrelevanten Eigenschaften HP1-HP15, Praxisleitfaden der Verb\u00e4nde IGAM und ITAD e.V., Available online: https:\/\/www.itad.de\/service\/mitgliederinfos\/oeffentliche-anhaenge\/20200424-praxisleitfaden_igam-itad-zur-einstufung-von-hmv-schlacke_version_2-1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"98","article-title":"Gef\u00e4hrliche Eigenschaft HP14 von Rostaschen","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Thiel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abf\u00e4lle, Aschen, Schlacken St\u00e4ube und Baurestmassen"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Hjelmar, O., van der Sloot, H.A., and van Zomeren, A. (October, January 30). Hazard property classification of high temperature waste materials. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, S. Margerita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon, F.-G., and Kalbe, U. (2023). Case Study on Secondary Building Materials for a Greener Economy. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13106010"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7722(99)00052-2","article-title":"Hydrological and geochemical factors affecting leachate composition in municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash: Part II. The geochemistry of leachate from Landfill Lostorf, Switzerland","volume":"40","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2009.10.016","article-title":"Effect of carbonation on the leaching of organic carbon and of copper from MSWI bottom ash","volume":"30","author":"Arickx","year":"2010","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1021\/es971113u","article-title":"Complexation of Cu with dissolved organic carbon in municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash leachates","volume":"33","author":"Meima","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4286","DOI":"10.1021\/es062954g","article-title":"Copper(II) Binding to Dissolved Organic Matter Fractions in Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash Leachate","volume":"41","author":"Olsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.1021\/es035266v","article-title":"Contribution of Natural Organic Matter to Copper Leaching from Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash","volume":"38","author":"Comans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2011.09.018","article-title":"Antimony leaching from MSWI bottom ash: Modelling of the effect of pH and carbonation","volume":"32","author":"Cornelis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2005.0248","article-title":"Solubility of Antimony and Other Elements in Samples Taken from Shooting Ranges","volume":"34","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1039\/C5EM00210A","article-title":"The presence and leachability of antimony in different wastes and waste handling facilities in Norway","volume":"17","author":"Okkenhaug","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7055","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-020-01086-2","article-title":"Potential Use of Incineration Bottom Ash in Construction: Evaluation of the Environmental Impact","volume":"11","author":"Kalbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Biomass-Valorization"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179272","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2023.1179272","article-title":"Grain size and mineralogical constraints on leaching in the bottom ashes from municipal solid waste incineration: A comparison of five plants in northern Italy","volume":"11","author":"Mantovani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1021\/es9603158","article-title":"Geochemical Modeling of Weathering Reactions in Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash","volume":"31","author":"Meima","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(99)00078-2","article-title":"Solubility of ettringite (Ca6[Al(OH)6]2(SO4)3 \u00b7 26H2O) at 5\u201375 \u00b0C","volume":"63","author":"Perkins","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8846(94)90166-X","article-title":"The solubility of ettringite at 25\u00b0C","volume":"24","author":"Warren","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2541(97)00128-9","article-title":"Ettringite solubility and geochemistry of the Ca(OH)2\u2013Al2(SO4)3\u2013H2O system at 1 atm pressure and 298 K","volume":"148","author":"Myneni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Schweizerischer Bundesrat (2015). Verordnung \u00fcber Die Vermeidung und Die Entsorgung von Abf\u00e4llen (VVEA), Available online: https:\/\/www.fedlex.admin.ch\/eli\/cc\/2015\/891\/de."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Bundesregierung (2023, December 10). TA Siedlungsabfall, Technische Anleitung zur Verwertung, Behandlung und Sonstigen Entsorgung von Siedlungsabf\u00e4llen (Dritte Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift zum Abfallgesetz) vom 14. Mai 1993, Bundesanzeiger 99a, Available online: https:\/\/www.lanuv.nrw.de\/fileadmin\/lanuv\/abfall\/tasi.pdf."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Bundesregierung (2023, December 10). Verordnung \u00fcber Deponien und Langzeitlager (Deponieverordnung\u2014DepV), Bundesgesetzblatt I (2002) 2807, Available online: https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/depv_2009\/DepV.pdf."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"715","article-title":"Utilisation of Incineration Bottom Ash and Respective Legal Requirements in the EU, Norway and Switzerland","volume":"Volume 9","author":"Thiel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Mangement"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Eberle, S.H., Freyas, R., Huckele, S., Haag, I., and R\u00f6delsperger, M. (2010). Sickerwasserprognose, Forschungsreport (Schlussbericht), 02WA0071, Heinrich-Sontheimer-Laboratorium im Technologiezentrum Wasser."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.132","article-title":"Municipal incinerated bottom ash characteristics and potential for use as aggregate in concrete","volume":"127","author":"Lynn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.06.021","article-title":"Vitrification treatment of municipal solid waste bottom ash","volume":"95","author":"Stabile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2007.02.034","article-title":"Vitrification of bottom ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator","volume":"28","author":"Xiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Waste Manag."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/24\/13228\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T17:48:35Z","timestamp":1702489715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/24\/13228"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["app132413228"],"URL":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390\/app132413228","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":["Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes","Computer Science Applications","Process Chemistry and Technology","General Engineering","Instrumentation","General Materials Science"],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]}}}</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">30.01.2024</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Franz-Georg Simon</author>
    <author>Philipp Scholz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aging</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Incineration bottom ash</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Leaching</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Secondary building materials</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/59159/applsci-13-13228_w_SI.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59465</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>402</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>414</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition>1</edition>
    <issue/>
    <volume>1</volume>
    <type>bookpartcollection</type>
    <publisherName>TK-Verlag</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Neuruppin</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Einstufung von Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung im Hinblick auf die weitere Verwertung</title>
    <abstract language="eng">There are two mirror entries in the European Waste Catalogue for bottom ash and slag from waste incineration: 19 01 11* and 19 01 12. Entry 19 01 11* describes a waste material containing hazardous substances. It was shown that only the hazardous property HP14 (ecotoxic) is of relevance for the classification. If substances with the hazard statement code (HSC) H400, H410, H411, H412 and H413 are present in incineration bottom ash (IBA) above certain level the waste is classified as hazardous, otherwise it is non-hazardous (in this case 19 01 12). It was further shown that only Cu, Zn and Pb compounds have an impact on the classification using a summation rule: 100xΣ c(H410) + 10xΣ c(H411) + Σ c(H412). Limit value is 25 percent. It is obvious that H410 substances have the highest impact. Therefore, the knowledge of the elemental composition of IBA is not sufficient because the content of distinct chemical compounds (with the respective molecular weight) is needed. When the exact speciation is not known a worst-case approach has to be applied. A practical guideline for the estimation of HP14 was developed based on the definition of 4 substance groups: 1. Metals and alloys, 2. Water-soluble substances, 3. Oxides and carbonates and 4. Substances not soluble in weak acids. In substance group 1 only fine Zn powder has the HSC H410. Water-soluble substances are assumed to be H410 substances. Their concentrations are, however, regularly below the cut-off value of 0.1 %. The amount of substance group 3 is estimated by a selective extraction with maleic acid. According to the worst-case approach it is assumed that CuCO3xCu(OH)2 and ZnO represent the respective Cu and Zn species in IBA because these substances have the highest stochiometric factor. Even with this worst-case approach results from operators of IBA treatment plant showed that the limit value of 25 % is not exceeded.&#13;
The requirements for utilization of IBA in Germany are defined in the Secondary&#13;
Building Materials Decree (Ersatzbaustoffverordnung EBV) which was set into force in August 2023. Leaching methods (batch test or column test) with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 2 l/kg are applied. IBA fulfills the requirements for class HMVA-2. Actually, even a classification of IBA as hazardous (i.e 19 01 11*) would not affect utilization but handling and transport.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Abfallwirtschaft und Energie</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-944310-90-9</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Franz-Georg Simon</author>
    <author>Philipp Scholz</author>
    <author>Markus Gleis</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rostasche</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ökotoxizität</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ersatzbaustoffverordnung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XANES-Spektroskopie</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60958</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>421</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>426</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>189</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Speciation of copper and zinc compounds relevant for the hazard property (HP) 14 classification of municipal solid waste incineration bottom and fly ashes</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The analysis of the presence and content of substances that are toxic to aquatic life in waste is essential for classification of waste with regard to hazard property (HP) 14 ‘ecotoxic’. For the determination of HP14 classified copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) compounds in various municipal solid waste incineration bottom ashes (IBA) and one fly ash (FA) from Germany we applied X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy in combination with linear combination fitting. The analysis showed that approx. 50–70% of Cu in the IBA are Cu(I) compounds and elemental Cu(0), but these compounds were not equally distributed in the different IBA. In contrast, the majority (approx. 50–70%) of Zn in all IBA is elemental zinc, which originates from brass or other alloys and galvanized metals with a large content of zinc in the waste. The FA contain higher mass fraction on Zn and other toxic elements, but similar Cu and Zn species. Additional performed selective extraction at a pH of 4 with an organic acid of some IBA showed that the ecotoxic Zn fraction is mainly elemental zinc and zinc oxide. In contrast, for the ecotoxic Cu fraction within the IBA no specific compound could be identified. Furthermore, the XANES analysis showed that the HP14 properties of especially Cu in IBA is overestimated with current best-practice guidelines for sample processing for the current substance-related approach with the 0.1% cut-off rule for each substance. However, it should be considered whether it would not be better from an environmental point of view to take the ecotoxicologically leachable copper and zinc as a reference value.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Waste Management</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.wasman.2024.09.001</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-609584</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">16.09.2024</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Philipp Scholz</author>
    <author>Christian Vogel</author>
    <author>G. Schuck</author>
    <author>Franz-Georg Simon</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal waste treatment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XANES spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ecotoxicity</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Incineration bottom ash</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Circular Economy</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/60958/Scholz et al_2024_Waste Management.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60601</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>407</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>411</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>7</issue>
    <volume>56</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KG</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung im Lichte der Ersatzbaustoffverordnung</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Aschen und Schlacken aus der thermischen Abfallbehandlung stellen mit rund 25% Massenanteil die größte Reststofffraktion dar. In Deutschland fallen pro Jahr rund 6 Millionen Tonnen an. Während sich die Verwertung der metallischen Anteile problemlos gestaltet, werden an die mineralische Fraktion Anforderungen bezüglich der möglichen Freisetzung von Schwermetallen sowie Chlorid und Sulfat gestellt. In der Ersatzbaustoffverordnung sind für Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung zwei Materialklassen mit unterschiedlich hohen Anforderungen an die Umweltverträglichkeit definiert. Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts wurde untersucht, ob mit Abtrennung der Feinfraktion von 0–2mm die höhere Materialklasse HMVA-1 erreicht werden kann. Im Ergebnis wurde eine Verbesserung des Auslaugverhaltens erzielt, doch nicht in dem Maß, dass eine Qualität nach HMVA-1 erreicht wird. Rostaschen halten aber die Anforderungen zur Deponierung auf einer DK I-Deponie sowie die Anforderungen zur Verwertung gemäß HMVA-2 sicher ein.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">MÜLL und ABFALL</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1863-9763</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.37307/j.1863-9763.2024.07.08</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus_import_data">{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T00:24:44Z","timestamp":1720571084470},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KG","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["M\u00fcll und Abfall"],"DOI":"10.37307\/j.1863-9763.2024.07.08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T04:15:14Z","timestamp":1720498514000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung im Lichte der Ersatzbaustoffverordnung"],"prefix":"10.37307","author":[{"given":"Franz-Georg","family":"Simon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ruisi","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Koralewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Gleis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"23521","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"container-title":["M\u00dcLL und ABFALL"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T04:15:23Z","timestamp":1720498523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/muellundabfall.de\/ce\/aschen-und-schlacken-aus-der-abfallverbrennung-im-lichte-der-ersatzbaustoffverordnung\/detail.html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]}},"URL":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.37307\/j.1863-9763.2024.07.08","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-9763"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-9763","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"article-number":"8"}}</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Franz-Georg Simon</author>
    <author>Philipp Scholz</author>
    <author>Ruisi Ling</author>
    <author>Ralf Koralewska</author>
    <author>Markus Gleis</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rostasche</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auslaugtest</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ersatzbaustoff</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Circular Economy</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60526</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>12</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>13</issue>
    <volume>14</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Sequential Extraction of Incineration Bottom Ash: Conclusions Regarding Ecotoxicity</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The classification of incineration bottom ash (IBA) as hazardous or non-hazardous according to ecotoxic hazard property HP14 is still under debate. In this context, only the compounds of Zn and Cu with the hazard statement code H410 are of relevance. With an approach based on the grouping of substances, it was shown that such substances are either readily water-soluble or slightly and sparingly soluble. The concentrations of readily soluble Cu and Zn compounds in IBA are far below the cut-off value of 0.1%. Slightly and sparingly soluble Zn and Cu compounds could be quantified in the first fraction of a four-step sequential extraction procedure. With the results from the complete sequence, the dimensionless synthesis toxicity index (STI) was calculated and was in the range of 494 to 1218 for the four investigated IBA samples. It was concluded that IBA can usually be classified as non-hazardous.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Applied Sciences</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2076-3417</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/app14135541</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-605262</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus_import_data">{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T00:31:41Z","timestamp":1719448301406},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010809","name":"German UMWELTBUNDESAMT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3720333050"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"&lt;jats:p&gt;The classification of incineration bottom ash (IBA) as hazardous or non-hazardous according to ecotoxic hazard property HP14 is still under debate. In this context, only the compounds of Zn and Cu with the hazard statement code H410 are of relevance. With an approach based on the grouping of substances, it was shown that such substances are either readily water-soluble or slightly and sparingly soluble. The concentrations of readily soluble Cu and Zn compounds in IBA are far below the cut-off value of 0.1%. Slightly and sparingly soluble Zn and Cu compounds could be quantified in the first fraction of a four-step sequential extraction procedure. With the results from the complete sequence, the dimensionless synthesis toxicity index (STI) was calculated and was in the range of 494 to 1218 for the four investigated IBA samples. It was concluded that IBA can usually be classified as non-hazardous.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;","DOI":"10.3390\/app14135541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T15:09:09Z","timestamp":1719414549000},"page":"5541","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sequential Extraction of Incineration Bottom Ash: Conclusions Regarding Ecotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4512-2031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franz-Georg","family":"Simon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BAM Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und -pr\u00fcfung, 12200 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BAM Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und -pr\u00fcfung, 12200 Berlin, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Suppliers of Waste-to-Energy Technology (ESWET) (2024, June 25). Municipal Waste Treatment in the EU, Fact Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/eswet.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/05_ESWET-Fact-Sheet_Municipal-Waste-Treatment-in-the-EU_Update-2021.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.11.031","article-title":"Legal situation and current practice of waste incineration bottom ash utilisation in Europe","volume":"102","author":"Blasenbauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.08.013","article-title":"Leaching behaviour of incineration bottom ash in a reuse scenario: 12years-field data vs. lab test results","volume":"73","author":"Hyks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"731","article-title":"Utilisation of Incineration Bottom Ash in Road Construction","volume":"Volume 9","author":"Thiel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Mangement"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-053X(00)00094-5","article-title":"Behaviour of cement-treated MSWI bottom ash","volume":"21","author":"Pecqueur","year":"2001","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.05.044","article-title":"Review of MSWI bottom ash utilization from perspectives of collective characterization, treatment and existing application","volume":"79","author":"Dou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2020.104888","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges associated with using municipal waste incineration ash as a raw ingredient in cement production\u2014A review","volume":"160","author":"Clavier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council of the EU (2008). Directive of 19 November 2008 on Waste and repealing certain Directives. Off. J. Eur. Union, L312, 3\u201330."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"European Commission, Commission Regulation (EU) (2014). No 1357\/2014 of 18 December 2014 replacing Annex III to Directive 2008\/98\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on waste and repealing certain Directives. Off. J. Eur. Union, L365, 89\u201396."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_10.1","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council of the EU (2008). Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_10.2","unstructured":"(EC) No 1272\/2008 of the European parliament and of the council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67\/548\/EEC and 1999\/45\/EC, and amending Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_10.3","unstructured":"(EC) No 1907\/2006. Off. J. Eur. Union, L353, 1-1355."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Stark, C., and Koch-Jugl, J. (2013). Leitfaden zur Anwendung der CLP-Verordnung, das neue Einstufungs- und Kennzeichnungssystem f\u00fcr Chemikalien nach GHS, Umweltbundesamt."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"98","article-title":"Gef\u00e4hrliche Eigenschaft HP14 von Rostaschen","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Thiel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abf\u00e4lle, Aschen, Schlacken St\u00e4ube und Baurestmassen"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"287","article-title":"Hazardous Property HP14 of MSWI Bottom Ash","volume":"Volume 8","author":"Thiel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Waste Management"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"13","article-title":"Hazard classification of waste: Review of available practical methods and tools","volume":"7","author":"Hennebert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Detritus"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_15.1","unstructured":"Council of the European Union (2017). Council regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_15.2","unstructured":"(EU) 2017\/997 of 8 June 2017 amending Annex III to Directive 2008\/98\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the hazardous property HP 14 'Ecotoxic'. Off. J. Eur. Union, L150, 1-4."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Hjelmar, O., van der Sloot, H.A., and van Zomeren, A. (2013). Hazard property classification of high temperature waste materials. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Sardinia_2013, CISA Publisher."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vateva, I., and Laner, D. (2020). Grain-Size Specific Characterisation and Resource Potentials of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Bottom Ash: A German Case Study. Resources, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/resources9060066"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.06.047","article-title":"Chemical composition and leachability of differently sized material fractions of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash","volume":"95","author":"Huber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mantovani, L., Tribaudino, M., Matteis, C.D., and Funari, V. (2021). Particle Size and Potential Toxic Element Speciation in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Bottom Ash. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13041911"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.09.004","article-title":"Innovative treatment trains of bottom ash (BA) from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) in Germany","volume":"59","author":"Holm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon, F.-G., and Scholz, P. (2023). Assessment of the Long-Term Leaching Behavior of Incineration Bottom Ash: A Study of Two Waste Incinerators in Germany. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app132413228"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1021\/ac50043a017","article-title":"Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals","volume":"51","author":"Tessier","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(97)00205-2","article-title":"Certification of trace metal extractable contents in a sediment reference material (CRM 601) following a three-step sequential extraction procedure","volume":"205","author":"Quevauviller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sci. Total Env. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.02.001","article-title":"Solubility of elements in waste incineration fly ash and bottom ash under various leaching conditions studied by a sequential extraction procedure","volume":"87","author":"Haberl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1039\/b207574c","article-title":"Chemical sequential extraction for metal partitioning in environmental solid samples","volume":"4","author":"Filgueiras","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Matteis, C., Mantovani, L., Tribaudino, M., Bernasconi, A., Destefanis, E., Caviglia, C., Toller, S., Dinelli, E., and Funari, V. (2023). Sequential extraction procedure of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash targeting grain size and the amorphous fraction. Front. Environ. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2023.1254205"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., and Kasina, M. (2023). The Sequential Extraction of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash: Heavy Metals Mobility and Sustainable Application of Ashes. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151914638"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124809","article-title":"Plasma vitrification and heavy metals solidification of MSW and sewage sludge incineration fly ash","volume":"408","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2016.02.047","article-title":"Heavy Metal Migration and Potential Environmental Risk Assessment During the Washing Process of MSW Incineration Fly Ash and Molten Slag","volume":"31","author":"Luan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3793","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0734-3","article-title":"Heavy-metal speciation redistribution in solid phase and potential environmental risk assessment during the conversion of MSW incineration fly ash into molten slag","volume":"25","author":"Luan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"IGAM, and ITAD (2024, June 23). Einstufung von Hausm\u00fcllverbrennungsschlacken in das Abfallverzeichnis anhand der Gefahrenrelevanten Eigenschaften HP1\u2013HP15, Praxisleitfaden der Verb\u00e4nde IGAM und ITAD e.V., Version 2.1 vom 24.04.2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.itad.de\/wissen\/praxisleitfaden-zur-einstufung-von-hmv-schlacken."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X8600400112","article-title":"The Flux of Metals Through Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators","volume":"4","author":"Brunner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Waste Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X0202000107","article-title":"Fate of heavy metals during municipal solid waste incineration","volume":"20","author":"Abanades","year":"2002","journal-title":"Waste Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1916","article-title":"Nassmechanische Aufbereitung von Bauschutt-Brechsand mit der Setztechnik\u2014Ein Schritt auf dem Weg zum Ersatzbaustoff","volume":"95","author":"Kalbe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Ing. Tech."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11811","DOI":"10.1021\/es502766x","article-title":"Complete Survey of German Sewage Sludge Ash","volume":"48","author":"Grabner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Env. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131649","article-title":"An integrated characterisation of incineration bottom ashes towards sustainable application: Physicochemical, ecotoxicological, and mechanical properties","volume":"455","author":"Bandarra","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"88","article-title":"\u00d6kotoxizit\u00e4t mineralischer Abf\u00e4lle\u2014Erfahrung in \u00d6sterreich mit der Konkretisierung des HP14 Kriteriums","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Thiel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abf\u00e4lle, Aschen, Schlacken St\u00e4ube und Baurestmassen"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14505","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.0c02226","article-title":"Identification and Quantification of Chemical Forms of Cu and Zn in MSWI Ashes Using XANES","volume":"34","author":"Rissler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2020.10.023","article-title":"Speciation of Cu and Zn in bottom ash from solid waste incineration studied by XAS, XRD, and geochemical modelling","volume":"119","author":"Tiberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envadv.2023.100453","article-title":"Potentially toxic elements speciation in bottom ashes from a municipal solid waste incinerator: A combined SEM-EDS, \u00b5-XRF and \u00b5-XANES study","volume":"15","author":"Pollastri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Adv."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Bundesregierung (2009). Verordnung \u00fcber Deponien und Langzeitlager (Deponieverordnung\u2014DepV). Bundesgesetzblatt, I22, 900\u2013950."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Bundesregierung (2021). Verordnung zur Einf\u00fchrung einer Ersatzbaustoffverordnung, zur Neufassung der Bundes-Bodenschutz- und Altlastenverordnung und zur \u00c4nderung der Deponieverordnung und der Gewerbeabfallverordnung. Bundesgesetzblatt, I43, 2598\u20132752."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/14\/13\/5541\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T16:39:02Z","timestamp":1719419942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/14\/13\/5541"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["app14135541"],"URL":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390\/app14135541","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]}}}</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">29.07.2024</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Franz-Georg Simon</author>
    <author>Philipp Scholz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Incineration bottom ash</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hazard properties</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ecotoxicity</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Circular Economy</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/60526/2024_applsci-14-05541-with-SI.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56875</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>researchdata</type>
    <publisherName>European synchroton Radiation Facility ESRF</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Grenoble</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">The chemical state of antimony and vanadium species in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Due to the large quantity as residual mineral waste, municipal solid waste incineration - bottom ash (MSWI-BA) is an interesting secondary raw material that can be utilized for road construction. However, leaching of chloride, sulfate and potentially hazardous heavy metals from MSWSI-BA into the environment may cause problems in utilization of it in civil engineering. In a previous study, we performed a long-term leaching test of MSWI-BA in a lysimeter for almost six years to investigate the efficiency of the treatment process on the release of hazardous substances. While concentrations of chloride, sulfate and the majority of the heavy metals started to decrease rapidly with progressive liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S), the ecotoxic hazardous elements antimony (Sb) and vanadium (V) behaved differently. To unravel these unusual release behaviors and the oxyanion-formation of Sb and V we will apply HERFD-XANES spectroscopy to analyze their chemical state.</abstract>
    <identifier type="doi">10.15151/ESRF-ES-1020936484</identifier>
    <enrichment key="ScientificResourceTypeGeneral">Datensatz</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="ScientificDateCreatedStart">17.01.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="ScientificDateCreatedEnd">23.01.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="ScientificGeolocation">Grenoble, France</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="ScientificNote">XANES spectra of different Sb and V compounds and of bottom ash and soil samples.</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <author>Christian Vogel</author>
    <author>Franz-Georg Simon</author>
    <author>Philipp Scholz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bottom ash</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimony</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Vanadium</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XANES</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Weder Datei noch physisches Exemplar vorhanden ("No Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56875/ESRF Data Portal.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60281</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>176</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>190</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>11</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>TK-Verlag</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Neuruppin</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Einstufung von Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung im Hinblick auf die weitere Verwertung – Handlungsempfehlungen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Einstufung von Hausmüllverbrennungsasche (IBA) als gefährlich oder nicht gefährlich nach der Gefahreneigenschaft HP14 (ökotoxisch) ist nach wie vor umstritten, da es noch keine keine allgemein anerkannten Methoden zur Bewertung gibt. Wenn die Berechnungsregeln angewendet werden sollen angewendet werden sollen, sind Kenntnisse über die chemische Zusammensetzung von IBA erforderlich. Informationen über über die chemische Zusammensetzung von IBA können mit einem Ansatz gewonnen werden, der auf der Gruppierung von Substanzen. Für IBA können vier Stoffgruppen definiert werden: 1. elementare und legierte Metalle, 2. leicht wasserlösliche Stoffe, 3. schwer lösliche Stoffe und 4. Stoffe mit starken chemischen Bindungen. Elementares und legiertes Cu und Zn sind in der IBA vorhanden und werden in der Regel als Nichteisenmetallfraktion zurückgewonnen, zumindest die größeren Partikel. Zn-Partikel, die kleiner als 1 mm sind, werden als H410 eingestuft, feine Partikel von Cu nur als H411. Die wasserlösliche Fraktion kann mit Standardauslaugungsmethoden quantifiziert werden Auslaugungsmethoden quantifiziert werden, z. B. bei einem Flüssigkeits-Feststoff-Verhältnis (L/S) von 2 oder 10 l/kg. Sowohl die Sulfate von Zn als auch von Cu gehören zu dieser Gruppe. In einer neueren Veröffentlichung wurde gezeigt, dass bei den oben genannten Metalle die ausgelaugte Menge weit unter dem Grenzwert von 1.000 mg/kg liegt, selbst wenn stöchiometrische Faktoren angewendet werden. Stoffgruppe 3 sind potenzielle H410-Stoffe. Dabei handelt es sich um Carbonate, Hydroxide und Oxide der betreffenden Elemente, die löslich sind in schwachen organischen Säuren wie Essigsäure löslich sind. Die Worst-Case-Stoffe der Gruppe 3, d. h. die Verbindungen mit den höchsten stöchiometrischen Faktoren, sind CuCO3xCu(OH)2 und ZnO. Stoffe mit starken chemischen Bindungen wie Silikate oder Sulfide sind nur löslich in starken Säuren (z.B. Königswasser) löslich und haben keinen Ökotoxizitäts-Gefahrencode. Das Mobilisierungsverhalten der relevanten Schwermetalle und damit der Gruppe der schwer schwerlöslichen Verbindungen kann mit der 4-stufigen sequentiellen Extraktion untersucht werden. Für die HP14 Einstufung könnte auch eine einstufige Extraktion ausreichend sein. Nur die Elemente Zn und Cu sind für die HP14-Einstufung der IBA von Bedeutung, da die Feststoffgehalte aller anderen Schwermetalle unterhalb des Feststoffgehalte aller anderen Schwermetalle unter der Cut-Off-Grenze von 0,1 % liegen, selbst wenn man sie in chemischen Verbindungen mit stöchiometrischen Faktoren. Im Ergebnis wurde gezeigt, dass IBA in der Regel als nicht gefährlich einzustufen ist.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abfälle 11</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-911006-80-4</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Berliner Konferenz Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abfälle</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">12.06.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">13.06.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Franz-Georg Simon</author>
    <author>Philipp Scholz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rostasche</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ökotoxizität</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sequenzielle Extraktion</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Circular Economy</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55643</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>report</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Einfluss von Geokunststoffen auf die aquatische Umwelt</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Im Rahmen des Projekts konnte gezeigt werden, dass Geokunststoffe bei ausreichender Stabilisierung Einsatzdauern von über 100 Jahren besitzen. Es werden keine Stoffe freigesetzt, die für Wasserorganismen schädlich sind. An den Ostseestränden im Gebiet Kaliningrad werden nennenswerte Mengen von Kunststoffresten gefunden, die zum Teil aus Küstenschutzbauwerken stammen. Ursache ist hier jedoch eine verfehlte Materialauswahl. Hauptsächlich stammen die Kunststoffreste am Strand jedoch aus unsachgemäße Abfallbehandlung.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">BMBF Schlussbericht</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.2314/KXP:1813230285</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-556431</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Allgemeines Deutsches Urheberrecht</licence>
    <author>Franz-Georg Simon</author>
    <author>Philipp Scholz</author>
    <author>Haitham Barqawi</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geokunststoffe</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mikroplastik</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Autoklaventest</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ökotoxtests</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">BAM Forschungsberichte ohne Nummerierung</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/55643/TIBKAT_1813230285.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59984</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2152</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>72158</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>26</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Speciation of antimony and vanadium in municipal solid waste incineration ashes analyzed by XANES spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The use of ashes from municipal solid waste incineration as secondary building materials is an important pillar for the circular economy in Germany. However, leaching of potential toxic elements from these materials must be at environmentally acceptable levels. Normally, a three-month ageing period immobilizes most hazardous heavy metals, but antimony (Sb) and vanadium (V) showed previously unusual leaching. In order to clarify the mechanisms, we analyzed the Sb and V species in various bottom and fly ashes from municipal waste incineration by XANES spectroscopy. Antimony oxidizes from Sb(+ III) species used as flame retardants in plastics to Sb(+ V) compounds during waste incineration. However, owing to the similarity of different Sb(+ V) compound in the Sb K- and L-edge XANES spectra, it was not possible to accurately identify an exact Sb(+ V) species. Moreover, V is mainly present as oxidation state + V compound in the analyzed ashes. However, the coarse and magnetic fraction of the bottom ashes contain larger amounts of V(+ III) and V(+ IV) compounds which might enter the waste incineration from vanadium carbide containing steel tools. Thus, Sb and V could be critical potential toxic elements in secondary building materials and long-term monitoring of the release should be taken into account in the future.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s10163-024-01954-2</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-599841</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1438-4957</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus_import_data">{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T00:36:53Z","timestamp":1714696613771},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010809","name":"Umweltbundesamt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FKZ 3720333050"]},{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und -pr\u00fcfung (BAM)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Mater Cycles Waste Manag"],"abstract":"&lt;jats:title&gt;Abstract&lt;\/jats:title&gt;&lt;jats:p&gt;The use of ashes from municipal solid waste incineration as secondary building materials is an important pillar for the circular economy in Germany. However, leaching of potential toxic elements from these materials must be at environmentally acceptable levels. Normally, a three-month ageing period immobilizes most hazardous heavy metals, but antimony (Sb) and vanadium (V) showed previously unusual leaching. In order to clarify the mechanisms, we analyzed the Sb and V species in various bottom and fly ashes from municipal waste incineration by XANES spectroscopy. Antimony oxidizes from Sb(+\u2009III) species used as flame retardants in plastics to Sb(+\u2009V) compounds during waste incineration. However, owing to the similarity of different Sb(+\u2009V) compound in the Sb K- and L-edge XANES spectra, it was not possible to accurately identify an exact Sb(+\u2009V) species. Moreover, V is mainly present as oxidation state\u2009+\u2009V compound in the analyzed ashes. However, the coarse and magnetic fraction of the bottom ashes contain larger amounts of V(+\u2009III) and V(+\u2009IV) compounds which might enter the waste incineration from vanadium carbide containing steel tools. Thus, Sb and V could be critical potential toxic elements in secondary building materials and long-term monitoring of the release should be taken into account in the future.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-024-01954-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T18:02:19Z","timestamp":1714672939000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Speciation of antimony and vanadium in municipal solid waste incineration ashes analyzed by XANES spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1357-695X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Vogel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7129-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4701-929X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ute","family":"Kalbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Caliebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Akhil","family":"Tayal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sami Juhani","family":"Vasala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4512-2031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franz-Georg","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1954_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.09.004","volume":"59","author":"O Holm","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holm O, Simon F-G (2017) Innovative treatment trains of bottom ash (BA) from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) in Germany. Waste Manage 59:229\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.09.004","journal-title":"Waste Manage"},{"key":"1954_CR2","unstructured":"ITAD Jahresbericht 2021 (Annual report 2021) (2021) ITAD\u2014Interessengemeinschaft der Thermischen Abfallbehandlungsanlagen in Deutschland e.V: D\u00fcsseldorf"},{"key":"1954_CR3","unstructured":"Statistisches Bundesamt (2020) Erhebung der Abfallentsorgung, Tabelle 31111-0004"},{"issue":"8","key":"1954_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2010.03.010","volume":"30","author":"AP Bayuseno","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bayuseno AP, Schmahl WW (2010) Understanding the chemical and mineralogical properties of the inorganic portion of MSWI bottom ash. Waste Manag 30(8):1509\u20131520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2010.03.010","journal-title":"Waste Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"1954_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012042","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1110\/1\/012042","volume":"1110","author":"P Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh P, Boora A, Kumar Gupta A (2023) A review on utilizing municipal solid waste incineration (MSWIA) in construction activates. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 1110(1):012042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/1110\/1\/012042","journal-title":"IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci."},{"key":"1954_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.08.013","volume":"73","author":"M Di Gianfilippo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Di Gianfilippo M, Hyks J, Verginelli I, Costa G, Hjelmar O, Lombardi F (2018) Leaching behaviour of incineration bottom ash in a reuse scenario: 12years-field data vs. lab test results. Waste Manag 73:367\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.08.013","journal-title":"Waste Manag"},{"key":"1954_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.31025\/2611-4135\/2021.15115","volume":"16","author":"F-G Simon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Simon F-G, Vogel C, Kalbe U (2021) Antimony and vanadium in incineration bottom ash - Leaching behavior and conclusions for treatment processes. Detritus. 16:75\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31025\/2611-4135\/2021.15115","journal-title":"Detritus."},{"issue":"12","key":"1954_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7055","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-020-01086-2","volume":"11","author":"U Kalbe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kalbe U, Simon F-G (2020) Potential use of incineration bottom ash in construction: evaluation of the environmental impact. Waste Biomass Valoriz 11(12):7055\u20137065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12649-020-01086-2","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valoriz"},{"key":"1954_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2021.102026","volume":"24","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Ding C, Gong D, Deng Y, Huang Y, Zheng J, Xiong S, Tang R, Wang Y, Su L (2021) A review of the environmental chemical behavior, detection and treatment of antimony. Environ Technol Innov 24:102026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eti.2021.102026","journal-title":"Environ Technol Innov"},{"key":"1954_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145354","author":"S Diquattro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Diquattro S, Castaldi P, Ritch S, Juhasz AL, Brunetti G, Scheckel KG, Garau G, Lombi E (2021) Insights into the fate of antimony (Sb) in contaminated soils: ageing influence on Sb mobility, bioavailability, bioaccessibility and speciation. Sci Total Environ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145354","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1954_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106908","volume":"158","author":"N Bolan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bolan N, Kumar M, Singh E, Kumar A, Singh L, Kumar S, Keerthanan S, Hoang SA, El-Naggar A, Vithanage M, Sarkar B, Wijesekara H, Diyabalanage S, Sooriyakumar P, Vinu A, Wang H, Kirkham MB, Shaheen SM, Rinklebe J, Siddique KHM (2022) Antimony contamination and its risk management in complex environmental settings: a review. Environ Int 158:106908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106908","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"1954_CR12","volume-title":"Vanadium in soils and plants","author":"J Rinklebe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rinklebe J (ed) (2023) Vanadium in soils and plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton"},{"key":"1954_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2018.12.027","volume":"102","author":"JP Gustafsson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gustafsson JP (2019) Vanadium geochemistry in the biogeosphere \u2013speciation, solid-solution interactions, and ecotoxicity. Appl Geochem 102:1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2018.12.027","journal-title":"Appl Geochem"},{"issue":"21","key":"1954_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11973","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b05560","volume":"52","author":"JAJ Watt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Watt JAJ, Burke IT, Edwards RA, Malcolm HM, Mayes WM, Olszewska JP, Pan G, Graham MC, Heal KV, Rose NL, Turner SD, Spears BM (2018) Vanadium: A Re-Emerging environmental hazard. Environ Sci Technol 52(21):11973\u201311974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.8b05560","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"1954_CR15","volume-title":"The elements in the second rank\u2014an environmental problem now or in the future","author":"J Kj\u00f8lholt","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kj\u00f8lholt J, Stuer-Lauridsen F, Mogensen AS, Havelund S (2003) The elements in the second rank\u2014an environmental problem now or in the future. Danish Environmental Protection Agency"},{"key":"1954_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1238\/physica.topical.115a00943","author":"M Takaoka","year":"2005","unstructured":"Takaoka M, Yamamoto T, Tanaka T, Takeda N, Oshita K, Uruga T (2005) Direct speciation of lead, zinc and antimony in fly ash from waste treatment facilities by XAFS spectroscopy. Phys Scr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1238\/physica.topical.115a00943","journal-title":"Phys Scr"},{"issue":"10","key":"1954_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.06.028","volume":"159","author":"G Okkenhaug","year":"2011","unstructured":"Okkenhaug G, Zhu Y-G, Luo L, Lei M, Li X, Mulder J (2011) Distribution, speciation and availability of antimony (Sb) in soils and terrestrial plants from an active Sb mining area. Environ Pollut 159(10):2427\u20132434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.06.028","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"1954_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2021.104936","author":"M Verbeeck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Verbeeck M, Moens C, Gustafsson JP (2021) Mechanisms of antimony ageing in soils: An XAS study. Appl Geochem. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2021.104936","journal-title":"Appl Geochem"},{"issue":"10","key":"1954_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1039\/C8JA00231B","volume":"33","author":"WW Bennett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bennett WW, Lombi E, Burton ED, Johnston SG, Kappen P, Howard DL, Canfield DE (2018) Synchrotron X-ray spectroscopy for investigating vanadium speciation in marine sediment: limitations and opportunities. J Anal At Spectrom 33(10):1689\u20131699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C8JA00231B","journal-title":"J Anal At Spectrom"},{"issue":"6","key":"1954_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.1021\/es3003475","volume":"46","author":"IT Burke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Burke IT, Mayes WM, Peacock CL, Brown AP, Jarvis AP, Gruiz K (2012) Speciation of arsenic, chromium, and vanadium in red mud samples from the ajka spill site, Hungary. Environ Sci Technol 46(6):3085\u20133092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es3003475","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1954_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2017.01.0023","volume":"46","author":"O Proux","year":"2017","unstructured":"Proux O, Lahera E, Del Net W, Kieffer I, Rovezzi M, Testemale D, Irar M, Thomas S, Aguilar-Tapia A, Bazarkina EF, Prat A, Tella M, Auffan M, Rose J, Hazemann J-L (2017) High-energy resolution fluorescence detected X-Ray absorption spectroscopy: a powerful new structural tool in environmental biogeochemistry sciences. J Environ Qual 46(6):1146\u20131157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2134\/jeq2017.01.0023","journal-title":"J Environ Qual"},{"issue":"9","key":"1954_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4296","DOI":"10.1063\/1.480975","volume":"112","author":"J Rockenberger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rockenberger J, zum Felde U, Tischer M, Tr\u00f6ger L, Haase M, Weller H (2000) Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure measurements (XANES) and extended x-ray absorption fine structure measurements (EXAFS) of the valence state and coordination of antimony in doped nanocrystalline SnO2. J Chem Phys 112(9):4296\u20134304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.480975","journal-title":"J Chem Phys"},{"issue":"3","key":"1954_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-010-5650-z","volume":"100","author":"S Lahlil","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lahlil S, Biron I, Cotte M, Susini J (2010) New insight on the in situ crystallization of calcium antimonate opacified glass during the Roman period. Appl Phys A 100(3):683\u2013692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00339-010-5650-z","journal-title":"Appl Phys A"},{"issue":"4","key":"1954_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/xrs.1241","volume":"39","author":"RR Martin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Martin RR, Shotyk WS, Naftel SJ, Ablett JM, Northrup P (2010) Speciation of antimony in polyethylene terephthalate bottles. X-Ray Spectrom 39(4):257\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/xrs.1241","journal-title":"X-Ray Spectrom"},{"issue":"4","key":"1954_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.12681\/bgsg.14276","volume":"50","author":"SP Kilias","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kilias SP, Gousgouni M, Godelitsas A, Gamaletsos P, Mertzimekis TJ, Nomikou P, Argyraki A, Goettlicher J, Steininger R, Papanikolaou D (2016) Antimony fixation in solid phases at the hydrothermal field of Kolumbo submarine arc-volcano (Santorini): deposition model and environmental implications. Bull Geol Soc Greece 50(4):2200\u20132209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12681\/bgsg.14276","journal-title":"Bull Geol Soc Greece"},{"key":"1954_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.02.006","author":"CN Borca","year":"2024","unstructured":"Borca CN, Huthwelker T, Filella M (2024) A step towards understanding plastic complexity: antimony speciation in consumer plastics and synthetic textiles revealed by XAS. J Environ Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jes.2024.02.006","journal-title":"J Environ Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1954_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5084662","volume":"2054","author":"WA Caliebe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Caliebe WA, Murzin V, Kalinko A, G\u00f6rlitz M (2019) High-flux XAFS-beamline P64 at PETRA III. AIP Conf Proc 2054(1):060031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.5084662","journal-title":"AIP Conf Proc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1954_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1107\/S160057752000243X","volume":"27","author":"M Rovezzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rovezzi M, Harris A, Detlefs B, Bohdan T, Svyazhin A, Santambrogio A, Degler D, Baran R, Reynier B, Noguera Crespo P, Heyman C, Van Der Kleij H-P, Van Vaerenbergh P, Marion P, Vitoux H, Lapras C, Verbeni R, Kocsis MM, Manceau A, Glatzel P (2020) TEXS: in-vacuum tender X-ray emission spectrometer with 11 Johansson crystal analyzers. J Synchrotron Radiat 27(3):813\u2013826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1107\/S160057752000243X","journal-title":"J Synchrotron Radiat"},{"key":"1954_CR29","volume-title":"EV-511: The chemical state of antimony and vanadium species in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash","author":"C Vogel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vogel C, Simon F-G, Scholz P (2023) EV-511: The chemical state of antimony and vanadium species in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash. European synchroton Radiation Facility ESRF, Grenoble"},{"key":"1954_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b14843","volume-title":"Furst KE XAFS for everyone","author":"S Calvin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Calvin S (2013) Furst KE XAFS for everyone. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton"},{"key":"1954_CR31","unstructured":"Gmelin (1967) Vanadium, Teil B, in Gmelins Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie"},{"key":"1954_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2016.02.079","volume":"31","author":"X Sun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sun X, Li J, Zhao X, Zhu B, Zhang G (2016) A review on the management of municipal solid waste fly ash in AMERICAN. Proc Environ Sci 31:535\u2013540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.proenv.2016.02.079","journal-title":"Proc Environ Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"1954_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1039\/C5EM00210A","volume":"17","author":"G Okkenhaug","year":"2015","unstructured":"Okkenhaug G, Alm\u00e5s \u00c5R, Morin N, Hale SE, Arp HPH (2015) The presence and leachability of antimony in different wastes and waste handling facilities in Norway. Environ Sci Process Impacts 17(11):1880\u20131891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C5EM00210A","journal-title":"Environ Sci Process Impacts"},{"key":"1954_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127732","volume":"261","author":"M Filella","year":"2020","unstructured":"Filella M (2020) Antimony and PET bottles: checking facts. Chemosphere 261:127732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127732","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"1954_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470109038.ch1","volume-title":"Flame retardant polymer nanocomposites","author":"SV Levchik","year":"2007","unstructured":"Levchik SV (2007) Introduction to flame retardancy and polymer flammability. In: Morgan AB, Wilkie CA (eds) Flame retardant polymer nanocomposites. Wiley, New York, pp 1\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470109038.ch1"},{"issue":"3","key":"1954_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.04.048","volume":"137","author":"G Cornelis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cornelis G, Van Gerven T, Vandecasteele C (2006) Antimony leaching from uncarbonated and carbonated MSWI bottom ash. J Hazard Mater 137(3):1284\u20131292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.04.048","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"6","key":"1954_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00269-011-0418-3","volume":"38","author":"A Bordage","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bordage A, Balan E, de Villiers JPR, Cromarty R, Juhin A, Carvallo C, Calas G, Sunder Raju PV, Glatzel P (2011) V oxidation state in Fe\u2013Ti oxides by high-energy resolution fluorescence-detected X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Phys Chem Miner 38(6):449\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00269-011-0418-3","journal-title":"Phys Chem Miner"},{"issue":"9","key":"1954_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1179\/174328409X453253","volume":"25","author":"TN Baker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baker TN (2009) Processes, microstructure and properties of vanadium microalloyed steels. Mater Sci Technol 25(9):1083\u20131107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/174328409X453253","journal-title":"Mater Sci Technol"},{"key":"1954_CR39","volume-title":"Ullmann\u2018s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry","author":"G Bauer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bauer G, G\u00fcther V, Hess H, Otto A, Roidl O, Roller H, Sattelberger S (1996) Vanadium and vanadium compounds. In: Ullmann\u2018s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim"},{"key":"1954_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.11.031","volume":"102","author":"D Blasenbauer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blasenbauer D, Huber F, Lederer J, Quina MJ, Blanc-Biscarat D, Bogush A, Bontempi E, Blondeau J, Chimenos JM, Dahlbo H, Fagerqvist J, Giro-Paloma J, Hjelmar O, Hyks J, Keaney J, Lupsea-Toader M, O\u2019Caollai CJ, Orup\u00f5ld K, Paj\u0105k T, Simon F-G, Svecova L, \u0160yc M, Ulvang R, Vaajasaari K, van Caneghem J, van Zomeren A, Vasarevi\u010dius S, W\u00e9gner K, Fellner J (2020) Legal situation and current practice of waste incineration bottom ash utilisation in Europe. Waste Manag 102:868\u2013883. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.11.031","journal-title":"Waste Manag"},{"issue":"43","key":"1954_CR41","first-page":"2598","volume":"I","author":"Bundesregierung,","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bundesregierung, (2021) Verordnung zur Einf\u00fchrung einer Ersatzbaustoffverordnung, zur Neufassung der Bundes-Bodenschutz- und Altlastenverordnung und zur \u00c4nderung der Deponieverordnung und der Gewerbeabfallverordnung. Bundesgesetzblatt Teil I(43):2598\u20132752","journal-title":"Bundesgesetzblatt Teil"}],"container-title":["Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10163-024-01954-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10163-024-01954-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10163-024-01954-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T18:05:26Z","timestamp":1714673126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10163-024-01954-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["1954"],"URL":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s10163-024-01954-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1438-4957","1611-8227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-4957","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-8227","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">22.05.2024</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Christian Vogel</author>
    <author>Philipp Scholz</author>
    <author>Ute Kalbe</author>
    <author>W. Caliebe</author>
    <author>A. Tayal</author>
    <author>S. J. Vasala</author>
    <author>Franz-Georg Simon</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Müllverbrennung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XANES spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Circular Economy</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/59984/Vogel et al_2024_Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59973</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>9</issue>
    <volume>16</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI AG</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Investigation on the Durability of a Polypropylene Geotextile under Artificial Aging Scenarios</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Geosynthetics are widely used in various civil engineering applications, such as geotextiles in coastal protection, and display a sustainable alternative to natural mineral materials. However, the full benefits of using geosynthetics can only be gained with a long service lifetime of the products. With the use of added stabilizers to the polymers, service lifetimes can be achieved in the range of 100 years. Therefore, accelerated aging methods are needed for the assessment of the long-term performance of geotextiles. In the present study, the behavior of geosynthetic materials made of polypropylene was investigated under artificial aging conditions involving elevated temperatures ranging from 30 to 80 °C, increased oxygen pressures ranging from 10 to 50 bar in water-filled autoclaves, and UV irradiation under atmospheric conditions. ATR-IR spectroscopy was employed to detect the increase in the carbonyl index over various aging durations, indicating the oxidative degradation of the geotextile. The most pronounced increase was observed in the case of aging through UV irradiation, followed by thermal aging. Elevated pressure, on the other hand, had a lower impact on oxidation. High-temperature size exclusion chromatography was utilized to follow the reduction in molar mass under different degradation conditions, and the results were consistent with those obtained from ATR-IR spectroscopy. In polyolefins such as polypropylene, Hindered Amine Stabilizers (HAS) are used to suppress oxidation caused by UV radiation. The quantitative analysis of HAS was carried out using a UV/Vis method and HPLC. The degradation of UV stabilizers during the aging of geotextiles is responsible for the oxidation and the reduction in the molar mass of polypropylene. From the results, it can be concluded that applications of PP geotextile without soil or sand cover might cause the risk of the formation of microplastic particles. Material selection, design, and maintenance of the construction must follow best practices, including the system’s removal or replacement at end-of-life. Otherwise, a sustainable use of geotextiles in civil engineering is not possible.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Sustainability</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2071-1050</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/su16093559</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-599739</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus_import_data">{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T00:26:23Z","timestamp":1714004783584},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"ERANET-RUS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMBF 01DJ18005"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"&lt;jats:p&gt;Geosynthetics are widely used in various civil engineering applications, such as geotextiles in coastal protection, and display a sustainable alternative to natural mineral materials. However, the full benefits of using geosynthetics can only be gained with a long service lifetime of the products. With the use of added stabilizers to the polymers, service lifetimes can be achieved in the range of 100 years. Therefore, accelerated aging methods are needed for the assessment of the long-term performance of geotextiles. In the present study, the behavior of geosynthetic materials made of polypropylene was investigated under artificial aging conditions involving elevated temperatures ranging from 30 to 80 \u00b0C, increased oxygen pressures ranging from 10 to 50 bar in water-filled autoclaves, and UV irradiation under atmospheric conditions. ATR-IR spectroscopy was employed to detect the increase in the carbonyl index over various aging durations, indicating the oxidative degradation of the geotextile. The most pronounced increase was observed in the case of aging through UV irradiation, followed by thermal aging. Elevated pressure, on the other hand, had a lower impact on oxidation. High-temperature size exclusion chromatography was utilized to follow the reduction in molar mass under different degradation conditions, and the results were consistent with those obtained from ATR-IR spectroscopy. In polyolefins such as polypropylene, Hindered Amine Stabilizers (HAS) are used to suppress oxidation caused by UV radiation. The quantitative analysis of HAS was carried out using a UV\/Vis method and HPLC. The degradation of UV stabilizers during the aging of geotextiles is responsible for the oxidation and the reduction in the molar mass of polypropylene. From the results, it can be concluded that applications of PP geotextile without soil or sand cover might cause the risk of the formation of microplastic particles. Material selection, design, and maintenance of the construction must follow best practices, including the system\u2019s removal or replacement at end-of-life. Otherwise, a sustainable use of geotextiles in civil engineering is not possible.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;","DOI":"10.3390\/su16093559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T11:38:51Z","timestamp":1713958731000},"page":"3559","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigation on the Durability of a Polypropylene Geotextile under Artificial Aging Scenarios"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7129-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Scholz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und -pr\u00fcfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7772-606X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Falkenhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und -pr\u00fcfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9549-7416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volker","family":"Wachtendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und -pr\u00fcfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1233-2355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Br\u00fcll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer-Institut f\u00fcr Betriebsfestigkeit und Systemzuverl\u00e4ssigkeit LBF, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4512-2031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franz-Georg","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und -pr\u00fcfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, H., Yao, C., Li, C., Miao, M., Zhong, Y., Lu, Y., and Liu, T. (2020). Review of Application and Innovation of Geotextiles in Geotechnical Engineering. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13071774"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034605","DOI":"10.1088\/1468-6996\/16\/3\/034605","article-title":"Geosynthetics in geoenvironmental engineering","volume":"16","author":"Saathoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"96","article-title":"Application of Geotextiles in Coastal Protection and Coastal Engineering Works: An overview","volume":"4","author":"Ashis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Verheij, H.J., and Hoffmans, G.J. (2006). 3rd International Conference on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-3), CURNET."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2023.01.001","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of the shoreline protection performance of geotextile sandbags at an in-situ coastal experimental station","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2007.02.009","article-title":"Australian and German experiences on the use of geotextile containers","volume":"25","author":"Saathoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2011.01.009","article-title":"Geotextile sand container shoreline protection systems: Design and application","volume":"29","author":"Hornsey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1680\/jgein.16.00026","article-title":"Lifetime predictions of exposed geotextiles and geomembranes","volume":"24","author":"Koerner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geosynth. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.067","article-title":"Degradation of polypropylene geotextiles with different chemical stabilisations in marine environments","volume":"165","author":"Carneiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s43591-022-00042-2","article-title":"Quantifying the fragmentation of polypropylene upon exposure to accelerated weathering","volume":"2","author":"Meides","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microplast. Nanoplast."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Zweifel, H., Maier, R.D., and Schiller, M. (2009). Plastics Additives Handbook, Hanser."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(99)00113-5","article-title":"Thermo-oxidative degradation of isotactic polypropylene at high temperatures: Phenolic antioxidants versus HAS","volume":"67","author":"Gensler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2017.05.012","article-title":"A review on the mechanism of action and applicability of Hindered Amine Stabilizers","volume":"145","author":"Gijsman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Dixon, N. (2008, January 7\u201310). Study of artificial and outdoor weathering of stabilised polypropylene geotextiles. Proceedings of the 4th European Geosynthetics Conference (EuroGeo 4), Edinbourgh, UK."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scholz, P., Putna-Nimane, I., Barda, I., Liepina-Leimane, I., Strode, E., Kileso, A., Esiukova, E., Chubarenko, B., Purina, I., and Simon, F.-G. (2021). Environmental Impact of Geosynthetics in Coastal Protection. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14030634"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(99)00033-6","article-title":"Comparison of the UV-degradation chemistry of polypropylene, polyethylene, polyamide 6 and polybutylene terephthalate","volume":"65","author":"Gijsman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Striegel, A.M., Yau, W.W., Kirkland, J.J., and Bly, D.D. (2009). Modern Size-Exclusion Liquid Chromatography, Practice of Gel Permeation and Gel Filtration Chromatography, John Wiley &amp; Sons. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470442876"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1515\/epoly-2020-0041","article-title":"Determination of the carbonyl index of polyethylene and polypropylene using specified area under band methodology with ATR-FTIR spectroscopy","volume":"20","author":"Almond","year":"2020","journal-title":"e-Polymers"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2013.09.012","article-title":"The Oxidative Resistance of Polymeric Geosynthetic Barriers (Gbr-P) Used for Road and Railway Tunnels","volume":"32","author":"Robertson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2005). Geotextiles and Geotextile-Related Products\u2014Screening Test Method for Determining the Resistance to Oxidation (Standard No. DIN EN ISO 13438)."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2007.01.004","article-title":"Accelerated ageing of polypropylene geotextiles, the effect of temperature, oxygen pressure and aqueous media on fibers\u2014Methodological aspects","volume":"26","author":"Richaud","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.24199","article-title":"A Study on Antioxidant Depletion and Degradation in Polyolefin-Based Geosynthetics: Sacrificial Versus Regenerative Stabilization","volume":"56","author":"Jakob","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1071\/EN17064","article-title":"Contaminant release from aged microplastic","volume":"14","author":"Bandow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wypych, G. (2013). Handbook of Material Weathering, Elsevier. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-895198-62-1.50011-1"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2016). Plastics\u2014Methods of Exposure to Laboratory Light Sources\u2014Part 3: Fluorescent UV Lamps (Standard No. DIN EN ISO 4892-3)."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1002\/pts.2673","article-title":"Combined impact of UV radiation and nitric acid on high-density polyethylene containers as a laboratory test","volume":"35","author":"Geburtig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Packag. Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"58","article-title":"High Temperature GPC Analysis of Polyolefins with Infrared Detection","volume":"12","author":"Monrabal","year":"2009","journal-title":"LC GC Asia Pac."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00555986","article-title":"Determination of a polymeric light stabiliser (Chimassorb 944) in polypropylene","volume":"316","author":"Freitag","year":"1983","journal-title":"Fresenius\u2019 Z. F\u00fcr Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-007-0744-9","article-title":"HPLC technique for quantitation of Chimassorb 944, and its evaluation in analysis of real and standard samples of polyolefins","volume":"159","author":"Eskandar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1080\/00032711003783093","article-title":"Determination of Chimassorb 944 in polypropylene geotextiles by HPLC-UV","volume":"44","author":"Valente","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2004.11.013","article-title":"Identification and quantification of (polymeric) hindered-amine light stabilizers in polymers using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-ultraviolet absorbance detection-evaporative light scattering detection","volume":"1062","author":"Coulier","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1969.070130708","article-title":"The photo-oxidation of polypropylene: Some effects of molecular order","volume":"13","author":"Kato","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2004.01.013","article-title":"Effect of photo-oxidation cracks on behaviour of thick polypropylene samples","volume":"86","author":"Yakimets","year":"2004","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/15321797608076113","article-title":"The Photooxidative Degradation of Polypropylene. Part I. Photooxidation and Photoinitiation Processes","volume":"14","author":"Carlsson","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci. Part C"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.6116","article-title":"Direct detection of additives and degradation products from polymers by liquid extraction surface analysis employing chip-based nanospray mass spectrometry","volume":"26","author":"Paine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chubarenko, B., Domnin, D., Simon, F.-G., Scholz, P., Leitsin, V., Tovpinets, A., Karmanov, K., and Esiukova, E. (2023). Change over Time in the Mechanical Properties of Geosynthetics Used in Coastal Protection in the South-Eastern Baltic. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11010113"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2011.01.006","article-title":"Reduction of climate-damaging gases in geotechnical engineering practice using geosynthetics","volume":"30","author":"Heerten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"24","article-title":"Comparative life cycle assessment of geosynthetics versus conventional construction materials","volume":"45","author":"Frischknecht","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ground Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Koerner, R.M. (2016). Geotextiles, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u0105browska, J., Kiersnowska, A., Zi\u0119ba, Z., and Trach, Y. (2023). Sustainability of Geosynthetics-Based Solutions. Environments, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/environments10040064"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giglio, C., Vocaturo, G.S., and Palmieri, R. (2023). A Scientometric Study of LCA-Based Industrialization and Commercialization of Geosynthetics in Infrastructures. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13042328"}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/16\/9\/3559\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T12:31:01Z","timestamp":1713961861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/16\/9\/3559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["su16093559"],"URL":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390\/su16093559","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]}}}</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">27.05.2024</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Philipp Scholz</author>
    <author>Jana Falkenhagen</author>
    <author>Volker Wachtendorf</author>
    <author>Robert Brüll</author>
    <author>Franz-Georg Simon</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geotextiles</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microplastic</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Size exclusion chromatography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Accelerated aging</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/59973/sustainability-16-03559-with-cover.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57307</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>6</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Royal Society for Chemistry</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Thermo-Desorption Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for investigating the thermal degradation of polyurethanes</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Thermo-Desorption Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) was used to investigate the thermal degradation of two different polyurethanes (PU). PU samples were heated at different heating rates and the desorbed products were collected in a cold injection system and thereafter submitted to GC-MS. Prospects and limitations of the detection and quantification of semi-volatile degradation products were investigated. A temperature dependent PU depolymerization was&#13;
found at temperatures above 200 °C proved by an increasing release of 1,4-butanediol and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) representing the main building blocks of both polymers. Their release was monitored quantitatively based on external calibration with authentic compounds. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) of the residues obtained after thermodesorption confirmed the initial competitive degradation mechanism indicating an equilibrium of crosslinking and depolymerization as previously suggested. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry of SEC fractions of thermally degraded PUs provided additional hints on degradation mechanism.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Analytical Methods</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1039/D3AY00173C</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1759-9660</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">24.04.2023</enrichment>
    <author>Roland Becker</author>
    <author>Philipp Scholz</author>
    <author>Christian Jung</author>
    <author>Steffen Weidner</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermo-desorption</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mass spectrometry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polyurethanes</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal degradation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.7 Organische Spuren- und Lebensmittelanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.3 Strukturanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
