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    <title language="eng">High Precision Nail‐Penetration Setup for the Controlled Thermal Runaway Initiation of Lithium‐Ion Cells at Very Low Temperatures</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A high precision nail‐penetration (NP) tool for characterizing the mechanically induced thermal‐runaway (TR) of lithium‐ion battery (LIB) cells in a defined range of temperatures down to −140 °C was developed. To understand the cell specific behavior at low temperatures aiming at the determination of safe handling conditions, different scenarios are analyzed. First, accuracy tests of the NP‐tool regarding motion and penetration depth are conducted with cylindrical cells at different temperatures. Thus, postmortem computer tomographic (CT) images are compared to the data measured with the newly integrated 3‐axis force sensor which is further combined with a high‐resolution position sensor. The herein developed setup allows evaluation of the NP‐metrics at an accuracy of ±1 pierced electrode layer without CT‐scans. Further NP examinations at 20 °C of fully charged cylindrical lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cells reveal a reproducible minimum damage as a reliable TR‐trigger. Moreover, NP‐tests at low temperature disclose a relation of the short circuit conductivity and TR‐reactions during subsequent rethermalization to room temperature. Finally, the implementation of a novel fixture for a controlled very fast cooling of LIB‐cells during critical damage opens the way to investigate the individual steps during a TR and, thus, to gain important information of the specific TR‐mechanism of different LIB‐cells.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Energy Technology</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/ente.202301379</identifier>
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To understand the cell specific behavior at low temperatures aiming at the determination of safe handling conditions, different scenarios are analyzed. First, accuracy tests of the NP\u2010tool regarding motion and penetration depth are conducted with cylindrical cells at different temperatures. Thus, postmortem computer tomographic (CT) images are compared to the data measured with the newly integrated 3\u2010axis force sensor which is further combined with a high\u2010resolution position sensor. The herein developed setup allows evaluation of the NP\u2010metrics at an accuracy of \u00b11 pierced electrode layer without CT\u2010scans. Further NP examinations at 20\u2009\u00b0C of fully charged cylindrical lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cells\u00a0reveal a reproducible minimum damage as a reliable TR\u2010trigger. 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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Nils Böttcher</author>
    <author>Shahabeddin Dayani</author>
    <author>Henning Markötter</author>
    <author>Alexander Bau</author>
    <author>Max Setzchen</author>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <author>Julia Kowal</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-precision nail penetration</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Abuse testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Exploring the electrochemical and physical stability of lithium-ion cells exposed to liquid nitrogen</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The transport and storage of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries — damaged or in an undefined state — is a major safety concern for regulatory institutions, transportation companies, and manufacturers. Since (electro)chemical reactivity is exponentially temperature-dependent, cooling such batteries is an obvious measure for increasing their safety.&#13;
The present study explores the effect of cryogenic freezing on the electrochemical and physical stability of Li-ion cells. For this purpose, three different types of cells were repeatedly exposed to liquid nitrogen (LN2).&#13;
Before and after each cooling cycle, electrical and electrochemical measurements were conducted to assess the impact of the individual freezing steps. While the electrochemical behavior of the cells did not change significantly upon exposure to LN2 , it became apparent that a non-negligible number of cells suffered from physical changes (swelling) and functional failures. The latter defect was found to be caused by the current interrupt device of the cylindrical cells. This safety mechanism is triggered by the overpressure of expanding nitrogen which enters the cells at cryogenic temperatures.&#13;
This study underlines that the widely accepted reversibility of LN2 -cooling on a material scale does not allow for a direct extrapolation toward the physical integrity of full cells. Since nitrogen enters the cell at cryogenic temperatures and expands upon rethermalization, it can cause an internal overpressure. This can, in turn, lead to mechanical damage to the cell. Consequently, a more appropriate temperature condition — less extreme than direct LN2 exposure — needs to be found</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Energy Storage</parentTitle>
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    <author>Robert Leonhardt</author>
    <author>Nils Böttcher</author>
    <author>Shahabeddin Dayani</author>
    <author>Arielle Rieck</author>
    <author>Henning Markötter</author>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <author>Julia Kowal</author>
    <author>Tim Tichter</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LN2 cooling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery characterization</value>
    </subject>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Visualization of stepwise electrode decomposition in a nail penetrated commercial lithium-ion cell using low-temperature synchrotron X-ray computed tomography</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The transition towards zero carbon emissions in power generation hinges on the integration of efficient electrical energy storage systems, with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) positioned as a pivotal technology. While generally safe, deviations in their operational guidelines due to manufacturing defects or misuse can lead to critical safety concerns, notably thermal runaway (TR) events. Internal short circuits (ISCs) are primary initiators of TR within LIBs. For abuse testing, ISCs are often triggered by nail penetration. This study explores the morphological changes and mechanisms underlying ISC-induced TR in LIBs using operando synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXCT) at subzero temperatures. A novel cryogenic setup was developed to control a stepwise temperature increase in the damaged sample while monitoring electrochemical characteristics and simultaneously enabling acquisition of high-resolution SXCT images. The findings reveal that conducting nail penetration at minus 80°C prevents immediate TR, enabling detailed analysis of subsequent structural and electrochemical behavior during controlled thawing. Thus, the initiation of TR processes at localized ISC sites has been observed, evidenced by voltage fluctuations and morphological changes, such as cathode material cracking and decomposition. These results underscore the importance of temperature control in mitigating TR risks and provide critical insights into the internal dynamics of LIBs under abusive conditions. The developed cryogenic SXCT methodology offers a powerful tool for non-destructive, high-resolution investigation of battery failure mechanisms, contributing to the enhancement of LIB safety.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of power sources</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235472</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-611327</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Nils Böttcher</author>
    <author>Shahabeddin Dayani</author>
    <author>Henning Markötter</author>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <author>J. Kowal</author>
    <author>Y. Lu</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <author>Giovanni Bruno</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tomography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>X-ray imaging</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
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    <pageFirst>5832</pageFirst>
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    <edition/>
    <issue>21</issue>
    <volume>9</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Sodium-ion battery research @ BAM (I): investigating the thermal runaway behaviour of commercial sodium-ion battery cells</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Commercially available sodium-ion battery (SIB) cells, with energy densities comparable to lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells based on LiFePO4, were investigated regarding their safety behaviour under thermal abuse conditions. Tests were carried out in an inert atmosphere. The SIB-cells went into thermal runaway (TR), intriguingly, even at a rather low state of charge of 30%. The TR-event was coupled with a pronounced jelly roll ejection, challenging the interpretation of the TR-diagrams. These findings highlight the necessity of incorporating SIB-cells into the ongoing safety classification discussions for LIB-cells.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Sustainable Energy &amp; Fuels</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2398-4902</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1039/d5se00687b</identifier>
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    <author>Nils Böttcher</author>
    <author>Luise Sander</author>
    <author>Alexander Ulbricht</author>
    <author>Martinus Putra Widjaja</author>
    <author>Tim-Patrick Fellinger</author>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sodium Ion Batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal Runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery safety</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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