<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>64084</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Morphological Analysis of Graphene Oxide by SEM and Correlative Field-Flow Fractionation Coupled with Multi-Angle Light Scattering</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Since the first free-standing monolayer graphene sheet was successfully prepared in 2004 [1], graphene and graphene oxide materials achieved the necessary technical readiness level to be considered for use in commercial products. Moreover, the focus has shifted from fundamental research towards expanding the applicability of graphene-related 2D materials (GR2M) and to improve their competitiveness with established materials [2]. Significant advances have been made especially in applications regarding optoelectronics, energy storage materials, chemical additives, sensor applications etc. [3]. Composite products containing graphene and functionalized graphene such as inks and dyes have shown enhanced performance regarding longevity, wettability, and can be tailored for specific purposes through dedicated functionalization.  &#13;
	For accurate physico-chemical characterization, GR2M products in their raw form or as part of composites present challenges in terms of sample preparation, choice of analytical method and evaluation of data. For instance, in the context of imaging, these challenges encompass: (a) the selection of images magnifications being representative for all the flakes ranging in size from hundreds of nanometers to micrometers; (b) the selection of representative flakes for adequate statistics, which may involve the separation of overlapping/agglomerating flakes by segmentation; and (c) the classification of diverse morphologies such as irregularly shaped/crumpled flakes, porous flakes and particulate features present in the sample. The complexity of the analytical task has needed the introduction of specific ontology for 2D materials to identify the proper descriptors characterizing confidently the morphological features of interest. Regarding light scattering techniques such as Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Multi-Angle Light Scattering (MALS) commonly used for process control in industry as a first measure, an alternative approach would be necessary. This is in part due to the use of the standard sphere-model for 2D materials as appearing to be inappropriate, whilst a disc-shape model potentially yields more suitable results. Standardization efforts are underway to establish a baseline for accurate characterization of aimed measurands with sufficient statistics. To date, the measurement methods recommended by standardization bodies for the morphological-structural characterization of GR2M’s are AFM, Raman Spectroscopy and SEM and/or TEM. The acquisition of statistically relevant numbers of flakes for a thorough characterization using TEM and AFM is particularly time-consuming. &#13;
	The size distribution of graphene oxide- and graphene-containing inks was investigated by using a correlative approach coupling Centrifugal Field-Flow Fractionation (CF3) [4] with MALS. Up to now, promising results for Field-Flow Fractionation have been achieved only with respect to the separation into size classes of GO samples as well as of graphene oxide mixed with graphene by Asymmetrical Field-Flow Fractionation (AF4) [5], [6]. Besides the online characterization by MALS, the eluting size fractions obtained by CF3 were also collected and subsequently measured by SEM. Successful separation into size fractions allows us to apply ensemble techniques such as MALS to samples that were previously not measurable according to best-practices. In this study, the following material sub-classes have been observed with SEM: (i) nano-graphite mixed with graphene flakes, (ii) graphene oxide few- and multi-layer flakes with diverse and highly complex morphology, and (iii) graphene oxide of well-defined size and shape with &gt;95% single- and bilayer content were investigated. Data on the class size ranges was obtained by MALS after separation with CF3 and consideration of a disc-shape model. Significant effort was invested into the sample preparation for CF3 measurements to achieve a recovery rate of &gt;80%, well above the recommended 70% by ISO/TS 21362:2018 for validation purposes. The material fractions collected after the CF3 measurement were separately deposited on a silicon wafer and the size results of the SEM analysis were correlated with the corresponding mean sizes obtained with MALS.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Microscopy and Microanalysis 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Salt Lake City, UTAH, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">27.07.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">31.07.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Paul Mrkwitschka</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Advanced Material</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>CF3</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SEM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Morphology</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Advanced Materials</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61182</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>14</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Nature</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>London</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Development of a one-pot synthesis of rGO in water by optimizing Tour’s method parameters</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Since its first synthesis in 2004, graphene has been widely studied and several different synthesis methods has been developed. Solvent exfoliation of graphite and the reduction of graphene oxide previously obtained through graphite oxidation are the most employed. In this work, we exploited synthesis conditions of a method usually employed for obtaining graphene oxide (the Tour’s method) for directly obtaining a very poorly oxidised material with characteristics like reduced graphene oxide. For the first time, a one-pot synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is reported avoiding the use of a post-synthesis chemical or thermal reduction of the graphene oxide that requires further reagents, heat and time.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Scientific reports</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1038/s41598-024-73606-2</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-611827</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2045-2322</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus_import_data">{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]],"date-time":"2024-09-28T04:26:48Z","timestamp":1727497608534},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101092796 (project ACCORDs)","101092796 (project ACCORDs)","101092796 (project ACCORDs)","101092796 (project ACCORDs)","101092796 (project ACCORDs)","101092796 (project ACCORDs)","101092796 (project ACCORDs)","101092796 (project ACCORDs)","101092796 (project ACCORDs)","101092796 (project ACCORDs)","101092796 (project ACCORDs)","101092796 (project ACCORDs)","101092796 (project ACCORDs)","101092796 (project ACCORDs)"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project CH4.0 \u201cDipartimenti di Eccellenza 6 2023\u20132027\u201d (CUP: D13C22003520001)","Project CH4.0 \u201cDipartimenti di Eccellenza 6 2023\u20132027\u201d (CUP: D13C22003520001)","Project CH4.0 \u201cDipartimenti di Eccellenza 6 2023\u20132027\u201d (CUP: D13C22003520001)","Project CH4.0 \u201cDipartimenti di Eccellenza 6 2023\u20132027\u201d (CUP: D13C22003520001)","Project CH4.0 \u201cDipartimenti di Eccellenza 6 2023\u20132027\u201d (CUP: D13C22003520001)"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"&lt;jats:title&gt;Abstract&lt;\/jats:title&gt;&lt;jats:p&gt;Since its first synthesis in 2004, graphene has been widely studied and several different synthesis methods has been developed. Solvent exfoliation of graphite and the reduction of graphene oxide previously obtained through graphite oxidation are the most employed. In this work, we exploited synthesis conditions of a method usually employed for obtaining graphene oxide (the Tour\u2019s method) for directly obtaining a very poorly oxidised material with characteristics like reduced graphene oxide. For the first time, a one-pot synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is reported avoiding the use of a post-synthesis chemical or thermal reduction of the graphene oxide that requires further reagents, heat and time.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73606-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T20:25:00Z","timestamp":1727468700000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a one-pot synthesis of rGO in water by optimizing Tour\u2019s method parameters"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Rossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eugenio","family":"Alladio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Damjana","family":"Drobne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vasile-Dan","family":"Hodoroaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Jurkschat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Veno","family":"Kononenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Loay Akmal","family":"Madbouly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Mrkwitschka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Radnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"\u0160pela","family":"Saje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rosangela","family":"Santalucia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Sordello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Pellegrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"73606_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1158877","volume":"324","author":"AK Geim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Geim, A. K. Graphene: status and prospects. Science. 324, 1530\u20131534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1158877 (2009).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"73606_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1849","volume":"6","author":"AK Geim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Geim, A. K. &amp; Novoselov, K. S. The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater.6, 183\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmat1849 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"73606_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102896","volume":"306","author":"KS Novoselov","year":"2004","unstructured":"Novoselov, K. S. et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science. 306, 666\u2013669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1102896 (2004).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"73606_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1080\/14686996.2018.1494493","volume":"19","author":"G Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang, G., Li, L., Lee, W. B. &amp; Ng, M. C. Structure of graphene and its disorders: a review. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater.19, 613\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14686996.2018.1494493 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"73606_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6640","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201600382","volume":"12","author":"X Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, X., Yu, J., Wageh, S., Al-Ghamdi, A. A. &amp; Xie J. Graphene Photocatalysis: Rev. Small12, 6640\u20136696, doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.201600382 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Graphene Photocatalysis: Rev. Small"},{"key":"73606_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2021.100163","author":"VB Mbayachi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mbayachi, V. B. et al. Graphene synthesis, characterization and its applications: A review. Results Chem.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rechem.2021.100163 (2021).","journal-title":"Results Chem."},{"key":"73606_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2014.04.006","volume":"46","author":"KE Whitener","year":"2014","unstructured":"Whitener, K. E. &amp; Sheehan, P. E. Graphene synthesis. Diam. Relat. Mater.46, 25\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diamond.2014.04.006 (2014).","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"73606_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/s1369-7021(12)70044-5","volume":"15","author":"P Avouris","year":"2012","unstructured":"Avouris, P. &amp; Dimitrakopoulos, C. Graphene: synthesis and applications. Mater. Today. 15, 86\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1369-7021(12)70044-5 (2012).","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"73606_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4236\/graphene.2017.61001","volume":"06","author":"SN Alam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alam, S. N., Sharma, N. &amp; Kumar, L. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide (GO) by modified hummers Method and its thermal reduction to obtain reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO)*. Graphene. 06, 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/graphene.2017.61001 (2017).","journal-title":"Graphene"},{"key":"73606_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2019.02.003","volume":"12","author":"GG Gebreegziabher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gebreegziabher, G. G., Asemahegne, A. S., Ayele, D. W., Dhakshnamoorthy, M. &amp; Kumar, A. One-step synthesis and characterization of reduced graphene oxide using chemical exfoliation method. Mater. Today Chem.12, 233\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtchem.2019.02.003 (2019).","journal-title":"Mater. Today Chem."},{"key":"73606_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1039\/c5cc08170j","volume":"52","author":"CK Chua","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chua, C. K. &amp; Pumera, M. The reduction of graphene oxide with hydrazine: elucidating its reductive capability based on a reaction-model approach. Chem. Commun. (Camb). 52, 72\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c5cc08170j (2016).","journal-title":"Chem. Commun. (Camb)"},{"key":"73606_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1021\/jp909284g","volume":"114","author":"X Gao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gao, X., Jang, J. &amp; Nagase, S. Hydrazine and Thermal reduction of Graphene Oxide: reaction mechanisms, product structures, and reaction design. J. Phys. Chem. C. 114, 832\u2013842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jp909284g (2009).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"73606_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17315","DOI":"10.1021\/ja205168x","volume":"133","author":"R Larciprete","year":"2011","unstructured":"Larciprete, R. et al. Dual path mechanism in the thermal reduction of graphene oxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc.133, 17315\u201317321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ja205168x (2011).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"73606_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1039\/b917705a","volume":"46","author":"J Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang, J. et al. Reduction of graphene oxide via L-ascorbic acid. Chem. Commun. (Camb). 46, 1112\u20131114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/b917705a (2010).","journal-title":"Chem. Commun. (Camb)"},{"key":"73606_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.03.243","volume":"447","author":"KKH De Silva","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Silva, K. K. H., Huang, H. H. &amp; Yoshimura, M. Progress of reduction of graphene oxide by ascorbic acid. Appl. Surf. Sci.447, 338\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.03.243 (2018).","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"73606_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2013.11.022","volume":"20","author":"FT Johra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johra, F. T., Lee, J. W. &amp; Jung, W. G. Facile and safe graphene preparation on solution based platform. J. Ind. Eng. Chem.20, 2883\u20132887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiec.2013.11.022 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"73606_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4806","DOI":"10.1021\/nn1006368","volume":"4","author":"DC Marcano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marcano, D. C. et al. Improved synthesis of graphene oxide. ACS Nano. 4, 4806\u20134814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/nn1006368 (2010).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"73606_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-014-8791-1","volume":"50","author":"M Minella","year":"2015","unstructured":"Minella, M. et al. Photochemical stability and reactivity of graphene oxide. J. Mater. Sci.50, 2399\u20132409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10853-014-8791-1 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"73606_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2016.05.008","volume":"9","author":"C Yi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yi, C., Chen, X., Zhang, L., Wang, X. &amp; Ke, C. Nanomechanical z-shape folding of graphene on flat substrate. Extreme Mech. Lett.9, 84\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eml.2016.05.008 (2016).","journal-title":"Extreme Mech. Lett."},{"key":"73606_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3651","DOI":"10.1039\/c4nr07078j","volume":"7","author":"DW Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li, D. W. et al. In situ imaging and control of layer-by-layer femtosecond laser thinning of graphene. Nanoscale. 7, 3651\u20133659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c4nr07078j (2015).","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"73606_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2015.9201","volume":"15","author":"S Liang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liang, S. et al. Effects of Processing parameters on massive production of Graphene by Jet Cavitation. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 15, 2686\u20132694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1166\/jnn.2015.9201 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol"},{"key":"73606_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.1021\/nl201432g","volume":"11","author":"LG Cancado","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cancado, L. G. et al. Quantifying defects in graphene via Raman spectroscopy at different excitation energies. Nano Lett.11, 3190\u20133196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/nl201432g (2011).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"73606_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2009.12.057","volume":"48","author":"MM Lucchese","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lucchese, M. M. et al. Quantifying ion-induced defects and Raman relaxation length in graphene. Carbon. 48, 1592\u20131597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbon.2009.12.057 (2010).","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"73606_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187401","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.97.187401","volume":"97","author":"AC Ferrari","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ferrari, A. C. et al. Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers. Phys. Rev. Lett.97, 187401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.97.187401 (2006).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"73606_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst8100375","author":"Y Lan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lan, Y. et al. Basic Concepts and Recent Advances of Crystallographic Orientation Determination of Graphene by Raman Spectroscopy. Crystalshttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cryst8100375 (2018).","journal-title":"Crystals"},{"key":"73606_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.2321","volume":"40","author":"H Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang, H., Wang, Y., Cao, X., Feng, M. &amp; Lan, G. Vibrational properties of graphene and graphene layers. J. Raman Spectrosc.40, 1791\u20131796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jrs.2321 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"73606_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Groppo, E., Bonino, F., Cesano, F., Damin, A. &amp; Manzoli, M. in Metal-free Functionalized Carbons Catal. Catal. Ser. 103\u2013137 (2018).","DOI":"10.1039\/9781788013116-00103"},{"key":"73606_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2022.132352","author":"R Botella","year":"2022","unstructured":"Botella, R., Pi\u00f1eiro-Garc\u00eda, A., Semetey, V. &amp; Lef\u00e8vre, G. Polarized ATR-IR spectroscopy for the identification of material structure: The case of graphene oxide. Mater. Lett.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matlet.2022.132352 (2022).","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"73606_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2016.1157013","volume":"46","author":"V Tucureanu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tucureanu, V., Matei, A. &amp; Avram, A. M. FTIR Spectroscopy for Carbon Family Study. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem.46, 502\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408347.2016.1157013 (2016).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"73606_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6195","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c05578","volume":"6","author":"W Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, W. &amp; Speranza, G. Tuning the Oxygen content of reduced Graphene Oxide and effects on its Properties. ACS Omega. 6, 6195\u20136205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.0c05578 (2021).","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"73606_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4380","DOI":"10.1021\/nn1030725","volume":"5","author":"OC Compton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Compton, O. C. et al. Chemically active reduced graphene oxide with tunable C\/O ratios. ACS Nano. 5, 4380\u20134391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/nn1030725 (2011).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"73606_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab9e47","author":"DT Tran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tran, D. T. &amp; Nguyen, V. N. rGO\/persulfate metal-free catalytic system for the degradation of tetracycline: effect of reaction parameters. Mater. Res. Expresshttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab9e47 (2020).","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"73606_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-020-03334-w","volume":"78","author":"TNABTA Mutalib","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mutalib, T. N. A. B. T. A. et al. Properties of polyaniline\/graphene oxide (PANI\/GO) composites: effect of GO loading. Polym. Bull.78, 4835\u20134847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00289-020-03334-w (2020).","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"73606_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202300116","author":"G Chemello","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chemello, G. et al. Influence of the Morphology on the Functionalization of Graphene Nanoplatelets Analyzed by Comparative Photoelectron Spectroscopy with Soft and Hard X-Rays. Adv. Mater. Interfaceshttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/admi.202300116 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"73606_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2022.153681","author":"MC Biesinger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Biesinger, M. C. Accessing the robustness of adventitious carbon for charge referencing (correction) purposes in XPS analysis: Insights from a multi-user facility data review. Appl. Surf. Sci.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsusc.2022.153681 (2022).","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"73606_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2016.11.002","volume":"112","author":"W Xie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xie, W., Weng, L. T., Ng, K. M., Chan, C. K. &amp; Chan, C. M. Defects of clean graphene and sputtered graphite surfaces characterized by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Carbon. 112, 192\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbon.2016.11.002 (2017).","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"73606_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ed070pA25.5","author":"G Beamson","year":"1993","unstructured":"High Resolution XPS of Organic Polymers, Beamson, G. &amp; Briggs, D. The Scienta ESCA300 Database. J. Chem. Educ.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ed070pA25.5 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"73606_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2012.04.002","volume":"20","author":"E Casero","year":"2012","unstructured":"Casero, E. et al. Differentiation between graphene oxide and reduced graphene by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Electrochem. Commun.20, 63\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.elecom.2012.04.002 (2012).","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"73606_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.05.060","volume":"62","author":"T Mesari\u010d","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mesari\u010d, T. et al. Effects of surface curvature and surface characteristics of carbon-based nanomaterials on the adsorption and activity of acetylcholinesterase. Carbon. 62, 222\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.05.060 (2013).","journal-title":"Carbon"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-73606-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-73606-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-73606-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T20:26:54Z","timestamp":1727468814000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-73606-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["73606"],"URL":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-73606-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 September 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22381"}}</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">17.10.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="RelatedIdentifier">https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-617590</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Andrea Rossi</author>
    <author>Eugenio Alladio</author>
    <author>Damjana Drobne</author>
    <author>Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba</author>
    <author>Kerstin Jurkschat</author>
    <author>Veno Kononenko</author>
    <author>Loay Akmal Madbouly</author>
    <author>Paul Mrkwitschka</author>
    <author>Sara Novak</author>
    <author>Jörg Radnik</author>
    <author>Špela Saje</author>
    <author>Rosangela Santalucia</author>
    <author>Fabrizio Sordello</author>
    <author>Francesco Pellegrino</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Graphene</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>2D-materials</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tour's method</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>rGO</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>One-pot synthesis</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Advanced Materials</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/61182/s41598-024-73606-2.pdf</file>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/61182/41598_2024_73606_MOESM1_ESM.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62575</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>7</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Comparative Elemental Analysis of Commercial Functionalized Graphene Nanoplatelets Along the Production Chain With X‐Ray Photoelectron and Energy‐Dispersive X‐Ray Spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Graphene has been commercialized for over a decade, primarily in the form of suspensions and inks. In this study, we investigate the properties of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and their functionalized derivatives, incorporating fluorine or nitrogen as functional groups (FG). The analysis was conducted on three forms, that is, powders, suspensions, and inks, using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX). The objective of this work is to establish a rapid and comprehensive systematic approach for elemental analysis of commercial functionalized graphene, which can be used for quality control. Functionalization is employed to tailor the material's physical and chemical properties. In our study, graphene samples, functionalized with fluorine or ammonia in a plasma reactor, were investigated. Both XPS and EDX were applicable for all three forms and showed, in general, similar trends between the three forms, so that both XPS and EDX can be used for quality control of GNPs along the production chain.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Surface and Interface Analysis</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/sia.7386</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-625752</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1096-9918</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus_import_data">{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T03:40:17Z","timestamp":1739936417223,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Surface &amp;amp; Interface Analysis"],"abstract":"&lt;jats:title&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;\/jats:title&gt;&lt;jats:p&gt;Graphene has been commercialized for over a decade, primarily in the form of suspensions and inks. In this study, we investigate the properties of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and their functionalized derivatives, incorporating fluorine or nitrogen as functional groups (FG). The analysis was conducted on three forms, that is, powders, suspensions, and inks, using X\u2010ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy\u2010dispersive X\u2010ray spectroscopy (EDX). The objective of this work is to establish a rapid and comprehensive systematic approach for elemental analysis of commercial functionalized graphene, which can be used for quality control. Functionalization is employed to tailor the material's physical and chemical properties. In our study, graphene samples, functionalized with fluorine or ammonia in a plasma reactor, were investigated. Both XPS and EDX were applicable for all three forms and showed, in general, similar trends between the three forms, so that both XPS and EDX can be used for quality control of GNPs along the production chain.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.7386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T03:08:26Z","timestamp":1739934506000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Elemental Analysis of Commercial Functionalized Graphene Nanoplatelets Along the Production Chain With X\u2010Ray Photoelectron and Energy\u2010Dispersive X\u2010Ray Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0912-1103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loay\u00a0Akmal","family":"Madbouly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division 6.1 Surface and Thin Film Analysis Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)  Berlin Germany"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Mrkwitschka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division 6.1 Surface and Thin Film Analysis Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)  Berlin Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5856-5504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg\u00a0Manfred","family":"Stockmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division 6.1 Surface and Thin Film Analysis Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)  Berlin Germany"}]},{"given":"Elliot","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haydale Limited  Ammanford UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0302-6815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Radnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division 6.1 Surface and Thin Film Analysis Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)  Berlin Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7901-6114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasile\u2010Dan","family":"Hodoroaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division 6.1 Surface and Thin Film Analysis Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)  Berlin Germany"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.07.070","article-title":"Graphene\u2013Metal Oxide Nanohybrids for Toxic Gas Sensor: A Review","volume":"221","author":"Gupta Chatterjee S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2015.09.073","article-title":"An Investigation of PDMS Stamp Assisted Mechanical Exfoliation of Large Area Graphene","volume":"1","author":"Jayasena B.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Manufacturing"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6515","DOI":"10.1021\/ma100572e","article-title":"Graphene\/Polymer Nanocomposites","volume":"43","author":"Kim H.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2012.03.002","article-title":"Chemical Functionalization of Graphene and Its Applications","volume":"57","author":"Kuila T.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Progress in Materials Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2014.03.022","article-title":"A Review on Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene as Fillers in Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites","volume":"21","author":"Mittal G.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1849","article-title":"The Rise of Graphene","volume":"6","author":"Geim A. K.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Materials"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0731872","article-title":"Superior Thermal Conductivity of Single\u2010Layer Graphene","volume":"8","author":"Balandin A. A.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2015.06.016","article-title":"Tailoring the Interface in Graphene\/Thermoset Polymer Composites: A Critical Review","volume":"70","author":"Rohini R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"issue":"35","key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12194","DOI":"10.1021\/ja5048297","article-title":"Chemistry Makes Graphene Beyond Graphene","volume":"136","author":"Liao L.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the American Chemical Society"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.80.113405","article-title":"Young's Modulus of Graphene: A Molecular Dynamics Study","volume":"80","author":"Jiang J.\u2010W.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physical Review B"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4989","DOI":"10.1021\/nl103103z","article-title":"Manipulating Graphene Mobility and Charge Neutral Point With Ligand\u2010Bound Nanoparticles as Charge Reservoir","volume":"10","author":"Wang D.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Letters"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/3\/2\/025021","article-title":"Graphene Radio Frequency and Microwave Passive Components for Low Cost Wearable Electronics","volume":"3","author":"Huang X.","year":"2016","journal-title":"2D Materials"},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3480","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201303202","article-title":"Graphene and Graphene\u2010Based Materials for Energy Storage Applications","volume":"10","author":"Zhu J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2015.978760","article-title":"The Advancing Uses of Nano\u2010Graphene in Drug Delivery","volume":"12","author":"Yang K.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.17576\/jsm-2017-4607-16","article-title":"Graphene for Biomedical Applications: A Review","volume":"46","author":"Hamzah A. A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sains Malaysiana"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200901934","article-title":"Graphene Oxide, Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide, and Graphene: Versatile Building Blocks for Carbon\u2010Based Materials","volume":"6","author":"Compton O. C.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1039\/C1CS15193B","article-title":"Chemistry and Physics of a Single Atomic Layer: Strategies and Challenges for Functionalization of Graphene and Graphene\u2010Based Materials","volume":"41","author":"Yan L.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemical Society Reviews"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4373","DOI":"10.1021\/nl802234n","article-title":"Chemical Functionalization of Graphene With Defects","volume":"8","author":"Boukhvalov D. W.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","unstructured":"ISO \u201cNanotechnologies \u2014 Chemical Characterization of Graphene\u2010Related Two\u2010Dimensional Materials From Powders and Liquid Dispersions Under Development \u201dwww.iso.org\/standard\/83450.html ISO\/DTS 23359."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1116\/6.0000685","article-title":"Assessment of the Frequency and Nature of Erroneous X\u2010Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Analyses in the Scientific Literature","volume":"38","author":"Major G. H.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology"},{"issue":"18","key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0024370","article-title":"Nanoscale Characterization of Plasma Functionalized Graphitic Flakes Using Tip\u2010Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"153","author":"Kumar N.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Physics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202300116"}],"container-title":["Surface and Interface Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T03:08:35Z","timestamp":1739934515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/sia.7386"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/sia.7386"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sia.7386","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0142-2421","1096-9918"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0142-2421","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9918","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">03.03.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Loay Akmal Madbouly</author>
    <author>Paul Mrkwitschka</author>
    <author>Jörg Manfred Stockmann</author>
    <author>Elliot Jones</author>
    <author>Jörg Radnik</author>
    <author>Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Commercial graphene</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Functionalized graphene</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Graphene inks</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SEM/EDS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XPS</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Advanced Materials</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/62575/MadboulyEtAl_SIA_2025_FuncGByEDSaXPS.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53272</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Comparative study of suitable preparation methods to evaluate irregular shaped, polydisperse nanoparticles by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Reliable characterization of materials at the nanoscale regarding their physio-chemical properties is a challenging task, which is important when utilizing and designing nanoscale materials. Nanoscale materials pose a potential toxicological hazard to the environment and the human body. For this reason, the European Commission amended the REACH Regulation in 2018 to govern the classification of nanomaterials, relying on number-based distribution of the particle size. &#13;
Suitable methods exist for the granulometric characterization of monodisperse and ideally shaped nanoparticles. However, the evaluation of commercially available nanoscale powders is problematic. These powders tend to agglomerate, show a wide particle size distribution and are of irregular particle shape.&#13;
Zinc oxide, aluminum oxide and cerium oxide with particle sizes less than 100 nm were selected for the studies and different preparation methods were used comparatively. &#13;
First, the nanoparticles were dispersed in different dispersants and prepared on TEM-supported copper grids. Furthermore, individual powders were deposited on carbon-based self-adhesive pads. In addition, the samples were embedded by hot mounting and then ground and polished. &#13;
The prepared samples were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (including the transmission mode STEM-in-SEM) and Dynamic Light scattering. The software package ImageJ was used to segment the SEM images and obtain the particle sizes and shapes and finally the number-based particles size distribution with size expressed as various descriptors.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Ceramics 2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.04.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">21.04.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Paul Mrkwitschka</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nanoparticles</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Preparation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Characterization</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5 Werkstofftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5.4 Multimateriale Fertigungsprozesse</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Advanced Materials</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51767</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Fine iron oxide nanoparticles as a candidate reference material for reliable  measurement of particle size</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Background, Motivation and Objective &#13;
Nanomaterials are at the core of some of the 21st century’s most promising technologies. In order to utilize and rationally design materials at the nanoscale the reliable characterization of their physico-chemical properties is highly important. Furthermore, the European Commission has taken measures via the REACH Regulations to control the classification of nanomaterials. REACH Annexes which entered into force in January 2020 require manufacturers to register nanomaterials that are traded in larger quantities (at least 1 ton). Every powder or dispersion where 50% (number distribution) of the constituent particles have sizes ≤ 100 nm in at least one dimension are defined as a nanomaterial. This creates a need for both industrial manufacturers and research and analytical service facilities to reliably characterize potential nanomaterials. Currently, BAM is working on developing reference nanoparticles, which shall expand the scarce list of worldwide available nano reference materials certified for particle size distribution, but also targeting other key parameters such as shape, structure (including porosity) and functional properties. Thus, candidate materials are considered to complement the already available spherical and monodisperse silica, Au and polystyrene reference nanoparticles, e.g. iron oxide and titanium oxide, with an average atomic number between those of silica and gold. Particularly for the imaging by electron microscopies, new nanoparticles of well-defined size in the range of 10 nm are decisive for the accurate particle segmentation by setting precise thresholds. &#13;
&#13;
Statement of Contribution/Methods &#13;
Synthesis: Highly monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles can be synthesized in large quantities by thermal decomposition of iron oleate or iron acetylacetonate precursors in high boiling solvents such as octadecene or dioctyl ether in the presence of oleic acid and oleylamine as capping agents. &#13;
Scanning Electron Microscope: An SEM of type Supra 40 from Zeiss has been used including the dedicated measurement mode transmission in SEM (STEM-in-SEM) with a superior material contrast for the nanoparticle analysis. The software package ImageJ has been used for the analysis of the STEM-in-SEM images and to determine the particle size distribution. &#13;
Dynamic Light scattering (DLS): Particles in suspension were measured in comparison by means of Zetasizer Nano (Malvern Panalytical; cumulants analysis) and NanoFlex (Microtrac; frequency power spectrum). &#13;
&#13;
Results/Discussion &#13;
In this study iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized at BAM and pre-characterized by DLS, SEM (including the transmission mode STEM-in-SEM) are presented. The particles are spherical and highly monodisperse with sizes slightly larger than 10 nm.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Nanosafe 2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">16.11.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">23.11.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Paul Mrkwitschka</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reference nanomaterials</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Imaging techniques</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Size and size distribution</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reliable characterization</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Iron oxide nanoparticles</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.2 Biophotonik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5 Werkstofftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5.4 Multimateriale Fertigungsprozesse</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Advanced Materials</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64085</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Standardized Chemical Composition Analysis of Graphene Oxide Flakes with SEM/EDS and XPS Works Reliably</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Reliable quantification of the chemical composition of graphene-related 2D materials as powders and liquid suspensions is a challenging task. Analytical methods such as XPS, ICP-MS, TGA and FTIR are recommended to be used in ongoing projects at standardization bodies. The specific parameters to be measured are also defined, e.g. the oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) concentration ratio, the trace metal impurities, or the functional groups present [1]. In this contribution, for the first time, the results of a systematic study on the capability of SEM/EDS to reliably quantify the O/C ratio in a well-defined and well-characterized graphene oxide material [2] are presented. It is expected that the quantitative EDS analysis of light elements emitting characteristic X-ray lines below 1 keV to be provided with significantly larger measurement uncertainties than the analysis of elements with an atomic number of 11 (Na) or above [3]. The robustness of the SEM/EDS results obtained at various measurement conditions (various excitation energies) is tested by comparing the results to the established XPS analysis [4], which has been carried out on the same samples.&#13;
		A crucial step in sample preparation from liquid suspension with graphene oxides flakes onto a substrate for analysis with both XPS and EDS. It is demonstrated that if a closed and enough thick drop-cast deposited spot is succeeded to be deposited on a substrate, both surface-sensitive XPS analysis and bulk-characterizing EDS result in very similar elemental composition of oxygen and carbon. Hence, theoretical, expected O/C atomic ratio values for pure graphene oxide of ~0.5 [1] are achieved (with both methods), see Figure 1. Further, the effect of untight deposited material enabling co-analysis of the (silicon) substrate, is evaluated for both methods, XPS and EDS. To note that all the EDS results in this study have been quantified standardless.&#13;
	The effect of the variation of beam voltage on the result of the quantification of the O/C ratio is shown in Figure 2. No clear tendency is visible by varying the kV, which is a confirmation of the quality of the standardless analysis at the used EDS spectrometer. &#13;
	The results of this study demonstrate the reliability of the reference measurement protocol for SEM/EDS to be introduced into ISO/DTS 23359, including the dedicated sample preparation, particularly for the cases when the concentration of the GO flakes in stock liquid suspension is low. Further, also the consideration of this GO material as one of the very few available as a commercial material on the market as the very first GO reference material with regard to its morphology as well as chemical composition. Both the standard measurement procedure and the candidate reference material will immensely contribute to characterise reliably the chemical composition of graphene-related 2D materials with SEM/EDS as one of the most widely used methods in analytical laboratories.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Microscopy and Microanalysis 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Salt Lake City, UTAH, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">27.07.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">31.07.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Paul Mrkwitschka</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Graphene oxide flakes</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SEM/EDS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XPS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>O/C ratio</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Impurities</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Advanced Materials</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65123</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>7</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley VHC-Verlag</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Bifunctional Reduced Graphene Oxide Derivatives for PFOA Adsorption</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Innovative materials are crucial for removing persistent pollutants per‐ and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) from water. Here, a novel bifunctional reduced graphene oxide (TRGO) adsorbent is developed and characterized by advanced surface sensitive methods. Compared to pristine TRGO, the functionalized TRGO shows markedly improved PFAS removal efficiency and demonstrates strong potential for water purification applications.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">ChemistryEurope</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2751-4765</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/ceur.202500240</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-651238</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefLicence">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_import_origin">crossref</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_doiImportPopulated">PersonAuthorFirstName_1,PersonAuthorLastName_1,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_1,PersonAuthorFirstName_2,PersonAuthorLastName_2,PersonAuthorFirstName_3,PersonAuthorLastName_3,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_3,PersonAuthorFirstName_4,PersonAuthorLastName_4,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_4,PersonAuthorFirstName_5,PersonAuthorLastName_5,PersonAuthorFirstName_6,PersonAuthorLastName_6,PersonAuthorFirstName_7,PersonAuthorLastName_7,PersonAuthorFirstName_8,PersonAuthorLastName_8,PersonAuthorFirstName_9,PersonAuthorLastName_9,PersonAuthorFirstName_10,PersonAuthorLastName_10,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_10,PersonAuthorFirstName_11,PersonAuthorLastName_11,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_11,PublisherName,TitleMain_1,Language,TitleAbstract_1,TitleParent_1,ArticleNumber,PublishedYear,IdentifierIssn,Enrichmentlocal_crossrefLicence</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">doi-import</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Robert Schusterbauer</author>
    <author>Pia Schünemann</author>
    <author>Philip Nickl</author>
    <author>Jasmin Er</author>
    <author>Victoria Kämmer</author>
    <author>Florian Junge</author>
    <author>Salim Fazzani</author>
    <author>Paul Mrkwitschka</author>
    <author>Björn Meermann</author>
    <author>Rainer Haag</author>
    <author>Ievgen Donskyi</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Adsorber</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>PFAS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>HR-CS-GFMAS</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.1 Anorganische Spurenanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Advanced Materials</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/65123/ChemistryEurope - 2025.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65624</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>researchdata</type>
    <publisherName>Zenodo</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Geneva</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">XPS/HAXPES and EDS spectra with ROI</title>
    <abstract language="eng">XPS/HAXPES spectra as well as EDS spectra and SEM micrographs with regions of interest. Measurement scheme included as a powerpoint presentation.&#13;
Investigated materials: Ionic liquid and commercial and lab-synthesized graphene oxide.</abstract>
    <identifier type="doi">10.5281/zenodo.18231732</identifier>
    <enrichment key="ScientificResourceTypeGeneral">Datensatz</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="ScientificDateCreatedStart">19.08.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="ScientificDateCreatedEnd">01.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="ScientificGeolocation">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="ScientificNote">Contains raw data (proprietary and open file formats)Raw-GO.7zRaw-IL.7zXPS-RAW-GO.7zExtracted data (generally standardized .tifs, .msa and .npl formats)Bruker_spectra-GO.7zBruker_spectra-IL.7zOxford_spectra-GO.7z	Oxford_spectra-IL.7zThermo_spectra-GO.7zThermo_spectra-IL.7zUniTo_Figure1.7zXPS-GO.7z	xps-haxpes-IL.7zResults and measurement scheme: EDX_XPS__HAXPES_IL.xlsxAll-Spektrometer_R1P1-7_Graphenea.xlsxMeasurement scheme.pptx</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="RelatedIdentifier">https://10.1002/smll.202511283</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Paul Mrkwitschka</author>
    <author>Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba</author>
    <author>Jörg Radnik</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>EDX</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XPS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Graphene Oxide</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ionic Liquid</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Advanced Materials</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65674</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley-VHC GmbH</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Standardized Elemental Composition Analysis of Graphene‐Related 2D Materials (GR2M) With SEM/EDS and XPS Works Reliably</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Reliable quantification of the chemical composition of graphene‐related 2D materials (GR2M) as powders and liquid suspensions is a challenging task. Analytical methods such as X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are recommended by standardization bodies. The specific parameters to be measured are also defined, e.g., the oxygen‐to‐carbon (O/C) atomic ratio, the trace metal impurities, or the functional groups. In this contribution, for the first time, results of a systematic study on the capability of energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) at a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to reliably quantify the O/C ratio and impurities remained from the synthesis of selected GR2M are reported. The robustness of SEM/EDS analysis is verified for various measurement conditions (different excitations and EDS detectors) and the validity of the results is tested by comparison to the established XPS analysis. Moreover, an ionic liquid is used as a reference material for the quantification of the light elements such as C, N, O and F. The study clearly demonstrates the reliability of the fast and widely available SEM/EDS as a standard method for the quantification of the elemental composition of GR2M and generally of light materials.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Small</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1613-6810</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/smll.202511283</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656748</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefLicence">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_import_origin">crossref</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_doiImportPopulated">PersonAuthorFirstName_1,PersonAuthorLastName_1,PersonAuthorFirstName_2,PersonAuthorLastName_2,PersonAuthorFirstName_3,PersonAuthorLastName_3,PersonAuthorFirstName_4,PersonAuthorLastName_4,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_4,PersonAuthorFirstName_5,PersonAuthorLastName_5,PersonAuthorFirstName_6,PersonAuthorLastName_6,PersonAuthorFirstName_7,PersonAuthorLastName_7,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_7,PersonAuthorFirstName_8,PersonAuthorLastName_8,PublisherName,TitleMain_1,Language,TitleAbstract_1,TitleParent_1,ArticleNumber,PublishedYear,IdentifierIssn,Enrichmentlocal_crossrefLicence</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">doi-import</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">16.03.2026</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Paul Mrkwitschka</author>
    <author>Mario Sahre</author>
    <author>Elena Corrao</author>
    <author>Francesco Pellegrino</author>
    <author>Beatriz Alonso</author>
    <author>Amaia Zurutuza</author>
    <author>Jörg Radnik</author>
    <author>Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Graphene oxide flakes</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Impurities</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>O/C ratio</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SEM/EDS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standard</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XPS</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Advanced Materials</collection>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/65674/Small_2026_Mrkwitschka_StandardizedGR2M_With_SEM.pdf</file>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/65674/Small_2026_Mrkwitschka_StandardizedGR2M_With_SEM_SI.pdf</file>
  </doc>
</export-example>
