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    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <creatingCorporation>Korea Gas Safety Corporation (KGS)</creatingCorporation>
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    <title language="eng">Influence of Internal Pressure Regulation During Filament Winding on Failure Mechnism in Type 4 Pressure Vessels: A Case Study</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen storage is a crucial part of the hydrogen value chain, particularly in terms of safety and social acceptance of hydrogen technologies. For on-board and transportation applications, hydrogen is commonly stored as a compressed gas in pressure vessels. Full composite wrapped Type 4 pressure vessels are especially beneficial due to their high weight-saving potential and their capability to withstand high working pressures. To maintain an appropriate safety level, the mechanical behavior of the composite structure has been the subject of investigation in numerous studies. In this study, the failure mechanisms of two designs of Type 4 cylinders are investigated. The two designs differ solely in the manufacturing process parameters, particularly the internal pressure applied during the filament winding process. Variations in internal pressure result in different residual stress states and changes in the quality of the composite structure. The stacking sequence, materials used, and other manufacturing parameters remain unchanged. The cylinders show different failure mechanisms in slow burst tests: one design fails in hoop windings, while the other one fails in helical windings, despite no stress exaggeration in the fiber direction being observed with embedded optical fibers or in numerical simulations. To explain the failure mechanisms, the quality of the cylinders is investigated. The results of X-ray computed tomography and pulse-echo investigation, highlight the complexity of the interactions between manufacturing process parameters, residual stresses, manufacturing quality, and the mechanical behavior of composite pressure vessels. Resin-rich areas in the composite material are identified as a possible cause of the differing failure mechanisms.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of ICHS 2025</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety ICHS 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Seoul, South Korea</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">25.09.2025</enrichment>
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    <author>Bartosz Popiela</author>
    <author>Stephan Günzel</author>
    <author>Jennifer Oktaviany</author>
    <author>Martinus Putra Widjaja</author>
    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <author>Holger Seidlitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Composite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pressure vessel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Filament winding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Burst test</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.5 Röntgenbildgebung</collection>
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    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53494</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>31</pageFirst>
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    <title language="eng">Impact damage evaluation of hydrogen composite pressure vessels by analysing computed tomography images</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The objective of this work is to find a method that describes the degree of damage from an impact experiment. This experiment was performed on Composite Pressure Vessels (CPV) in order to find the correlation of impact damage to the residual burst pressure. Computed Tomography (CT) approach was used to capture the before and after impact condition of the CPVs. The Wasserstein function was used to calculate how much the after impact image has differed from the original one. In the end, a good correlation was obtained to the residual burst pressure.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">HyFiSyn Conference</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">HyFiSyn Conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">15.09.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">16.09.2021</enrichment>
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    <author>Martinus Putra Widjaja</author>
    <author>Robabeh Moosavi</author>
    <author>Sebastian John</author>
    <author>David Schumacher</author>
    <author>Marcel Grunwald</author>
    <author>Jürgen Auster</author>
    <author>Marius Szczepaniak</author>
    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <author>Anja Waske</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Composite pressure vessel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Carbon fibre</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Burst test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Image analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Computed tomography (CT)</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.3 Sicherheit von Transportbehältern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.5 Röntgenbildgebung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53496</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
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    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Impact damage evaluation of hydrogen composite pressure vessels by analysing computed tomography images</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The objective of this work is to find a method that describes the degree of damage from an impact experiment. This experiment was performed on Composite Pressure Vessels (CPV) in order to find the correlation of impact damage to the residual burst pressure. Computed Tomography (CT) approach was used to capture the before and after impact condition of the CPVs. The Wasserstein function was used to calculate how much the after impact image has differed from the original one. In the end, a good correlation was obtained to the residual burst pressure. The smaller the Wasserstein distance is, the higher the residual burst pressure would be and vice versa.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">HyFiSyn Conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">15.09.2021</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <author>Martinus Putra Widjaja</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Composite pressure vessel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Carbon fibre</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Burst test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Image analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Computed tomography (CT)</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.3 Sicherheit von Transportbehältern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65233</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>9</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
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    <title language="eng">Multi-energy high dynamic range synchrotron X-ray computed tomography</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXCT) is regularly used in materials science to correlate structural properties with macroscopic properties and to optimize manufacturing processes. The X-ray beam energy must be adapted to the sample properties, such as size and density. If both strongly and weakly absorbing materials are present, the contrast to the weakly absorbing materials is lost, resulting in image artifacts and a poor signal-tonoise ratio (SNR). One particular example is a low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC), in which metal connections are embedded in a ceramic matrix and form 3-dimensional conducting structures. This article describes a method of combining SXCT scans acquired at different beam energies, significantly reducing metal artifacts, and improving image quality. We show how to solve the difficult task of merging the scans at low and high beam energy. Our proposed merging approach achieves up to 35 % improvement in SNR within ceramic regions adjacent to metallic conductors. In this way, previously inaccessible regions within the ceramic structure close to the metallic conductors are made accessible. The paper further discusses methodological requirements, limitations, and potential extensions of the presented multi-energy SXCT merging technique.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Tomography of materials and structures</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.tmater.2025.100079</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-652339</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2949-673X</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Mustapha Eddah</author>
    <author>Henning Markötter</author>
    <author>Björn Mieller</author>
    <author>Martinus Putra Widjaja</author>
    <author>Jörg Beckmann</author>
    <author>Giovanni Bruno</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synchrotron computed tomography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reconstruction algorithm</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High dynamic range</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Data merging</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Low-temperature cofired ceramics</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5 Werkstofftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5.4 Multimateriale Fertigungsprozesse</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
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    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/65233/HDR-CT.pdf</file>
  </doc>
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    <id>64765</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>5832</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>5838</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>21</issue>
    <volume>9</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Sodium-ion battery research @ BAM (I): investigating the thermal runaway behaviour of commercial sodium-ion battery cells</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Commercially available sodium-ion battery (SIB) cells, with energy densities comparable to lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells based on LiFePO4, were investigated regarding their safety behaviour under thermal abuse conditions. Tests were carried out in an inert atmosphere. The SIB-cells went into thermal runaway (TR), intriguingly, even at a rather low state of charge of 30%. The TR-event was coupled with a pronounced jelly roll ejection, challenging the interpretation of the TR-diagrams. These findings highlight the necessity of incorporating SIB-cells into the ongoing safety classification discussions for LIB-cells.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Sustainable Energy &amp; Fuels</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2398-4902</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1039/d5se00687b</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-647652</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Nils Böttcher</author>
    <author>Luise Sander</author>
    <author>Alexander Ulbricht</author>
    <author>Martinus Putra Widjaja</author>
    <author>Tim-Patrick Fellinger</author>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sodium Ion Batteries</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal Runaway</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery safety</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
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    <thesisYearAccepted/>
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    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace>e-Journal of Nondestructive Testing</publisherPlace>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Multi-Energy High Dynamic Range (HDR) Synchrotron X-ray Computed Tomography applied to LTCC samples</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXCT) is regularly used in materials science to correlate structural properties with macroscopic properties and to optimize manufacturing processes. The X-ray beam energy must be adapted to the sample properties, such as size and density. If both strongly and weakly absorbing materials are present, the contrast to the weakly absorbing materials is lost, resulting in image artifacts and a poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). One example is a low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC), in which metal connections are embedded in a ceramic matrix and form 3-dimensional conducting structures. This article describes a method of combining SXCT scans acquired at different beam energies, significantly reducing metal artifacts, and improving image quality. We show how to solve the difficult task of merging the scans at low and high beam energy. Our proposed merging approach achieves up to 35% improvement in SNR within ceramic regions adjacent to metallic conductors. In this way, previously inaccessible regions within the ceramic structure close to the metallic conductors are made accessible. The paper further discusses methodological requirements, limitations, and potential extensions of the presented multienergy SXCT merging technique.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Multi-Energy High Dynamic Range Synchrotron X-ray Computed Tomography applied to LTCC samples</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655848</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">iCT 2026</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Mustapha Eddah</author>
    <author>Henning Markötter</author>
    <author>Björn Mieller</author>
    <author>Martinus Putra Widjaja</author>
    <author>Jörg Beckmann</author>
    <author>Giovanni Bruno</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synchrotron x-ray CT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multi-energy CT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Low-Temperature cofired ceramics</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
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    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
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    <language>deu</language>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">NIP II - Forschungsvorhaben „DELFIN“</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Überblick über Projektinhalte und -ergebnisse aus dem Forschungsvorhaben Delfin „Erforschung alternativer Materialien und Fertigungsprozesse für kosten- und gewichtsreduzierte Druckbehälter aus endlosfaserverstärkten Kunststoff“</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">SAMPE Kolloquium</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">15.01.2022</enrichment>
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    <author>Sebastian John</author>
    <author>Jürgen Auster</author>
    <author>Martinus Putra Widjaja</author>
    <author>Eric Duffner</author>
    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Druckbehälter</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Impact</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.3 Sicherheit von Transportbehältern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
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    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>107453</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
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    <issue/>
    <volume>66</volume>
    <type>article</type>
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    <title language="eng">Multi-level X-ray computed tomography (XCT) investigations of commercial lithium-ion batteries from cell to particle level</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Adopting X-ray computed tomography (XCT) for ex-situ characterization of battery materials has gained interest in the past decade. The main goal of this paper is to demonstrate the effectiveness of several X-ray computer tomography techniques to study commercial batteries. General guidelines are provided to select the most suitable imaging equipment and parameters for investigations of lithium-ion batteries, spanning the length scales from cell to electrode, down to particle level. Relevantly, such parameters would also be suitable for operando experiments.&#13;
Safety mechanisms and manufacturing inconsistencies at cell level as well as defects and inhomogeneity in cathode and anode is illustrated and quantified. Furthermore, relation of beam energy and sample-detector-distance on contrast retrieved from attenuation and phase shift is inspected using Synchrotron XCT.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Energy Storage</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.est.2023.107453</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2352-152X</identifier>
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    <author>Shahabeddin Dayani</author>
    <author>Henning Markötter</author>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <author>Martinus Putra Widjaja</author>
    <author>Giovanni Bruno</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Non-destructive testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>X-ray computed tomography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synchrotron X-ray computed tomography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.5 Röntgenbildgebung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>663</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>674</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>4</issue>
    <volume>67</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Walter de Gruyter GmbH</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
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    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Application of the incremental hole-drilling method for residual stress determination in type 4 pressure vessels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hole-drilling method is a standardized technique for obtaining residual stresses in isotropic structures. Previous studies provide a foundation that enables the use of this method to investigate orthotropic structures, such as fiber-reinforced composites. In this study, the incremental hole-drilling method was applied to investigate residual stresses in filament wound type 4 composite pressure vessels. The investigated composite cylinders were manufactured with different internal pressure functions during the winding process, to achieve distinct residual stress states. Additionally, the influence of the initial loading under sustained internal pressure and increased temperature on the stress distribution was investigated. It was shown that the residual stress state can be influenced by varying the internal pressure in the winding process. After testing at sustained load and increased temperature, a stress redistribution was observed, which took place due to creep phenomena. Finally, a discussion of the challenges for the application of the hole-drilling method to composite pressure vessels is provided.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials Testing</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2195-8572</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1515/mt-2024-0328</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-627765</identifier>
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Previous studies provide a foundation that enables the use of this method to investigate orthotropic structures, such as fiber-reinforced composites. In this study, the incremental hole-drilling method was applied to investigate residual stresses in filament wound type 4 composite pressure vessels. The investigated composite cylinders were manufactured with different internal pressure functions during the winding process, to achieve distinct residual stress states. Additionally, the influence of the initial loading under sustained internal pressure and increased temperature on the stress distribution was investigated. It was shown that the\u00a0residual stress state can be influenced by varying the internal pressure in the winding process. After testing at sustained load and increased temperature, a stress redistribution was observed, which took place due to creep phenomena. 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Ahn, \u201cDirect printing of strain sensors via nanoparticle printer for the applications to composite structural health monitoring,\u201d Procedia CIRP, vol.\u00a066, pp.\u00a0238\u2013242, 2017, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procir.2017.03.279.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2017.03.279"}],"container-title":["Materials Testing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/mt-2024-0328\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/mt-2024-0328\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T13:40:46Z","timestamp":1741614046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/mt-2024-0328\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.1515\/mt-2024-0328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/mt-2024-0328","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-5300","2195-8572"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-5300","type":"print"},{"value":"2195-8572","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]}}}</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Bartosz Popiela</author>
    <author>Stephan Günzel</author>
    <author>Christian Sklorz</author>
    <author>Martinus Putra Widjaja</author>
    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <author>Holger Seidlitz</author>
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      <value>Hole-drilling method</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Filament winding</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Type 4 composite pressure vessels</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Residual stresses</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stress redistribution</value>
    </subject>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Subgrain and Cavity Development during Creep of Al‐3.85%Mg</title>
    <abstract language="eng">It is classically considered that the creep mechanisms for type M (e.g., pure Al) and type A alloys (e.g., Al–Mg alloys) are different. In previous studies, it is predicated that fractal dislocation structures build up during creep can unify the creep behavior of pure Al and Al–Mg alloys. So far, good agreement between model and experimental data for pure Al is obtained. In this work, an Al‐3.85%Mg material crept at different strain levels (6%, 12%, 24%, and 35%) is analyzed by means of electron channelling contrast imaging. The formation of subgrains is observed at very large deformations (35%). Further examinations at 35% deformation, using electron backscatter diffraction, indicate that the subgrains and cavities tend to localize at regions where high intergranular stress mismatch is expected to occur. Laboratory X‐ray computed tomography is used to analyze the evolution of cavities between 12% and 24% stages, indicating that the fractal dimension of the cavities smaller than 100 μm varies with creep strain, as a reflection of the evolution of dislocation distribution. It is explained how the present data feed the model of the creep behavior of Al‐3.85%Mg.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Advanced Engineering Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1438-1656</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/adem.202500263</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-645905</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Augusta Isaac</author>
    <author>Itziar Serrano‐Munoz</author>
    <author>Aleksander Kostka</author>
    <author>Martinus Putra Widjaja</author>
    <author>Gaspar González‐Doncel</author>
    <author>Giovanni Bruno</author>
    <author>Ricardo Fernández</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Al–Mg alloys</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Creep</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dislocations</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fractal</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Intergranular residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Subgrains</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>478</pageFirst>
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    <creatingCorporation>Asociación Latinoamericana de Fabricantes de Refractarios (ALAFAR)</creatingCorporation>
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    <title language="eng">Enhanced image segmentation of refractories using synchrotron X-ray computed tomography and machine learning techniques</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The microstructure of refractory materials is complex, featuring a variety of mineral phases, agglomerates, defects, and controlled porosity. The behavior of refractories at high temperatures adds another layer of complexity, as phase transitions and particle rearrangements can strongly affect their properties. To analyze such intricate microstructure, advanced imaging techniques such as Synchrotron X-ray Computed Tomography (SXCT) allow detailed 3D visualization and quantification of features up to 1 μm. However, the intricacy of these microstructures makes phase identification (known as image segmentation) in digital images a challenging process. X-ray images often contain noise and image artifacts, making the analysis more difficult. Therefore, this work describes image segmentation and artifact reduction methods to characterize refractories using X-ray imaging. We studied refractory ceramics used in the aerospace industry, primarily composed of fused silica. For image segmentation, the traditional approach of greyscale thresholding was compared with machine learning. Greyscale thresholding relies on predefined algorithms to assign phases based on intensity values. In contrast, machine learning extracts patterns from large datasets, enabling more adaptive and accurate segmentation. By combining high-resolution SXCT and machine learning analysis algorithms, we successfully segmented previously uncharacterized 3D microstructural key features of refractories, including agglomerates, grain boundaries, pore size distribution and interconnectivity. Compared to traditional methods, the machine learning-enhanced segmentation presented a more accurate quantification of porosity and defects. The integration of advanced imaging techniques with machine learning segmentation significantly improves the characterization of refractory materials, providing a more precise understanding of the relationship between microstructure and material performance, supporting the development of innovative industrial solutions.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">UNITECR 2025 – Shaping the Future of Refractories – Book of Proceedings</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">The 19th Biennial International Technical Conference on Refractories (UNITECR 2025)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Cancún, Mexiko</enrichment>
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    <author>Paula Campos de Oliveira</author>
    <author>Henning Markötter</author>
    <author>Wen Zhang</author>
    <author>Mustapha Eddah</author>
    <author>Martinus Putra Widjaja</author>
    <author>Clément Remacha</author>
    <author>Giovanni Bruno</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synchrotron X-ray Tomography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Machine learning</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Image segmentation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ceramics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Refractories</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
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