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  <doc>
    <id>49956</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>UNSP 116401</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>260</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Sci. Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Minimum explosion concentrations of coal dusts with CH4/H2/CO below the gas lower explosion limit</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A 20-L spherical explosion chamber was used to investigate the explosion characteristics of dust clouds in air with the presence of flammable gas which is lower than its lower explosion limit (LEL).&#13;
including minimum explosion concentration (MEC) of dust. Explosion pressure (Pex) and explosion pressure rise (dp/dt)ex). Two dust samples (anthracite coal, bituminous coal) and were three flammable gases (CH4, H2 and CO) were tested. Experimental results showed that the explosion of hybrid mixtures occurs when both dust and gas concentrations are lower than the LEL/MEC of the single substances.&#13;
Meanwhile. all flammable gases with different volume fractions have distinct effects on the MEC. Pex and (dp/dt)ex of the dust samples.&#13;
With the increase of the flammable gas concentration. either the Pex and (dp/dt)ex increase or the MEC decreases for all the hybrid mixtures of both two dust samples. At the same concentration of coal dusts. the addition of CH4 promotes higher explosion risks than the other two flammable gases. The distribution of (dp/dt)ex is quite different with the restricted area defined by empirical formulas.&#13;
These results improve our understanding of the explosion behaviour and the explosion risk of hybrid dust-gas mixtures in air.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Fuel</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0032-5910</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116401</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">11.11.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <author>Dejian Wu</author>
    <author>P. Zhao</author>
    <author>X. Tan</author>
    <author>W. Huang</author>
    <author>X. Qianc</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dust explosions</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas explosions</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Minimum explosible concentration</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lower explosion limit</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hybrid mixtures</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>50856</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>116811</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>264</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Minimum ignition temperature of carbonaceous dust clouds in air with CH4/H-2/CO below the gas lower explosion limit</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Godbert-Greenwald furnace was used to investigate the minimum ignition temperature of dust clouds (MITC) in air with the presence of flammable gas which is lower than its lower explosion limit (LEL). Three flammable gases (CH4, H2 and CO) and three carbonaceous dusts (anthracite coal, bituminous coal and sweet potato starch) were tested. Results showed that all flammable gases have distinct effects on the MITC of the dust samples and volatile matter content of dust plays an important role during the ignition process. Specifically, the MITC of anthracite coal dust decreased from 610 °C to 560 °C, 580 °C and 570 °C with 3% CH4, 3% CO and 2.5% H2, respectively. Moreover, a heterogeneous ignition mechanism model was proposed to verify the equally global ignition characteristic between hybrid anthracite coal-CxHy mixture and bituminous coal. All three gases had an ignorable effect on the MITC of starch dust considering the experimental error. The presence of CO and H2 slightly promoted the ignition of bituminous coal dust, but the addition of CH4 showed a distinct concentration effect on the MITC of bituminous coal: the MITC decreased with 1% CH4 while increased with 2% and 3% CH4.&#13;
This negative-effect of flammable gases at such low concentrations on ignition temperature of bituminous coal dusts was found for the first time. Furthermore, the presence of the 2nd flammable gas had a smaller effect on the MITC of dust samples with a higher volatile content, resulted from the competition of heterogeneous and homogeneous ignition mechanisms.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Fuel</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116811</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0016-2361</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">10.06.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Dejian Wu</author>
    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <author>X. Tan</author>
    <author>P. Zhao</author>
    <author>W. Huang</author>
    <author>X. Qian</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dust explosions</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas explosions</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Minimum ignition temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hybrid mixtures</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51285</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>9</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>18</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <volume>130</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Selbstentzündungsverhalten von Feststoffen: Validierung der Extrapolation von Labortests mithilfe halbtechnischer Versuche bis 1 m3</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Vorgestellt wird ein 2018 gestartetes Projekt zur Überprüfung der Extrapolation von im Labormaßstab ermittelten Selbstentzündungstemperaturen auf technisch relevante Volumina. Für die Ermittlung reaktionskinetischer Daten von Feststoffschüttungen stehen eine Reihe von Untersuchungsmethoden zur Verfügung. Dies sind thermische Analysen wie z. B. die differential scanning calorimetry DSC sowie Mikrokalorimetrie zur hochgenauen Messung von Wärmeströmen, bei denen sehr geringe Probenmengen zum Einsatz kommen. In der Regel wird das Selbstentzündungsverhalten jedoch mithilfe von isoperibolen oder adiabaten Warmlagerungsversuchen beurteilt, hier liegen die Probenvolumina üblicherweise im Bereich von ca. 100 cm3 bis zu einigen Litern. Die Extrapolation über mehrere Größenordnungen auf technische Volumina birgt Unsicherheiten, da mit Zunahme des Lagervolumens veränderte Start- und Randbedingungen vorliegen können. Zudem besteht die Möglichkeit, dass bei in technischen Lagern vorherrschenden niedrigen Temperaturen Reaktionen ablaufen, die in Standard-&#13;
Laborversuchen nicht erfasst werden, aber einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf das Selbstentzündungsverhalten aufweisen können. Hauptziel des Projektes ist es daher, die im Labormaßstab vorhandenen Prüfeinrichtungen durch einen Versuchsstand zur Untersuchung von Probengrößen von bis zu 1000 dm3 zu erweitern, die Eignung (oder Nichteignung) der etablierten Methoden nachzuweisen und im Labormaßstab nicht erfassbare Einflussgrößen zu ermitteln. Zudem sollen anhand der kleinskaligen Tests Entscheidungskriterien abgeleitet werden, ob eine Extrapolation nach den derzeit üblichen&#13;
Methoden zulässig ist.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">PTB Mitteilungen</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0030-834X</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">15. BAM-PTB-Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Brunswick, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">21.05.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">22.05.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <author>René Erdt</author>
    <author>M. Gödde</author>
    <author>St. Salg</author>
    <author>L. Ittemann</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Selbstentzündung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Formalkinetische Daten</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Halbtechnische Versuche</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermoanalytische Methoden</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53662</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>153</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Experimental and theoretical study on the inhibition effect of CO2/N2 blends on the ignition behavior of carbonaceous dust clouds</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Gaseous inhibitors are used in many industries for the explosion prevention of combustible dusts, mitigating the potential hazard to humans, properties and environments. This work experimentally and theoretically studied the inerting effect of gaseous inhibitors on the ignition process of dust clouds in O2/N2/CO2 atmospheres, with an emphasis on the role of the CO2/N2 ratio. 10 different combustible carbonaceous dusts were selected, including grain dust, biomass dust and coal dust. Experimental results showed that the inhibition effect of CO2/N2 is closely related to the ignition mechanism of dust clouds. Specifically, a higher ratio of CO2/N2 yields a stronger inhibition effect on the ignition process of dust samples with relatively low volatile matter contents predominated by heterogeneous ignition. In addition, two novel steady-state ignition mechanism models were developed to interpret the experimental observations. Maxwell-Stefan equations were used to describe the diffusivity in the ternary O2/N2/CO2 gas mixtures. The analytical results were in good agreement with the experimental data of the minimum ignition temperature of dust cloud (MITC) in oxygen-lean atmospheres. The mechanism modelling can be used to estimate the critical ignition temperature of all carbonaceous dust clouds with a wide range of volatile matter content under different inert atmospheres, which will provide a reference for the explosion hazard assessment of dust posed by a hot surface in the process industries.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Process Safety and Environmental Protection</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.psep.2021.07.005</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0957-5820</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">01.11.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>W. Wu</author>
    <author>A. Wei</author>
    <author>W. Huang</author>
    <author>Peng Zhao</author>
    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <author>Ulrich Krause</author>
    <author>Dejian Wu</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>CO2/N2 ratio</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Inerting effect</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Volatile matter content</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>MITC</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanism model</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53838</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>405</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Ignition temperature and mechanism of carbonaceous dust clouds: The roles of volatile matter, CH4 addition, O2 mole fraction and diluent gas</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Minimum ignition temperature of dust clouds (MITC) was studied experimentally and theoretically in different atmospheres. Three carbonaceous dusts were tested in both air and O2/CO2 atmospheres with CH4 mole fraction from 0 to 2%. Results showed that the ignition risk of the three dusts significantly increases (decrease of MITC by ~100 ℃) with increasing XO2 from 21% to 50%, but significantly decreases replacing N2 in air with CO2. The inhibition effect of CO2 on MITCs could be diminished by increasing XO2 or adding CH4. The addition of small amount of CH4 has different effects on the MITCs of different dust samples, following the opposite order of volatile matter content: anthracite&gt;bituminous coal&gt;starch. Two modified steady-state ignition models, considering the density of mixture gas and dust cloud, XO2 and its diffusivity, were developed to interpret the experimental observations. The analysis revealed that the global heterogeneous ignition model suits well for the hybrid mixtures of anthracite or bituminous coal dusts. In contrast, the proposed global homogeneous ignition model was found to be only valid for the pure starch dust, and the extra CH4 addition could strongly affect the ignition process of starch, particularly in O2/CO2 atmospheres with higher XO2.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of hazardous materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0304-3894</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124189</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-3336</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">26.11.2021</enrichment>
    <author>Dejian Wu</author>
    <author>X. Tan</author>
    <author>A. Wei</author>
    <author>Q. Duan</author>
    <author>W. Huang</author>
    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dust explosions</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas explosions</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Minimum ignition temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hybrid mixtures</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54074</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition>71</edition>
    <issue/>
    <volume>2021</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Experimental study on the minimum explosion concentration of anthracite dust: The roles of O2 mole fraction, inert gas and CH4 addition</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The explosion characteristics of anthracite coal dust with/without small amount of CH4 (1.14 vol %) were investigated by using a 20 L spherical explosion apparatus with an emphasis on the roles of oxygen mole fraction and inert gas. Two methods based on overpressure and combustion duration time were used to determine the minimum explosion concentration (MEC) or the lower explosion limit (LEL) of the pure anthracite coal dust and the hybrid coal-methane mixtures, respectively. The experiment results showed that increasing oxygen mole fraction increases the explosion risk of coal dust: with increasing oxygen mole fraction, the explosion pressure (Pex) and the rate of explosion pressure rise ((dp/dt)ex)) increase, while MEC decreases. The explosion risk of anthracite dust was found to be lower after replacing N2 with CO2, suggesting that CO2 has a better inhibition effect on explosion mainly due to its higher specific heat. However, the addition of 1.14% CH4 moderates the inhibition effect of CO2 and the promotion effect of O2 on anthracite dust explosion for some extent, increasing explosion severity and reducing the MEC of anthracite dust. For hybrid anthracite/CH4 mixture explosions, Barknecht’s curve was found to be more accurate and conservative than Chatelier’s line, but neither are sufficient from the safety considerations. The experimental results provide a certain help for the explosion prevention and suppression in carbonaceous dust industries.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Jounal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104490</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">20.12.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>P. Zhao</author>
    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <author>U. Krause</author>
    <author>Q. Duan</author>
    <author>Arne Krietsch</author>
    <author>Dejian Wu</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lower explosion limit</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Minimun explosion concentration</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion charasteristics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hybrid mixture</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion regimes</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52443</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>17</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>36</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>VDI</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Validierung der Extrapolation von Labortests mit Hilfe halbtechnischer Versuche bis 1 m3 und thermoanalytischer Methoden</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Zur Bestimmung der reaktionskinetischen Daten von Schüttgütern und iur Vorhersage des Selbstentzündungsverhaltens großer.Lager kommen verschiedene Analysemethoden zum Einsatz. Dabei handelt es sich .um thermische Verfahren wie die Differential-Scanning- Kalorimetrie OS(. die simultane Thermoanalyse STA sowie die Mikrokalorimetrie zur hochpräzisen Messung von Wärmeströmen. Für die oben genannten Methoden werden sehr kleine Probenmengen verwendet. In der Regel wird das Selbstentzündungsverhalten jedoch mit Hilfe von isoperibolen oder adiabatischen Warmlagerungsversuchen ermittelt: die Probenvolumina liegen hier meist im Bereich von ca. 100 cm3 bis zu mehreren Litern. &#13;
Die Extrapolation auf technisch relevante Volumina birgt jedoch erhebliche Unsicherheiten. Diese Unsicherheiten zu identifizieren und zu reduzieren ist das Hauptziel eines 2018 gestarteten Forschungsprojekts. Dies soll in erster Linie durch den Aufbau eines Versuchsstandes zur Untersuchung von Probengrößen von bis zu. 1000 dm 3 geschehen. &#13;
Sowohl Warmlagerungsversucl1e im Labormaßstab als auch thermoanalytische Verfahren. die mit Hilfe verschiedener Methoden ausgewertet werden. lassen, einzeln betrachtet. häufig nur bedingt zuverlässige Aussagen über das Selbstentzündungsverhalten von großen Schüttgütern zu. Es werden komplette Versuchsreihen mit allen genannten Prüfverfahren vorgestellt und Aussagen zur Anwendbarkeit der Extrapolationsmethoden diskutiert.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">VDI-Fachtagung "Sichere Handhabung brennbarer Stäube 2020"</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-18-092376-5</identifier>
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    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <author>René Erdt</author>
    <author>M. Gödde</author>
    <author>St. Salg</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Selbstentzündung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Kinetische Daten</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Halbtechnische Versuche</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermoanalytische Methoden</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55013</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>12</pageLast>
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    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>399</volume>
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    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
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    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Inhibition effect of N2/CO2 blends on the minimum explosion concentration of agriculture and coal dusts</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Minimum explosion concentration (MEC) of three agriculture dusts and two coal dusts was studied via a 20-L explosion chamber to reveal the role of gaseous inhibitors. Both active method (CO2 diluting air) and passive method (CO2 replacing O2) were used. The TG and DTG thermal analysis tests were conducted to study the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of dust samples. An alternative explosion criterion based on combustion duration time was used to determine MEC, and compared with the standardized overpressure method. Under 10-kJ ignition condition, as oxygen mole fraction (XO2) decreased from 21% to 10%, MEC of agriculture dusts and coal dusts respectively increased by around 5 times and 2 times. The active inerting method with a lower N2/CO2 ratio was found to have a better suppression effect on the explosion of the five carbonaceous dusts because the blend has a higher specific heat and a lower oxygen diffusion rate.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Powder Technology 399 (2022) 117195</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0032-5910</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117195</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">15.06.2022</enrichment>
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    <author>Dejian Wu</author>
    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <author>W. Huang</author>
    <author>A. Wei</author>
    <author>U. Krause</author>
    <author>W. Wu</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>CO2/N2 ratio</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion criterion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Combustion kinetics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Inerting effect</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion characteristics</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55079</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>289</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>294</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>90</volume>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Self-ignition Behaviour of Bulk Materials: How Reliable is the Extrapolation of Laboratory Tests?</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The self-ignition behaviour of bulks is usually determined with the aid of isoperibolic or adiabatic hot storage tests; the sample volumes here are typically in the range of approx. 100 cm³ to several litres. The extrapolation to technically relevant volumes holds, however, considerable uncertainties. To reduce these uncertainties, a test stand was set up that allows to investigation sample sizes of up to 1000 dm³. These allow the study of selfignition behavior closer to the conditions that prevail in practice. The suitability (or unsuitability) of the established methods (including dangerous goods classification tests) were to be demonstrated and influencing variables that cannot be measured on a laboratory scale were to be determined. &#13;
In addition, various analytical methods were used for the determination of reaction kinetic data of solid bulk materials and to predict the self-ignition behaviour of large storages. These are thermal analyses such as differential scanning calorimetry DSC, simultaneous thermal analysis STA as well as microcalorimetry for highprecision measurement of heat flows.&#13;
Complete test series using all mentioned test methods will be presented for crosslinked polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP) and conclusions regarding the applicability of the extrapolation methods will be discussed. Hot storage tests up to semi-industrial scale and their combination with various thermoanalytical methods allow a much more precise prediction of the self-ignition behaviour of large bulks. A further promising approach to estimate their heat release rates, and hence, the risk of self-ignition under technical conditions, is the use of microcalorimetric methods.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Chemical Engineering Transactions</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2283-9216</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-88-95608-88-4</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3303/CET2290049</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Loss Prevention 2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Prag, Czechia</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.06.2022</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <author>M. Gödde</author>
    <author>S. Salg</author>
    <author>René Erdt</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Self-ignition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Kinetic data</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Semi-technical tests</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermoanalytical methods</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55080</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Self-ignition Behaviour of Bulk Materials: How Reliable is the Extrapolation of Laboratory Tests?</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The self-ignition behaviour of bulks is usually determined with the aid of isoperibolic or adiabatic hot storage tests; the sample volumes here are typically in the range of approx. 100 cm³ to several litres. The extrapolation to technically relevant volumes holds, however, considerable uncertainties. To reduce these uncertainties, a test stand was set up that allows to investigation sample sizes of up to 1000 dm³. These allow the study of selfignition behavior closer to the conditions that prevail in practice. The suitability (or unsuitability) of the established methods (including dangerous goods classification tests) were to be demonstrated and influencing variables that cannot be measured on a laboratory scale were to be determined. &#13;
In addition, various analytical methods were used for the determination of reaction kinetic data of solid bulk materials and to predict the self-ignition behaviour of large storages. These are thermal analyses such as differential scanning calorimetry DSC, simultaneous thermal analysis STA as well as microcalorimetry for highprecision measurement of heat flows.&#13;
Complete test series using all mentioned test methods will be presented for crosslinked polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP) and conclusions regarding the applicability of the extrapolation methods will be discussed. Hot storage tests up to semi-industrial scale and their combination with various thermoanalytical methods allow a much more precise prediction of the self-ignition behaviour of large bulks. A further promising approach to estimate their heat release rates, and hence, the risk of self-ignition under technical conditions, is the use of microcalorimetric methods.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Loss Prevention 2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Prague, Czech Republic</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">08.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <author>René Erdt</author>
    <author>M. Gödde</author>
    <author>S. Salg</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Self-ignition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Kinetic data</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Semi-technical tests</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermoanalytical methods</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
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    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59597</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Selbstentzündungsverhalten von Holz- und Biokohlen Gefahrguteinstufung sicher?</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Mit der Abkehr von der Nutzung fossiler Rohstoffe rücken regenerative Energieträger immer weiter in den Focus. Neben klassischen Holzkohlen werden verstärkt so genannte Biokohlen produziert. Dieser Begriff findet Verwendung für mit Hilfe verschiedener Verfahren karbonisierte pflanzliche, tierische oder mikrobielle Ausgangsstoffe. Diese Kohlen werden zum Teil über weite Strecken zum Bestimmungsort transportiert (Überseetransporte) oder vor Verwendung für längere Zeit gelagert.&#13;
Häufig zeigen diese Kohlen ein kritisches Selbstentzündungsverhalten, wobei Einstufungstests (UN N.4 Test) versagen können. Ein negatives Testergebnis des UN N.4 Tests führte dabei in der Vergangenheit zur Nichteinstufung als selbsterhitzungsfähiger Stoff; in der Praxis entzündeten sich aber bereits vergleichsweise kleine Schüttungen (einige m³), z. B. beim Seetransport in Containern. Der Artikel geht auf dieses Problem ein, stellt Prüfverfahren vor und gibt Empfehlungen für sicheren Transport und Lagerung.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">VDI Fachtagung "Sichere Handhabung brennbarer Stäube</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Nürnberg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">25.10.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.10.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biokohle</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Selbstentzündung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gefahrguteinstufung</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59598</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>143</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>153</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>bookpartcollection</type>
    <publisherName>VDI Verlag GmbH</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Düsseldorf</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Selbstentzündungsverhalten von Biokohlen - Gefahrguteinstufung immer sicher?</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Mit der Abkehr von der Nutzung fossiler Rohstoffe rücken regenerative Energieträger immer weiter in den Focus. Neben klassischen Holzkohlen werden verstärkt so genannte Biokohlen produziert. Dieser Begriff findet Verwendung für mit Hilfe verschiedener Verfahren karbonisierte pflanzliche, tierische oder mikrobielle Ausgangsstoffe. Diese Kohlen werden zum Teil über weite Strecken zum Bestimmungsort transportiert (Überseetransporte) oder vor Verwendung für längere Zeit gelagert.&#13;
Häufig zeigen diese Kohlen ein kritisches Selbstentzündungsverhalten, wobei Einstufungstests (UN N.4 Test) versagen können. Ein negatives Testergebnis des UN N.4 Tests führte dabei in der Vergangenheit zur Nichteinstufung als selbsterhitzungsfähiger Stoff; in der Praxis entzündeten sich aber bereits vergleichsweise kleine Schüttungen (einige m³), z. B. beim Seetransport in Containern. Der Artikel geht auf dieses Problem ein, stellt Prüfverfahren vor und gibt Empfehlungen für sicheren Transport und Lagerung.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">VDI-Berichte 2424</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0083-5560</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-18-092424-3</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-18-092424-9</identifier>
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    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biokohlen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Selbstentzündung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gefahrguteinstufung</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59599</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
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    <publisherName/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Holzkohlen im Seeverkehr - Selbstentzündung vermeiden, sichere Beförderungsbedingungen schaffen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Mit der Abkehr von der Nutzung fossiler Rohstoffe rücken regenerative Energieträger immer weiter in den Focus. Neben klassischen Holz- und Pflanzenkohlen werden verstärkt so genannte Biokohlen produziert. Dieser Begriff findet Verwendung für mit Hilfe verschiedener Verfahren karbonisierte pflanzliche, tierische oder mikrobielle Ausgangsstoffe. Diese Kohlen werden zum Teil über weite Strecken zum Bestimmungsort transportiert (Überseetransporte) oder vor Verwendung für längere Zeit gelagert.&#13;
Häufig zeigen diese Kohlen ein kritisches Selbstentzündungsverhalten, wobei Einstufungstests (UN N.4 Test) versagen können. Ein negatives Testergebnis des UN N.4 Tests führte dabei in der Vergangenheit zur Nichteinstufung als selbsterhitzungsfähiger Stoff; in der Praxis entzündeten sich aber bereits vergleichsweise kleine Schüttungen (einige m³), z. B. beim Seetransport in Containern. Ergebnisse eines Projektes zur systematischen Untersuchung verschiedener Pflanzenkohlen werden vorgestellt.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Internationale Gefahrgut-Tage</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Hamburg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">26.02.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">27.02.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Holzkohlen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pflanzenkohlen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Selbstentzündung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gefahrguteinstufung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schiffsbrände</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59717</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>68</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>77</pageLast>
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    <issue/>
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    <publisherName>Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg</publisherName>
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    <title language="deu">Selbstentzündung von Biokohlen – Lager- und Transportsicherheit</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Mit der Abkehr von der Nutzung fossiler Rohstoffe rücken regenerative Energieträger immer weiter in den Focus. Neben klassischen Holzkohlen werden verstärkt so genannte Biokohlen produziert. Dieser Begriff findet Verwendung für mit Hilfe verschiedener Verfahren karbonisierte pflanzliche, tierische oder mikrobielle Ausgangsstoffe. Diese Kohlen werden zum Teil über weite Strecken zum Bestimmungsort transportiert (Überseetransporte) oder vor Verwendung für längere Zeit gelagert.&#13;
Häufig zeigen diese Kohlen ein kritisches Selbstentzündungsverhalten, wobei Einstufungstests (UN N.4 Test) versagen können. Ein negatives Testergebnis des UN N.4 Tests führte dabei in der Vergangenheit zur Nichteinstufung als selbsterhitzungsfähiger Stoff; in der Praxis entzündeten sich aber bereits vergleichsweise kleine Schüttungen (einige m³), z. B. beim Seetransport in Containern. Der Artikel geht auf dieses Problem ein und stellt Prüfverfahren vor. Aus den Ergebnissen durchgeführter Untersuchungen werden Empfehlungen für sicheren Transport und Lagerung abgeleitet.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Tagungsband Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-948749-41-5</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Magdeburg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">14.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">15.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biokohlen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Selbstentzündung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gefahrguteinstufung</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59718</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Selbstentzündung von Biokohlen – Lager- und Transportsicherheit</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Mit der Abkehr von der Nutzung fossiler Rohstoffe rücken regenerative Energieträger immer weiter in den Focus. Neben klassischen Holzkohlen werden verstärkt so genannte Biokohlen produziert. Dieser Begriff findet Verwendung für mit Hilfe verschiedener Verfahren karbonisierte pflanzliche, tierische oder mikrobielle Ausgangsstoffe. Diese Kohlen werden zum Teil über weite Strecken zum Bestimmungsort transportiert (Überseetransporte) oder vor Verwendung für längere Zeit gelagert.&#13;
Häufig zeigen diese Kohlen ein kritisches Selbstentzündungsverhalten, wobei Einstufungstests (UN N.4 Test) versagen können. Ein negatives Testergebnis des UN N.4 Tests führte dabei in der Vergangenheit zur Nichteinstufung als selbsterhitzungsfähiger Stoff; in der Praxis entzündeten sich aber bereits vergleichsweise kleine Schüttungen (einige m³), z. B. beim Seetransport in Containern. Der Artikel geht auf dieses Problem ein und stellt Prüfverfahren vor. Aus den Ergebnissen durchgeführter Untersuchungen werden Empfehlungen für sicheren Transport und Lagerung abgeleitet.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Magdeburg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">14.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">15.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biokohlen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Selbstentzündung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gefahrguteinstufung</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55888</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>77</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Effect of oxygen concentration, inert gas and CH4/H2 addition on the minimum ignition energy of coal dusts</title>
    <abstract language="eng">MIKE III apparatus tests were conducted to investigate the minimum ignition energy (MIE) of coal dusts in air and O2/CO2 atmospheres with and without small amount of CH4/H2. The O2 mole fraction (XO2) in the gas mixtures varied from 21% to 50% with the CH4/H2 mole fraction from 0 to 2%. Experimental result showed that MIE of coal dusts significantly decreases even by three orders of magnitude in mJ with increasing XO2 and the addition of CH4/H2. Compared with CH4, H2 had a relatively strong promotion effect on the spark ignition of coal dusts. The inhibiting effect of CO2 was found to be much stronger than N2, but this inhibiting effect of CO2 could be eliminated by 9% increment of XO2. The effect on MIE of coal dusts thus followed by the order: 9% increment of XO2 &gt; CO2 replacing N2 &gt; 2% CH4 or H2 addition. Moreover, two empirical models were used to estimate the MIE of hybrid dust-gas mixture (HMIE), and the results showed that calculated data can well reflect the promoting effect of elevated XO2 and flammable gas addition, and the inhibiting effect of inert gas</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 77 (2022) 104772</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0950-4230</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jlp.2022.104772</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.10.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="PaperofMonth">1</enrichment>
    <author>Dejian Wu</author>
    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <author>Arne Krietsch</author>
    <author>U. Krause</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition energy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hybrid mixture</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Oxygen rich</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Inerting effect</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Empirical model</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52751</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>104532</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>72</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">CEQAT-DGHS interlaboratory tests for chemical safety: Validation of laboratory test methods by determining the measurement uncertainty and probability of incorrect classification including so-called “Shark profiles”</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Laboratory test results are of vital importance for correctly classifying and labelling chemicals as “hazardous” as defined in the UN Globally Harmonized System (GHS) / EC CLP Regulation or as “dangerous goods” as defined in the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. Interlaboratory tests play a decisive role in assessing the reliability of laboratory test results. Interlaboratory tests performed over the last 10 years have examined different laboratory test methods. After analysing the results of these interlaboratory tests, the following conclusions can be drawn: &#13;
1. There is a need for improvement and validation for all laboratory test methods examined. &#13;
2. To avoid any discrepancy concerning the classification and labelling of chemicals, the use of validated laboratory test methods should be state of the art, with the results accompanied by the measurement uncertainty and (if applicable) the probability of incorrect classification. &#13;
&#13;
This paper addresses the probability of correct/incorrect classification (for example, as dangerous goods) on the basis of the measurement deviation obtained from interlaboratory tests performed by the Centre for quality assurance for testing of dangerous goods and hazardous substances (CEQAT-DGHS) to validate laboratory test methods. This paper outlines typical results (e.g. so-called “Shark profiles” – the probability of incorrect classification as a function of the true value estimated from interlaboratory test data) as well as general conclusions and steps to be taken to guarantee that laboratory test results are fit for purpose and of high quality.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104532</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0950-4230/</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">13th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE 2020)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Brunswick, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">27.07.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">31.07.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">16.08.2021</enrichment>
    <author>Peter Lüth</author>
    <author>S. Uhlig</author>
    <author>K. Frost</author>
    <author>Marcus Malow</author>
    <author>Heike Michael-Schulz</author>
    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <author>Sabine Zakel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dangerous goods</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hazardous substances</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Interlaboratory test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Test method</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Validation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Quality assurance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Measurement uncertainty</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Incorrect classification</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Shark profiles</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.3 Einstufung von Gefahrstoffen und -gütern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61456</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>51</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition>1.</edition>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>report</type>
    <publisherName>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>quo data Gesellschaft für Qualitätsmanagement und Statistik</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Interlaboratory test 2023 on the method DIN EN 15188:2021-07 "Determination of the spontaneous ignition behaviour of dust accumulations" - Final report of results</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The test method DIN EN 15188:2021-07 “Determination of the spontaneous ignition behaviour of dust accumulations” is applied to characterize the self-ignition behaviour of combustible dusts. The experimental basis for describing the self-ignition behaviour of a given dust is the determination of the self-ignition temperatures (TSI) of differently-sized volumes of the dust sample by isoperibolic hot storage experiments (storage at constant oven temperatures) in commercially available ovens. The results measured this way reflect the dependence of the self-ignition temperatures on the volume of a dust accumulation.&#13;
&#13;
Several internal investigations in the past (e.g. interlaboratory tests in 2010-2011 and 2015-2016) have shown significant differences between the lab-specific results of hot storage tests of the former version of the revised DIN EN 15188:2021-07 (DIN EN 15188:2007). Therefore, an improvement of the test method DIN EN 15188:2007 was necessary.&#13;
&#13;
After a rather long and extensive series of various improvements (methodological modifications), the interlaboratory test in 2015-2016 demonstrated an acceptable reliability of the test method and a satisfactory measurement uncertainty if the modifications described in the interlaboratory test are taken into account. On the basis of this interlaboratory test in 2015, this subsequently led to a revision of the standard, whereby, in addition to the methodological improvements, the measurement uncertainty to be taken into account could now also be specified for the first time in this standard. The revised DIN EN 15188:2021-07 was published in 2021 and can now be applied by laboratories.&#13;
&#13;
This report provides the laboratory results of the first interlaboratory test 2023 on the revised method DIN EN 15188:2021-07 and summarizes the results of the assessment of laboratory performance.</abstract>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-9818564-6-0</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.26272/opus4-61456</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-614560</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>K. Frost</author>
    <author>Peter Lüth</author>
    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <author>K. Simon</author>
    <author>S. Uhlig</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DIN EN 15188:2021-07</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Spontaneous ignition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Interlaboratory test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Round robin test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Proficiency test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dangerous goods</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hazardous substances</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Measurement uncertainty</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gefahrgut</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gefahrstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Qualitätssicherung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ringversuch</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Selbstentzündung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Staub</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dust</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.3 Einstufung von Gefahrstoffen und -gütern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Eigenverlag BAM</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">BAM Forschungsberichte ohne Nummerierung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Materialdesign</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/61456/Lueth_Final_Report_RR_2023_DIN_EN_15188-2021.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64525</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1259</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1271</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>11</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>International Association for Hydrogen Safety (HySafe)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Ignition Indices of Hydrogen Mixtures under  Electrolysis Process Conditions</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The formation of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures for example due to cross-over, malfunction or start-up and shut-down processes is a hazard very specific to given electrolysis processes that must be properly addressed. In this work the explosion limits of hydrogen-oxygen-mixtures at conditions up to 30 bar and 300 °C were determined experimentally. It was found that the existing experimental data can be interpolated with good accuracy using empirical approaches. Moreover, explosion limits at atmospheric conditions were also determined with reduced ignition energy, down to 1 mJ. Although in the literature it can be found that the ignition energy of flammable gases increases strongly when the concentration changes from stoichiometric to near the explosion limits, no significant influence on the mixture concentration was found within tested ignition energy range for H2/O2 mixtures. Finally, hot surface ignition for mixtures with 6 mol% hydrogen in oxygen, thus slightly above the explosion limit, were experimentally studied at different pressures up to 30 bara. Similarly, only slight difference from the ignition temperatures determined for stoichiometric mixtures were found. A 0D adiabatic, constant-volume reactor model was used to calculate the ignition temperatures. The model was tested for its prediction of ignition temperatures of hydrogen mixtures at different pressures.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS 2025)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">979-12-243-0274-2</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS) 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Seoul, South Korea</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <author>Hayat El Harrab</author>
    <author>Andrzej Pekalski</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion limits</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition energy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electrolyzer</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62522</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>7</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>94</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Simplifying standards, opening restrictions Part I: The influence of the test vessel volume on the maximum explosion pressure of dusts</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Explosion characteristics are widely used in the process industries to determine the potential hazard of the used substances. In the American and European standards for determination of the maximum explosion pressure of dusts, the measured pressure is corrected if the tests are conducted in the 20L-sphere. This correction formula increases the measured values if they are above 5.5 bar g. It also causes, that the only two volumes for testing that are used are the standard 1m³ and the 20L-sphere because it is unclear whether corrections are necessary and, if so, what correction should be applied at other volumes. In this article explosion tests were performed with four different dusts, lycopodium, lignite, aluminum, and nitrocellulose, in four different vessel sizes: 20 L, 250 L, 365 L, and 1000 L to investigate the influence of the vessel size.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries</parentTitle>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">19.02.2025</enrichment>
    <author>Vojtech Jankuj</author>
    <author>Jan Skrinsky</author>
    <author>Arne Krietsch</author>
    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <author>Ulrich Krause</author>
    <author>Richard Kuracina</author>
    <author>Zuzana Szabová</author>
    <author>Stefan Spitzer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion protection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dusts</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pressure rise</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
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