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  <doc>
    <id>51141</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>12</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>123511</issue>
    <volume>402</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Recycling of blast-furnace sludge by thermochemical treatment with spent iron(II) chloride solution from steel pickling</title>
    <abstract language="eng">One of the typical wastes produced in blast-furnace (BF) ironmaking is BF sludge, which mostly consists of carbon and iron oxides, but also contains toxic trace metals such as Zn, Pb, Cd, As, and Hg that render the material hazardous. Due to the lack of an established recycling process, BF sludges are landfilled, which is ecologically questionable and costly. Here, we investigate selective removal of Zn, Pb, and Cd from BF sludge by chlorination–evaporation reactions using thermodynamic modelling and laboratory-scale experiments. Specifically, BF sludge was thermochemically treated at 650–1000 °C with a spent iron(II) chloride solution from steel pickling and the effects of process temperature and retention time on removal of Zn, Pb, and Cd were investigated. Zinc and Pb were quantitatively removed from BF sludge thermochemically treated at 900–1000 °C, whereas Fe and C as well as other major elements were mostly retained. The Zn, Pb, and Cd contents in the thermochemically treated BF sludge could be lowered from ∼56 g/kg, ∼4 g/kg, and ∼0.02 g/kg to ≤0.7 g/kg, ≤0.02 g/kg, and ≤0.008 g/kg, respectively, thus rendering the processed mineral residue a non-hazardous raw material that may be re-utilized in the blast furnace or on the sinter band.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of hazardous materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123511</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0304-3894</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">07.12.2020</enrichment>
    <author>Christopher Hamann</author>
    <author>M. Spanka</author>
    <author>Dirk Stolle</author>
    <author>G. Auer</author>
    <author>Eric Weingart</author>
    <author>Dominik Al-Sabbagh</author>
    <author>Markus Ostermann</author>
    <author>Christian Adam</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Blast-furnace sludge</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Selective chlorination</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Zinc chloride</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Circular Economy</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51064</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>196</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>205</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>4</issue>
    <volume>73</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>GDMB Verlag GmbH</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Clausthal-Zellerfeld</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Tantalrecycling aus pyrometallurgischen Rückständen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung eines bestehenden pyrometallurgischen Prozesses zur Rückgewinnung von Tantal und Niob aus metallurgischen Reststoffen mit vorwiegend niedriger Wertstoffkonzentration.&#13;
Zur näheren Erforschung der im vorliegenden Stoffsystem ablaufenden Reduktionsprozesse wurden in einem Elektrolichtbogenofen Schmelzversuche im Pilotmaßstab durchgeführt. Als Reduktionsmittel diente Koks, welcher mithilfe einer Argon-gespülten Eisenlanze in die flüssige mineralische Schmelze eingebracht wurde. Während der Reduktionsbehandlung werden Refraktärmetalle wie Tantal und Niob in ihre Carbide überführt und anschließend in der erschmolzenen eisenbasierten Metallphase am Boden des Reaktors angereichert. Neben Tantal und Niob gelangt auch ein Teil des im Einsatzmaterial enthaltenen Titans als unerwünschtes Begleitelement in die Metallphase.&#13;
Sein Großteil verbleibt jedoch als Oxid in der Schlacke und wird dort hauptsächlich im Mineral Perowskit (CaTiO3) gebunden. Die erstarrten Schlackeproben wurden mit verschiedenen Methoden wie Röntgenfluoreszensanalyse, Röntgenbeugung und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie mit gekoppelter energiedispersiver Röntgenanalyse untersucht, um die Bildung tantalhaltiger Mineralphasen zu verschiedenen Stadien des Reduktionsprozesses zu verfolgen.&#13;
Die hier gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zeigen, dass weniger die durch das Einblasen von Koks verursachte Reduktionsreaktion, sondern das Absinken der tantalreichen Eisentröpfchen in der flüssigen mineralischen Schmelze, gefolgt von ihrer Anreicherung in die Metallphase, für die Kinetik ausschlaggebend ist.</abstract>
    <abstract language="eng">An existing pyrometallurgical process for tantalum and niobium recovery, mainly from low grade pyrometallurgical residues, was investigated. Melting experiments were carried out in a pilot-scale electric arc furnace to study the material system during the reduction process caused by blowing coke into the liquid mineral melt. During the pyrometallurgical treatment refractory metals such as tantalum and niobium are converted into their carbides and enriched in the molten iron-based metal phase. Titanium is also enriched in the metal phase as an unwanted accompanying element, but most of it remains in oxidic form in the slag and is mainly bound in the mineral perovskite. Cooled down slag samples were analysed using XRF, XRD, SEM and EDX to investigate the formation of mineral phases rich in tantalum during various stages of the reduction process.&#13;
The results show that the settling of the tantalum-rich iron droplets in the molten slag into the metal phase May play a greater role for the kinetics than the actual reduction reaction caused by blowing in coke.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">World of Metallurgy – ERZMETALL</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1613-2394</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Mareike Carolin Taube</author>
    <author>Burkart Adamczyk</author>
    <author>Christian Adam</author>
    <author>Ines Feldmann</author>
    <author>Markus Ostermann</author>
    <author>M. Reuter</author>
    <author>M. Stelter</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tantal</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Recycling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reduktionsprozess</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Perowskit</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrolichtbogenofen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.4 Non-Target-Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Circular Economy</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59345</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>13</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>465</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Selective removal of zinc and lead from electric arc furnace dust by chlorination–evaporation reactions</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Re-melting of scrap in an electric arc furnace (EAF) results in the accumulation of filter dust from off-gas treatment that predominantly consists of iron and zinc oxides. Filter dust is classified as hazardous waste due to its high contents of potentially toxic or ecotoxic elements such as Pb, Cr, Cd, and As. A promising processing route for this waste is selective chlorination, in which the non-ferrous metal oxides are chlorinated and selectively evaporated in form of their respective chlorides from the remaining solids via the process gas flow. Here, we investigate stepwise thermochemical treatment of EAF dust with either waste iron(II) chloride solution or hydrochloric acid at 650, 800, and 1100 ◦C. The Zn and Pb contents of the thermochemically processed EAF dust could be lowered from 29.9% and 1.63% to 0.09% and 0.004%, respectively. Stepwise heating allowed high separation between zinc chloride at the 650 ◦C step and sodium-, potassium-, and lead-containing chlorides at higher temperatures. Furthermore, the lab-scale results were transferred to the use of an experimental rotary kiln highlighting the possibilities of upscaling the presented process. Selective chlorination of EAF dust with liquid chlorine donors is, therefore, suggested as a potential recycling method for Zn-enriched steelworks dusts.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Hazardous Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133421</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0304-3894</identifier>
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    <author>Dominik Al-Sabbagh</author>
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    <author>Gerhard Auer</author>
    <author>Christian Adam</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electric arc furnace dust</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Zinc</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Selective Chlorination</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hazardous waste</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Resource Recovery</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <issue>99</issue>
    <volume>34</volume>
    <type>article</type>
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    <title language="eng">Phosphorus determination in sewage sludge: comparison of different aqua  regia digestion methods and ICP-OES, ICP-MS and photometric determination</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Phosphorus recycling from sewage sludge will be obligatory in Germany from 2029. Phosphorus content determination in sewage sludge is crucial to assess the prescribed recycling rates. Currently, German law regards sample preparation using aqua regia digestion in a microwave or under reflux conditions as well as instrumental phosphorus determination by ICP-OES, ICP-MS, or photometric determination with ammonium molybdate as equivalent. However, it is questionable whether these methods are indeed equivalent regarding phosphorus quantification in sludges near the limit of 20 g/kg for mandatory recycling. To answer this question, 15 sewage sludges of 11 different wastewater treatment plants were investigated with all permitted method (digestion and measurement) combinations. Moreover, one sewage sludge was also examined in an interlaboratory comparison (ILC) with 28 participants. This study shows that the above-mentioned methods differ in some cases significantly but across all method combinations and sludges, phosphorus recovery was between 80 and 121% after normalization to the grand mean (average of 15 sludges between 85 and 111%). The ILC and the examination of 15 sludges produced largely similar results. There is a tendency to higher phosphorus recovery after microwave digestion compared to reflux digestion and ICP-OES measurements determine higher phosphorus contents than ICP-MS and photometric phosphorus determination. As a result, the authors recommend ICP-OES determination of phosphorus in sewage sludge after microwave digestion.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Environmental Sciences Europe</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1186/s12302-022-00677-1</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-558869</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">19.10.2022</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Theresa Constanze Sichler</author>
    <author>Christian Adam</author>
    <author>Roland Becker</author>
    <author>Andreas Sauer</author>
    <author>Markus Ostermann</author>
    <author>M. Barjenbruch</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sewage sludge</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>ICP-OES</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phosphous recovery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>ICP-MS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Photometric P determination</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Interlaboratory comparison</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Circular Economy</collection>
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    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/55886/Sichler et al. P determination sewage sludge ICP-OES ICP-MS photometry.pdf</file>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/55886/Sichler et al. Additional file P determination sewage sludge ICP-OES ICP-MS photometry.pdf</file>
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