<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>33188</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2015</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>13</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>Hochschule Magdeburg-Stendal / Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Freisetzung toxischer Gase bei der Verwendung von Grillgeräten in geschlossenen Räumen und deren frühzeitige Detektion</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Durch die Verwendung von Grillgeräten in geschlossenen Räumen, wie Gartenlauben, Wohnungen oder Garagen kam es in den vergangenen Jahren zu einer Vielzahl von Unfällen mit schweren Vergiftungen und Todesfällen. Seit 2008 scheint das Auftreten von Kohlenmonoxid (CO) Intoxikationen innerhalb Deutschland wieder zu zunehmen. Die Hauptursachen sind dabei der unsachgemäße Gebrauch von Holzkohlegrills, schlecht gewartete Gasthermen und Kamine. Zum Schutz der Bevölkerung ist deshalb eine Aufklärung über mögliche Gefahren wichtig.&#13;
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden diese Gefahren bewertet. Es wurden verschiedene Brandszenarien mit Grillgeräten, mit unterschiedlichen Grillkohlearten und –mengen in geschlossenen Räumen realisiert und die entsprechenden Konzentrations-Zeit-Verläufe ermittelt. Bei den Brandversuchen wurden zudem notwendige Eingabeparameter für numerische Simulationen ermittelt, um die Verwendung von Holzkohlegrills in geschlossenen Räumen zu simulieren. Die Auswirkungen für Menschen beim Grillen in geschlossenen Räumen wurden quantifiziert, indem die Eintrittszeitpunkte der Handlungsunfähigkeit und des Todes mittels Fractional Effective Dose (FED)-Konzept bestimmt wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen deutlich, dass eine frühzeitige Detektion der toxischen Gase zur Warnung von Personen dringend notwendig ist. In den durchgeführten Brandversuchen zeigte sich, dass die gebräuchlichen Rauchmelder auf Streulichtbasis keine rechtzeitige Warnung ermöglichen. Deshalb sind für solche Brandszenarien andere Branddetektoren erforderlich. Entsprechende Versuche mit CO-Brandmeldern zeigten, dass das freigesetzte CO beim Grillen in geschlossenen Räumen frühzeitig detektiert werden kann und Personen somit rechtzeitig gewarnt werden können.&#13;
Zur frühzeitigen Erkennung von Schwelbränden wurde weiterhin ein neuer Wasserstoffdetektor getestet. Die Entstehung von Wasserstoff in einer sehr frühen Brandphase kann zur frühzeitigen Erkennung von Schwelbränden genutzt werden. Bei ersten Schwelbrandexperimenten mit Holzproben konnte Wasserstoff in einer geschlossenen Kammer (0,5 m3) nachgewiesen werden, noch bevor es zu einer erhöhten CO-Emission kam. Die Ergebnisse der Schwelbrandversuche werden vorgestellt und die Verwendbarkeit von CO- und Wasserstoff-Detektoren erörtert und diskutiert.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">4. Magdeburger Brand- und Explosionsschutztag / 3. vfdb-Workshop Brandschutzforschung</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">36272</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-00-048960-0</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">4. Magdeburger Brand- und Explosionsschutztag / 3. vfdb-Workshop Brandschutzforschung</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Magdeburg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">26.03.2015</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">27.03.2015</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">18.05.2015</enrichment>
    <author>Simone Krüger</author>
    <author>Marie-Claire Despinasse</author>
    <author>Sebastian Stahn</author>
    <author>Tina Raspe</author>
    <author>K. Nörthemann</author>
    <author>W. Moritz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Toxizität</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>FED</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Brandmelder</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Brandfrüherkennung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rauchgase</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Kohlenmonoxid</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Grillen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>32160</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2015</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>49</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>57</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>71</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Kidlington, Oxford</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">First developments of a new test to evaluate the fire behavior of photovoltaic modules on roofs</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A new test for photovoltaic (PV) modules exposed to an external fire source on roofs is proposed, and first results are presented. This is a simplification of the standards commonly in use for testing PV modules as roofing parts, roofing components or building components. Most of the tests required different fire scenarios and the use of burning brands such as wood cribs. In our study we proposed replacing wooden burning brands with a propane burner, the output of which is close to the one that can be observed in the burning of wooden cribs 500 g and 2 kg in size. The fire behavior was assessed by measuring smoke evolution, burning drips, flaming debris, and the time to burn-through of monocrystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous silicon panels. Two different configurations of the burner were tested, with the fire source on the top of the module or under the tilted module, respectively. The fire behavior of the modules was dependent on the burner output (16 to 46 kW), but also on the construction type of the panel (glass/glass or glass/plastic sheet) and on the position of the fire source (top or bottom). These preliminary tests for further development of the procedure yielded encouraging results for the evaluation of PV panels on roofs.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Fire safety journal</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">35223</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.firesaf.2014.11.011</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0379-7112</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">08.12.2014</enrichment>
    <author>Marie-Claire Despinasse</author>
    <author>Simone Krüger</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Photovoltaics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Roofs</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Temperature measurements</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire behavior</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire engineering</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Burn-through</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>41895</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1059</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1067</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>91</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Early fire detection: Are hydrogen sensors able to detect pyrolysis of house hold materials?</title>
    <abstract language="eng">We analysed the hydrogen generation during the smouldering of polymeric materials, which are typically used in the household, in the Smoke Density Chamber coupled to a new developed hydrogen sensor to detect early stages of fires. The results of hydrogen generation were compared with the emission of carbon monoxide and smoke during the fire scenarios. Additionally, the results were compared with parameters used in traditional commercial detection systems. In this scenario, the hydrogen sensor showed encouraging results for the detection of fires in earlier phase compared to traditional detectors. Furthermore, we tested the new developed hydrogen sensor in a real room with different fire scenarios. We have also investigated interferences, e.g. steam and cigarette smoke. The hydrogen sensor could detect hydrogen generation in the earliest stage of fire, even before CO and smoke were developed in detectable amounts. Therefore, the hydrogen sensor can be applied for early fire detection in case of pyrolysis. The sensors are quite good for detecting pyrolysis gases. But when it comes to a fast ignition other techniques are more suitable for it. The sensors are best for combination with other techniques, such as smoke detectors.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Fire Safety Journal</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.04.035</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0379-7112</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-7226</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">IAFSS 12th Symposium 2017</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Lund, Sweden</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">11.09.2017</enrichment>
    <author>Simone Krüger</author>
    <author>Marie-Claire Despinasse</author>
    <author>Tina Raspe</author>
    <author>K. Nörthemann</author>
    <author>W. Moritz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire chemistry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen sensor</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>26969</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2012</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2571</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2580</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>12</issue>
    <volume>97</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Applied Science Publ.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>London</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of the structure of aryl phosphates on the flame retardancy of polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The impact of the chemical structure of four different aryl bisphosphates on the flame retardancy of bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene blends (PC/ABS) was investigated. The impact of the bridging unit was studied, by comparing bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) BDP with biphenyl bis(diphenyl phosphate) BBDP and hydroquinone bis(diphenyl phosphate) HDP; as well as the influence of an aromatic substitution by comparing BBDP with biphenyl bis (di-2,6-xylyl phosphate) BBXP. The blends were investigated in terms of pyrolysis (thermogravimetry TG, TG coupled with Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and mass spectrometry (MS)) and fire performance (cone calorimeter, LOI, UL 94). The decomposition temperature of the flame retardant is a main parameter enabling a condensed phase interaction with PC decomposition products. The phosphate esters reacting with phenolic groups during pyrolysis were shown to increase cross-linking and reduce the hydrolysis/alcoholysis of the carbonate group. Variation of the aromatic substitution with the use of biphenyl bis (di-2,6-xylyl phosphate) led to reduced performance, highlighting the importance of the reactivity of the flame retardant with the decomposing PC.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer degradation and stability</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">29756</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.07.005</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0141-3910</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-2321</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">15.11.2012</enrichment>
    <author>Marie-Claire Despinasse</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene (PC/ABS)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flammability</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phosphate esters</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pyrolysis</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>28515</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2013</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>51</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>61</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>563</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Aryl phosphate-aryl phosphate synergy in flame-retarded bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The pyrolysis and fire performance of bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (PC/ABS) flame-retarded by a mixture of two aryl bisphosphates were investigated by thermogravimetry-coupled with FTIR, oxygen index (LOI), UL 94 and cone calorimeter. Both flame retardants, bisphenol A bis (diphenyl phosphate) BDP and hydroquinone bis (diphenyl phosphate) HDP, show gas-phase and condensed-phase actions. When mixed together at different ratios, a synergy is observed in terms of pyrolysis and fire residues as well as in effective heat of combustion (THE/ML). The synergisms were quantified and confirmed mathematically by the evaluation of the synergistic effect index (SE). All LOI values for the flame-retarded blends are between 29% and 32%, as opposed to 23% for PC/ABS, and UL94 testing results in V-0 at 1.6 mm instead of HB. Investigations on the binary system BDP + HDP reveal that BDP and HDP interact with each other, yielding stable intermediate products which are proposed to increase the thermal stability of the PC/ABS + BDP/HDP blends. Oligomeric phosphate esters are presumed to form via transesterification.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Thermochimica Acta</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">31367</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.tca.2013.04.006</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0040-6031</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1872-762X</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">27.05.2013</enrichment>
    <author>Marie-Claire Despinasse</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>PC/ABS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pyrolysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aryl phosphate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synergy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Combustion</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
