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    <title language="eng">High‐temperature KCl‐induced corrosion of high Cr and Ni alloys investigated by in‐situ diffraction</title>
    <abstract language="eng">High‐temperature KCl‐induced corrosion in laboratory air was observed in situ utilizing X‐ray diffraction. High Cr‐containing model alloys (Fe‐13Cr, Fe‐18Cr‐12Ni, and Fe‐25Cr‐20Ni) were coated with KCl and exposed to dry air at 560°C. KCl‐free alloys were studied in the equivalent atmosphere as a reference. After exposure to KCl‐free environments, all alloys showed the formation of very thin oxide layers, indicating good corrosion resistance. In contrast, KCl‐bearing alloys showed distinct damage after exposure.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials and Corrosion</parentTitle>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>P. Kingsbery</author>
    <author>Anna Maria Manzoni</author>
    <author>Patricia Suárez Ocano</author>
    <author>D. M. Többens</author>
    <author>C. Stephan-Scherb</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>In-situ diffraction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-temperature corrosion</value>
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    <title language="eng">Early material damage in equimolar CrMnFeCoNi in mixed oxidizing/sulfiding hot gas atmosphere</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The challenges to use more varied fuels at medium and high temperatures above 500 °C need to be addressed by tuning the materials toward a better resistance against increased corrosion. As a first step the corrosion processes need to be better understood, especially in the case of the unavoidable and highly corrosive sulfur-based gases. Herein, oxidation/sulfidation of an equimolar CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy is studied at an early stage after hot gas exposure at 600 °C for 6 h in 0.5% SO2 and 99.5% Ar. The oxidation process is studied by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and supported by thermodynamic calculations. It is found that the sulfur does not enter the bulk material but interacts mainly with the fast-diffusing manganese at grain boundary triple junctions at the alloy surface. Submicrometer scaled Cr–S–O-rich phases close to the grain boundaries complete the sulfur-based phase formation. The grains are covered in different Fe-, Mn-, and Cr-based spinels and other oxides.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Advanced engineering materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/adem.202101573</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Anna Maria Manzoni</author>
    <author>Wencke Mohring</author>
    <author>René Hesse</author>
    <author>Leonardo Agudo Jácome</author>
    <author>C. Stephan-Scherb</author>
    <subject>
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      <value>High entropy alloy</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sulfiding</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Corrosion</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Transmission electron microscopy</value>
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    <title language="eng">Effect of a mixed atmosphere H2O-O2-SO2 on the oxidation kinetics and phase formation on CrMnFeCoNi and CrCoNi</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The high-temperature corrosion behaviors of the equimolar CrCoNi medium- and CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy were studied in a gas atmosphere consisting of a volumetric mixture of 10% H2O, 2% O2, 0.5% SO2, and 87.5% Ar at 800 °C for up to 96 h. Both alloys were initially single-phase fcc structured and showed a mean grain size of ~50 µm and a homogeneous chemical composition. The oxide layer thickness of the Cantor alloy CrMnFeCoNi increased linearly with exposure time while it remained constant at ~1 µm for CrCoNi. A Cr2O3 layer and minor amounts of (Co,Ni)Cr2O4 developed on CrCoNi while three layers were detected on the Cantor alloy. These layers were a thin and continuous chromium rich oxide layer at the oxide/alloy interface, a dense (Mn,Cr)3O4 layer in the center and a thick and porous layer of Mn3O4 and MnSO4 at the gas/oxide interface. Additionally, a few metal sulfides were observed in the CrMnFeCoNi matrix. These results were found to be in reasonable agreement with thermodynamic calculations.</abstract>
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    <author>Anna Maria Manzoni</author>
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      <value>Chemically complex alloys</value>
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      <value>Corrosion</value>
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      <value>Mixed gas atmosphere</value>
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    <title language="eng">Early Material Damage in Equimolar CrMnFeCoNi in Mixed Oxidizing/Sulfiding Hot Gas Atmosphere</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The challenges to use more varied fuels at medium and high temperatures above 500 °C need to be addressed by tuning the materials towards a better resistance against increased corrosion. As a first step the corrosion processes need to be better understood, especially in the case of the unavoidable and highly corrosive sulfur-based gases. In this work oxidation/sulfidation of an equimolar CrMnFeCoNi high entropy alloy is studied at an early stage after hot gas exposure at 600 °C for 6 h in 0.5% SO2 and 99.5% Ar. The oxidation process is studied by means of x-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and supported by thermodynamic calculations. It is found that the sulfur does not enter the bulk material but interacts mainly with the fast-diffusing manganese at grain boundary triple junctions at the alloy surface. Sub-micrometer scaled Cr-S-O rich phases close to the grain boundaries complete the sulfur-based phase formation. The grains are covered in different Fe, Mn and Cr based spinels and other oxides.</abstract>
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    <author>Anna Maria Manzoni</author>
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      <value>High entropy alloy</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Corrosion</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Sulfiding</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">High‐Temperature Oxidation of the CrFeNi Medium‐Entropy Alloy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The isothermal high‐temperature oxidation behavior of the equiatomic CrFeNi medium‐entropy alloy is a key issue that determines whether this material is suited for high‐temperature application. In this view, the understanding of the long‐term behavior is even more crucial than short‐term corrosion effects. Herein, a single‐phase CrFeNi alloy of the face‐centered‐cubic structure is exposed to synthetic air at 1000, 1050, and 1100 °C for 24, 100, and 1000 h and its oxidation behavior is systematically compared to that of 316L steel, which shows a surprising initial oxidation stabilization during early stages. The oxidation rate of CrFeNi is parabolic at 1000 °C (with a parabolic constant kp = 1.4·10−5 mg−2 cm−4 s−1) and 1050 °C (kp = 2.7·10−5 mg−2 cm−4 s−1), but breakaway oxidation occurs at 1100 °C after 4 h of exposure. In all cases, the oxide scales are found to (at least) partially spall off. Chromium diffuses outward to form a Cr2O3 layer at the gas/oxide interface, and a thin layer of (Cr, Fe, Ni)3O4 is identified at the oxide/alloy interface. Unlike the 316L alloy, which contains more Mn and Fe, the CrFeNi alloy does not show any catastrophic oxidation behavior at the investigated conditions.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Advanced Engineering Materials</parentTitle>
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In this view, the understanding of the long\u2010term behavior is even more crucial than short\u2010term corrosion effects. Herein, a single\u2010phase CrFeNi alloy of the face\u2010centered\u2010cubic structure is exposed to synthetic air at 1000, 1050, and 1100\u2009\u00b0C for 24, 100, and 1000\u2009h and its oxidation behavior is systematically compared to that of 316L steel, which shows a surprising initial oxidation stabilization during early stages. The oxidation rate of CrFeNi is parabolic at 1000\u2009\u00b0C (with a parabolic constant &lt;jats:italic&gt;k&lt;\/jats:italic&gt;&lt;jats:sub&gt;p&lt;\/jats:sub&gt;\u2009=\u20091.4\u00b710&lt;jats:sup&gt;\u22125&lt;\/jats:sup&gt;\u2009mg&lt;jats:sup&gt;\u22122&lt;\/jats:sup&gt;\u2009cm&lt;jats:sup&gt;\u22124&lt;\/jats:sup&gt;\u2009s&lt;jats:sup&gt;\u22121&lt;\/jats:sup&gt;) and 1050\u2009\u00b0C (&lt;jats:italic&gt;k&lt;\/jats:italic&gt;&lt;jats:sub&gt;p&lt;\/jats:sub&gt;\u2009=\u20092.7\u00b710&lt;jats:sup&gt;\u22125&lt;\/jats:sup&gt;\u2009mg&lt;jats:sup&gt;\u22122&lt;\/jats:sup&gt;\u2009cm&lt;jats:sup&gt;\u22124&lt;\/jats:sup&gt;\u2009s&lt;jats:sup&gt;\u22121&lt;\/jats:sup&gt;), but breakaway oxidation occurs at 1100\u2009\u00b0C after 4\u2009h of exposure. In all cases, the oxide scales are found to (at least) partially spall off. Chromium diffuses outward to form a Cr&lt;jats:sub&gt;2&lt;\/jats:sub&gt;O&lt;jats:sub&gt;3&lt;\/jats:sub&gt; layer at the gas\/oxide interface, and a thin layer of (Cr, Fe, Ni)&lt;jats:sub&gt;3&lt;\/jats:sub&gt;O&lt;jats:sub&gt;4&lt;\/jats:sub&gt; is identified at the oxide\/alloy interface. 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    <title language="eng">Early Material Damage in Equimolar CrMnFeCoNi in Mixed Oxidizing/Sulfiding Hot Gas Atmosphere</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The use of more and more varied fuels implies an increased list of criteria that need to be addressed when choosing a material for a combustion chamber and its supply pipes. The materials must be very resistant against corrosion, especially when the process takes place at temperatures above 500°C. In this work the influence of SO2 on the surface of the “Cantor alloy” is investigated.</abstract>
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    <abstract language="eng">The oxidation behaviour of any alloy is a key issue which determines whether this material is suited for application. In this study, a single-phase equiatomic CrFeNi alloy was exposed to synthetic air at 1000 - 1100 °C for 24 - 1000 h and compared to 316L steel. The oxidation rate of CrFeNi was parabolic at the lower temperatures 1000 °C and 1050 °C, but at 1100 °C a first breakaway occurred after 4 h of exposure. In all cases, the oxide scales were found to partially spall off. As expected, Cr diffuses outwards to form a Cr2O3 layer at the gas/oxide interface. A thin layer of (Cr, Fe, Ni)3O4 is identified at the oxide/alloy interface. The CrFeNi alloy does not show any catastrophic oxidation behaviour at the investigated conditions unlike the 316L alloy, which contains more Mn and Fe.</abstract>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
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    <title language="eng">Corrosion in the Co-Cr-Fe-Ni high entropy alloy family</title>
    <abstract language="eng">While a lage amount of research on high entropy alloys is oriented towards mechanical properties and the microstructural improvement it is also necessary to keep an eye on the environment that potential application materials will be submitted to. The Co-Cr-Fe-Ni based high entropy family has shown great potential over the years of high entropy research and some candidate alloys are chosen for an insight into their corrosion behaviour. Several atmospheres are studied, i.e. O2, H2O, SO2 and a mix thereof in argon as well as synthetic air. Just as for classic alloys, the chromium is the most important element in terms of protection agains further corrosion. The addition of manganese, as in case of the “Cantor alloy” CrMnFeCoNi, overpasses Cr when it comes to oxygen affinity and thus counteracts the layer formation of Cr2O3. Even without Mn, a temperature chosen too high will also affect the formation of the chromium oxide layer and spall it off, annulling its protective potential. We can also observe how trace elements influence the layer formation. These effects and their mechanisms will be discussed for the alloys CrFeNi, CoCrNi, CrMnFeCoNi and variations of Al10Co25Cr8Fe15Ni36Ti6 using a combination of electron microscopy, thermodynamic calculations and x-ray diffraction.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">MRS-T International Conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Hsinchu, Taiwan</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">17.11.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Anna Maria Manzoni</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Scanning electron microscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mixed gas atmosphere</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5 Werkstofftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5.1 Mikrostruktur Design und Degradation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.3 Strukturanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
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