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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
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    <title language="eng">Raman Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Commercial Functionalized Graphene</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Graphene has found widespread commercial use, particularly in flexible electronics and coatings for substrates such as paper and textiles, in the form of suspensions and inks (Zhang et al., 2017). Functionalization of graphene allows fine-tuning of properties like electrical conductivity. Structural and chemical features of graphene materials are typically analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). While Raman spectroscopy plays a critical role in identifying the presence of graphene and characterizing its structural defects (Pollard et al., 2017), XPS examines the chemistry of graphene. This study investigates three types of graphene materials — graphene (unfunctionalized, G-graphene), fluorine-functionalized graphene (F-graphene), and nitrogen-functionalized graphene (N-graphene) — across three physical forms: powders, suspensions, and embedded in inks. Functionalization was performed via plasma treatment of G-graphene with fluorine or ammonia gases. Suspensions were obtained by dispersing powders in distilled water, while inks were formulated using diacetone alcohol, carbon black, and graphene. Raman spectroscopy analysis confirmed the graphitic nature of all materials and revealed differences in defect density across different forms. The characteristic D, G, and D’ bands varied in relative intensity, offering insight into structural integrity and functionalization effects. XPS measurements examined core-level spectra (C 1s, F 1s, N 1s), revealing chemical bonding environments and hybridization states, including the sp² and sp³ states. A notable decline in fluorine content in F-graphene suspensions and inks, relative to powders, was observed. Existence of organic fluorine and total absence of metallic fluorine were observed. Raman spectroscopy and XPS data provided a correlated view of structural and chemical evolution through the graphene production chain.</abstract>
    <identifier type="url">https://macrame-project.eu/macrame-meetings-workshops/jointrras/#Agenda</identifier>
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    <author>Loay Akmal Madbouly</author>
    <author>Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba</author>
    <author>Jörg Radnik</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Graphene-related 2D materials (GR2M)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Inks</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Raman Spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XPS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Functionalized graphene</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse</collection>
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    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <publisherName>Wiley</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Comparative Elemental Analysis of Commercial Functionalized Graphene Nanoplatelets Along the Production Chain With X‐Ray Photoelectron and Energy‐Dispersive X‐Ray Spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Graphene has been commercialized for over a decade, primarily in the form of suspensions and inks. In this study, we investigate the properties of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and their functionalized derivatives, incorporating fluorine or nitrogen as functional groups (FG). The analysis was conducted on three forms, that is, powders, suspensions, and inks, using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX). The objective of this work is to establish a rapid and comprehensive systematic approach for elemental analysis of commercial functionalized graphene, which can be used for quality control. Functionalization is employed to tailor the material's physical and chemical properties. In our study, graphene samples, functionalized with fluorine or ammonia in a plasma reactor, were investigated. Both XPS and EDX were applicable for all three forms and showed, in general, similar trends between the three forms, so that both XPS and EDX can be used for quality control of GNPs along the production chain.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Surface and Interface Analysis</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/sia.7386</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Loay Akmal Madbouly</author>
    <author>Paul Mrkwitschka</author>
    <author>Jörg Manfred Stockmann</author>
    <author>Elliot Jones</author>
    <author>Jörg Radnik</author>
    <author>Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Commercial graphene</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Functionalized graphene</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Graphene inks</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SEM/EDS</value>
    </subject>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XPS</value>
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