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  <doc>
    <id>58106</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>12</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>259</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Segregation-induced grain-boundary precipitation during early stages of liquid-metal embrittlement of an advanced high-strength steel</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Liquid-metal embrittlement (LME) of galvanized (Zn-coated) advanced high-strength steels is a long-known problem in materials science. Here we reveal the initial microstructural processes underneath the Zn-coating that lead to LME-microcrack initiation in the steel substrate. We track the microstructural evolution during the first tens of milliseconds and find pronounced signatures of Fe-Zn intermetallic precipitation in both ferrite grain boundaries and at internal ferrite-oxide phase boundaries. In concert with novel CALPHAD-integrated density-based thermodynamic modelling, we demonstrate that Zn-rich intermetallic phase-nucleation can occur at markedly low processing temperatures due to a segregation transition. We show that a small Znenrichment caused by Zn bulk-diffusion during the initial temperature rise in a joining process is sufficient to induce the segregation transition and subsequent nucleation of Fe-Zn intermetallic grain-boundary phases, which the experiments link to crack initiation sites. These findings direct focus onto LME-controlling microstructural and thermodynamic phenomena at temperatures below the ductility trough and the austenite formation temperature.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Acta Materialia</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.actamat.2023.119243</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-581067</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">18.01.2024</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Yuki Ikeda</author>
    <author>H.C. Ni</author>
    <author>A. Chakraborty</author>
    <author>H. Ghassemi-Armaki</author>
    <author>J.M. Zuo</author>
    <author>Reza Darvishi Kamachali</author>
    <author>Robert Maaß</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Resistance spot welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquid-metal embrittlement</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Steels</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Grain boundaries</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5 Werkstofftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5.5 Materialmodellierung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Materialdesign</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/58106/Segregation-induced grain-boundary precipitation during early stages of liquid-metal.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63414</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>11</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>296</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier BV</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Thermodynamics of grain boundary segregation transition and their relevance for liquid metal embrittlement in Fe-Zn system</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Grain boundaries (GBs) are common sites of failure in polycrystalline materials. Recently, a massive Zn segregation transition at Fe GBs was discovered and shown to act as a potent precursor of liquid metal embrittlement (LME) in the Fe-Zn system (Kamachali et al., Scripta Materialia 238 (2024) 115758). In this study, we elaborate on how temperature, GB type and the chemo-structurally coupled phase decomposition at the GB impact this segregation transition. CALPHAD and atomistic simulation data were utilized as inputs to conduct quantitative density-based thermodynamic modeling and phase-field simulations across various GBs, alloy compositions, and temperatures. We reveal that once the segregation transition becomes possible, the GB structural variation stabilizes spinodally formed Zn-rich phases within the GB region, with a higher tendency in disordered GBs. GB phase diagrams were constructed to identify and analyze the range of critical temperatures and alloy compositions associated with the segregation transition. The phase diagrams reveal that the miscibility gap for more disordered GB expands and, although the segregation transition is inevitable and occurs for all GBs, the barrier to triggering it is lower for more disordered GBs. Based on our thermodynamic analyses, potential processing modifications and GB engineering strategies for mitigating segregation-induced LME are thoroughly discussed.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Acta Materialia</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1359-6454</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121134</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-634145</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefLicence">https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_import_origin">crossref</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">doi-import</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">16.07.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="PaperofMonth">1</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Yuki Ikeda</author>
    <author>Theophilus Wallis</author>
    <author>Robert Maaß</author>
    <author>Reza Darvishi Kamachali</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermodynamics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phase-Field Modelling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Steels</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5 Werkstofftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5.5 Materialmodellierung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Materialdesign</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/63414/ThermodynamicsofLMEinFeZn_.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52454</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>75</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>79</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>190</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Strain-dependent shear-band structure in a Zr-based bulk metallic glass</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This work presents strong evidence for structural damage accumulation as a function of shear strain admitted by shear bands in a Zr-based bulk metallic glass. Analyzing the shear-band structure of shear- band segments that experienced shear strains covering four orders of magnitude with high-angle annular dark field transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) reveals strongly scattered data with on overall trend of increasing local volume dilatation with increasing shear strain. Locally, however, a variety of trends is observed, which underlines the strong heterogeneity of structural damage in shear bands in metallic glasses.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Scripta Materialia</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.08.030</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">19.04.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>C. Liu</author>
    <author>Yuki Ikeda</author>
    <author>Robert Maaß</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Transmission electron microscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Metallic glass</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Shear bands</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Shear-band structure</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Shear strain</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5 Werkstofftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54728</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>8</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>16</issue>
    <volume>131</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>AIP Publishing</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">In situ thermal annealing transmission electron microscopy of irradiation induced Fe nanoparticle precipitation in Fe–Si alloy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The typical experimental conditions inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM), such as ultra-high vacuum, high-energy electron irradiation, and surface effects of ultrathin TEM specimens, can be the origin of unexpected microstructural changes compared with that of bulk material during in situ thermal-annealing experiments. In this paper, we report on the microstructural changes of a Fe–15%Si alloy during in situ TEM annealing, where, in its bulk form, it exhibits an ordering transformation from D03 to B2 at 650 °C. Using a heating-pot type double tilt holder with a proportional–integral–differential control system, we observed the precipitation of α-Fe both at the sample surface and inside the sample. Surface precipitates formed via surface diffusion are markedly large, several tens of nm, whereas precipitates inside the specimen, which are surrounded by Fe-poor regions, reach a maximum size of 20 nm. This unexpected microstructural evolution could be attributed to vacancies on Si sites, which are induced due to high-energy electron irradiation before heating, as well as enhanced thermal diffusion of Fe atoms.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Applied Physics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1063/5.0070471</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0021-8979</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">21.11.2022</enrichment>
    <author>Y. Shimada</author>
    <author>Yuki Ikeda</author>
    <author>K. Yoshida</author>
    <author>M. Sato</author>
    <author>J. Chen</author>
    <author>Y. Du</author>
    <author>K. Inoue</author>
    <author>Robert Maaß</author>
    <author>Y. Nagai</author>
    <author>T. Konno</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>In situ thermal-annealing experiment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microstructural changes of a Fe Si alloy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microstructural evolution</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5 Werkstofftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Materialdesign</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52455</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>126</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>130</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>190</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Evidence of room-temperature shear-deformation in a Cu-Al intermetallic</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Lamellar eutectics are known to evidence plastic shear in otherwise brittle intermetallics, if the lamella spacing is small enough. Here we pursue this idea of confined plasticity in intermetallics further and demonstrate room-temperature shear-deformation in a two-phase CuAl 2 -CuAl intermetallic nano- composite. The presence of a phase with a 3-fold symmetry is also revealed after deformation. Simula- tion of transmission electron microscopy images shows this to be monoclinic CuAl. These observations are made in the deformation zone underneath locations of nanoindents, of which the force-displacement curves exhibit an unusual response of continuously increasing pop-in sizes with load.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Scripta Materialia</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.08.033</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">19.04.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Yuki Ikeda</author>
    <author>J. Mancias</author>
    <author>B. Gan</author>
    <author>Robert Maaß</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nanoindentation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Intermetallic</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nano-composite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Shear bands</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasticity</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5 Werkstofftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Materialdesign</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57301</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>252</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Growth Twins and Premartensite Microstructure in Epitaxial Ni-Mn-Ga Films</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Magnetic shape memory alloys have been examined intensively due to their multifunctionality and multitude of physical phenomena. For both areas, epitaxial films are promising since the absence of grain boundaries is beneficial for applications in microsystems and they also allow to understand the influence of a reduced dimension on the physical effects. Despite many efforts on epitaxial films, two particular aspects remain open.&#13;
First, it is not clear how to keep epitaxial growth up to high film thickness, which is required for most microsystems.&#13;
Second, it is unknown how the microstructure of premartensite, a precursor state during the martensitic transformation, manifests in films and differs from that in bulk.&#13;
Here, we focus on micrometer-thick austenitic Ni-Mn-Ga films and explain two distinct microstructural features by combining high-resolution electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction methods. First, we identify pyramid-shaped defects, which originate from {1 1 1} growth twinning and cause the breakdown of epitaxial growth. We show that a sufficiently thick Cr buffer layer prevents this breakdown and allows epitaxial growth up to a thickness of at least 4 μm. Second, premartensite exhibits a hierarchical microstructure in epitaxial films. The reduced dimension of films results in variant selection and regions with distinct premartensite variants, unlike its microstructure in bulk.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Acta Materialia</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.actamat.2023.118902</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1359-6454</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">31.05.2023</enrichment>
    <author>S. Kar</author>
    <author>Yuki Ikeda</author>
    <author>K. Lünser</author>
    <author>Th. G. Woodcock</author>
    <author>K. Nielsch</author>
    <author>H. Reith</author>
    <author>Robert Maaß</author>
    <author>S. Fähler</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Alloy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Epitaxial films</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hierarchical microstructure Premartensite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Twinning</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Magnetic shape memory</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5 Werkstofftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Materialdesign</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58429</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>5</pageLast>
    <pageNumber>5</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>238</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Giant segregation transition as origin of liquid metal embrittlement in the Fe-Zn system</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A giant Zn segregation transition is revealed using CALPHAD-integrated density-based modeling of segregation into Fe grain boundaries (GBs). The results show that above a threshold of only a few atomic percent Zn in the alloy, a substantial amount of up to 60 at.% Zn can segregate to the GB. We found that the amount of segregation abruptly increases with decreasing temperature, while the Zn content in the alloy required for triggering the segregation transition decreases. Direct evidence of the Zn segregation transition is obtained using high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. Base on the model, we trace the origin of the segregation transition back to the low cohesive energy of Zn and a miscibility gap in Fe-Zn GB, arising from the magnetic ordering effect, which is confirmed by ab-initio calculations. We also show that the massive Zn segregation resulting from the segregation transition greatly assists with liquid wetting and reduces the work of separation along the GB. The current predictions suggest that control over Zn segregation, by both alloy design and optimizing the galvanization and welding processes, may offer preventive strategies against liquid metal embrittlement.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Scripta Materialia</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.scriptamat.2023.115758</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1359-6462</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1872-8456</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-584292</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">09.09.2024</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Reza Darvishi Kamachali</author>
    <author>Theophilus Wallis</author>
    <author>Yuki Ikeda</author>
    <author>U. Saikia</author>
    <author>A. Ahmadian</author>
    <author>C. Liebscher</author>
    <author>Tilmann Hickel</author>
    <author>Robert Maaß</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>CALPHAD</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microstructure Design</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Grain boundary engineering</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Steels</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Density-based Model</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Segregation Engineering</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5 Werkstofftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5.5 Materialmodellierung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.4 Materialinformatik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Materialdesign</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
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    <title language="eng">Multiferroic Microstructure Created from Invariant Line Constraint</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Ferroic materials enable a multitude of emerging applications, and optimum functional properties are achieved when ferromagnetic and ferroelectric properties are coupled to a first‐order ferroelastic transition. In bulk materials, this first‐order transition involves an invariant habit plane, connecting coexisting phases: austenite and martensite. Theory predicts that this plane should converge to a line in thin films, but experimental evidence is missing. Here, the martensitic and magnetic microstructure of a freestanding epitaxial magnetic shape memory film is analyzed. It is shown that the martensite microstructure is determined by an invariant line constraint using lattice parameters of both phases as the only input. This line constraint explains most of the observable features, which differ fundamentally from bulk and constrained films. Furthermore, this finite‐size effect creates a remarkable checkerboard magnetic domain pattern through multiferroic coupling. The findings highlight the decisive role of finite‐size effects in multiferroics.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Advanced Functional Materials</parentTitle>
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    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/adfm.202416638</identifier>
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In bulk materials, this first\u2010order transition involves an invariant habit plane, connecting coexisting phases: austenite and martensite. Theory predicts that this plane should converge to a line in thin films, but experimental evidence is missing. Here, the martensitic and magnetic microstructure of a freestanding epitaxial magnetic shape memory film is analyzed. It is shown that the martensite microstructure is determined by an invariant line constraint using lattice parameters of both phases as the only input. This line constraint explains most of the observable features, which differ fundamentally from bulk and constrained films. Furthermore, this finite\u2010size effect creates a remarkable checkerboard magnetic domain pattern through multiferroic coupling. 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    <author>Satyakam Kar</author>
    <author>Yuki Ikeda</author>
    <author>Kornelius Nielsch</author>
    <author>Heiko Reith</author>
    <author>Robert Maaß</author>
    <author>Sebastian Fähler</author>
    <subject>
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      <value>Epitaxial films</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Finite-size effects</value>
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      <value>Multiferroics</value>
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      <value>Martensite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Magnetic shape memory alloys</value>
    </subject>
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    <title language="eng">Early stages of liquid-metal embrittlement in an advanced high-strength steel</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Grain-boundary degradation via liquid-metal embrittlement (LME) is a prominent and long-standing failure process in next generation advanced high-strength steels. Here we reveal, well ahead of the crack tip, the presences of nano-scale grains of intermetallic phases in Zn-infiltrated but uncracked grain boundaries with scanning- and 4D transmission electron microscopy. Instead of the often-reported Znrich Fe-Zn intermetallics, the nano-scale phase in the uncracked infiltrated grain boundaries is identified as the G-phase, and its presence reveals the local enhancement of strain heterogeneities in the grain boundary network. Based on these observations, we argue that intermetallic phase formation is not occurring after cracking and subsequent liquid Zn infiltration but is instead one of the primary nanoscopic drivers for grain-boundary weakening and crack initiation. These findings shift the focus of LME from micro- and meso-scale crack investigations to the very early stages immediately following Zn diffusion, after which secondary phase nucleation and growth emerge as the root-cause for failure.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials Today Advances</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.mtadv.2021.100196</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-539716</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Yuki Ikeda</author>
    <author>R. Yuan</author>
    <author>A. Chakraborty</author>
    <author>H. Ghassemi-Armaki</author>
    <author>J. M. Zuo</author>
    <author>Robert Maaß</author>
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      <value>Advanced high strength steels</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Liquid metal embrittlement</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Transmission electron microscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>4-Dimensional scanning transmission</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>electron microscopy</value>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/53971/Early stages of liquid-metal embrittlement in an advanced high-strength steel.pdf</file>
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    <volume>265</volume>
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    <title language="eng">On the preference of liquid-metal embrittlement along high-angle grain-boundaries in galvanized steels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Focusing on the early stages of liquid-metal embrittlement (LME) of Zinc (Zn) coated advanced high-strength steels, we show that the Zn infiltration path prior to grain-boundary decohesion and therefore cracking distinctly follows high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs). This selective transport prior to LME-induced microcracking rationalizes the experimentally observed post-mortem cracking along martensitic HAGBs. We discuss the selective Zn transport and GB-weakening in terms of an misorientation-angle dependent atomic density and diffusivity, and its effect on GB-segregation.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Scripta Materialia</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1359-6462</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.scriptamat.2025.116723</identifier>
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    <author>Yuki Ikeda</author>
    <author>Seungchang Han</author>
    <author>Theophilus Wallis</author>
    <author>Reza Darvishi Kamachali</author>
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      <value>Advanced high-strength steels</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Grain boundaries</value>
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