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    <publisherName>John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Improved criteria for evaluating impact targets in regulative drop tests of dangerous goods packagings</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For dangerous goods packagings, drop testing onto an essential unyielding target can be used to assess the mechanical resistance to impact loads. Adopted regulations like ADR/RID require that the impact surface provided shall be integral with a mass at least 50 times than that of the heaviest package to be tested. The problem is that many manufacturers do not possess impact targets that satisfy the required 50 times mass ratio for regulative drop tests during series production. The objective of this work is to verify existing and define improved criteria for impact target structures based on systematic investigations. Previous evidence highlights the relevance of other parameters in addition to the mass ratio. Therefore, in this research, a variation of drop test parameters was carried out experimentally. Furthermore, numerical vibration analysis was applied to investigate the deformability of the impact surface. The results conclude that the mass ratio of 1:50 cannot be defined as a decisive criterion. In order to determine the influence of further drop test parameters, the research findings were used to validate a parametric model which assesses impact target deflection. An approximation quality of over 90 % was achieved. As a result, new evaluation criteria are proposed. Firstly, a method for identifying critical impact target designs is provided. Secondly, a new comprehensive formula compares the approximated maximum deflection of a real impact target to the respective theoretical threshold derived from a worst-case assumption. In practice, this leads to great advantages in the evaluation of already installed impact targets for dangerous goods packagings.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Packaging Technology and Science</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/pts.2759</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0894-3214</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-576985</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">19.06.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Nikolaos Lengas</author>
    <author>Karsten Müller</author>
    <author>Eva Schlick-Hasper</author>
    <author>Marcel Neitsch</author>
    <author>Sergej Johann</author>
    <author>M. W. Zehn</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Corrugated fibreboard box</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Dangerous goods packagings</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Drop test</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Impact target</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanical response</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Steel drum</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Structural dynamics</value>
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  <doc>
    <id>57715</id>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Improved criteria for evaluating impact targets in regulative drop tests of dangerous goods packagings</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For dangerous goods packagings, drop testing onto an essential unyielding target can be used to assess the mechanical resistance to impact loads. Adopted regulations like ADR/RID require that the impact surface provided shall be integral with a mass at least 50 times than that of the heaviest package to be tested. The problem is that many manufacturers do not possess impact targets that satisfy the required 50 times mass ratio for regulative drop tests during series production. The objective of this work is to verify existing and define improved criteria for impact target structures based on systematic investigations. Previous evidence highlights the relevance of other parameters in addition to the mass ratio. Therefore, in this research, a variation of drop test parameters was carried out experimentally. Furthermore, numerical vibration analysis was applied to investigate the deformability of the impact surface. The results conclude that the mass ratio of 1:50 cannot be defined as a decisive criterion. In order to determine the influence of further drop test parameters, the research findings were used to validate a parametric model which assesses impact target deflection. An approximation quality of over 90 % was achieved. As a result, new evaluation criteria are proposed. Firstly, a method for identifying critical impact target designs is provided. Secondly, a new comprehensive formula compares the approximated maximum deflection of a real impact target to the respective theoretical threshold derived from a worst-case assumption. In practice, this leads to great advantages in the evaluation of already installed impact targets for dangerous goods packagings.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">31st IAPRI Members’ conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Mumbai, India</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">25.05.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Nikolaos Lengas</author>
    <author>Karsten Müller</author>
    <author>Eva Schlick-Hasper</author>
    <author>Marcel Neitsch</author>
    <author>Sergej Johann</author>
    <author>M. W. Zehn</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Drop test</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Structural dynamics</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dangerous goods packagings</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Impact target</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Vibration analysis</value>
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    <title language="eng">FEA of the mechanical response of installed impact target foundations in drop tests of dangerous goods packagings</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Packagings for the transport of dangerous goods need to meet special requirements to get an approval. This includes free fall drop testing onto an essentially unyielding surface as a means to assess a package’s resistance to mechanical damage. A main requirement for drop tests is that the impact target’s mass shall be at least 50 times that of the heaviest package to be tested. Nevertheless, many manufacturers do not possess foundation structures with the required mass ratio. Previous evidence highlights that the mass ratio is not a decisive criterion on its own. Parameters such as the impact target foundation’s connection and the impulse experienced by the impacting object are essential as well. However, these factors are not easily verifiable since experimental measurements are not possible at most facilities. The objective of this work is to provide a detailed analysis on the interaction between impact target foundation and subgrade in dynamic impact testing using validated finite-element (FE) models. This research is highly beneficial for industrial application since it allows manufacturers to make informed predictions about the mechanical response of installed impact target foundations.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">FEMS EUROMAT 2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Frankfurt a. M., Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">03.09.2012</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">07.09.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Nikolaos Lengas</author>
    <author>Karsten Müller</author>
    <author>Eva Schlick-Hasper</author>
    <author>Marcel Neitsch</author>
    <author>Sergej Johann</author>
    <author>M. W. Zehn</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Dangerous goods packagings</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Drop test</value>
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      <value>Structural dynamics</value>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
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