<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>62169</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>14</issue>
    <volume>17</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI AG</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">A Comparative Evaluation of Powder Characteristics of Recycled Material from Bronze Grinding Chips for Additive Manufacturing</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In the manufacturing process of ship propellers, large quantities of grinding chips are generated. These grinding chips result from the finishing of the blade surfaces after the primary casting process of the propeller. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare different preparation processes used to produce chip powders with sufficient powder quality for the additive manufacturing process of directed energy deposition. The preparation of the samples was performed through different sieving, milling and re-melting processes. For the characterization of the prepared samples, powder analysis according to relevant industry standards was carried out. It was found that the re-melting processes result in superior powder quality for additive manufacturing in terms of particle size, morphology, and flowability. For some characteristics, the powder exhibits even better properties than those of commercial powders. Furthermore, the powder properties of the milled samples demonstrate a promising potential for u</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/ma17143396</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-621696</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus_import_data">{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T19:12:38Z","timestamp":1732043558725},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["728053-MarTERA"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"&lt;jats:p&gt;In the manufacturing process of ship propellers, large quantities of grinding chips are generated. These grinding chips result from the finishing of the blade surfaces after the primary casting process of the propeller. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare different preparation processes used to produce chip powders with sufficient powder quality for the additive manufacturing process of directed energy deposition. The preparation of the samples was performed through different sieving, milling and re-melting processes. For the characterization of the prepared samples, powder analysis according to relevant industry standards was carried out. It was found that the re-melting processes result in superior powder quality for additive manufacturing in terms of particle size, morphology, and flowability. For some characteristics, the powder exhibits even better properties than those of commercial powders. Furthermore, the powder properties of the milled samples demonstrate a promising potential for use in additive manufacturing.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17143396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T19:27:20Z","timestamp":1720553240000},"page":"3396","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Comparative Evaluation of Powder Characteristics of Recycled Material from Bronze Grinding Chips for Additive Manufacturing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Eckart","family":"Uhlmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK, 10587 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Machine Tools and Production Engineering, Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management IWF, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2355-2782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Polte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK, 10587 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Machine Tools and Production Engineering, Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management IWF, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Janek Maria","family":"Fasselt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK, 10587 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Vinzenz","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK, 10587 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Kl\u00f6tzer-Freese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mecklenburger Metallguss GmbH, 17192 Waren, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8867-2756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Kleba-Ehrhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institute of Material Science and Technology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Biegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK, 10587 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8123-6696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Rethmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK, 10587 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Machine Tools and Production Engineering, Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management IWF, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing BAM, 12205 Berlin, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Callcut, V. (2002). Aluminum Bronzes: Metallurgy of Copper &amp; Copper Alloys, Copper Development Association Inc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21004","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77974-3","article-title":"Characterization and Flowability Methods for Metal Powders","volume":"10","author":"Zegzulka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3139\/147.110547","article-title":"Aspects of Powder Characterization for Additive Manufacturing","volume":"55","author":"Wimler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pract. Metallogr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7019","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-021-06113-4","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Characterization Methods for Powders Used in Additive Manufacturing","volume":"30","author":"Mitterlehner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Materi. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000022","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202000022","article-title":"A Statistical Analysis of Powder Flowability in Metal Additive Manufacturing","volume":"22","author":"Kiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"102250","article-title":"Characterization of Powder Flow Behavior for Additive Manufacturing","volume":"47","author":"Baesso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-015-0001-4","article-title":"Powder Flowability Characterisation Methodology for Powder-Bed-Based Metal Additive Manufacturing","volume":"1","author":"Spierings","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmood, K., Khan, A., and Pinkerton, A. (2011, January 1\u20136). Laser Metal Deposition of Steel Components Using Machining Waste as Build Material. Proceedings of the CLEO:2011-Laser Applications to Photonic Applications (2011), Baltimore, MD, USA. Paper JTuH5.","DOI":"10.1364\/CLEO_AT.2011.JTuH5"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-017-0126-3","article-title":"Production of CuSn10 Bronze Powder from Machining Chips Using Jet Milling","volume":"92","author":"Afshari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2020.04.042","article-title":"A Comparison of 316 L Stainless Steel Parts Manufactured by Directed Energy Deposition Using Gas-Atomized and Mechanically-Generated Feedstock","volume":"69","author":"Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2018.10.023","article-title":"Two-Stage Ball Milling of Recycled Machining Chips to Create an Alternative Feedstock Powder for Metal Additive Manufacturing","volume":"342","author":"Fullenwider","year":"2019","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.131342","article-title":"Recycling of Ti6Al4V Machining Swarf into Additive Manufacturing Feedstock Powder to Realise Sustainable Recycling Goals","volume":"348","author":"Dhiman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2021.02.025","article-title":"Investigation of Additive Manufacturing from the Heat-Resistant Steel Powder Produced by Recycling of the Machining Chips","volume":"64","author":"Razumov","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beiss, P. (2013). Pulvermetallurgische Fertigungstechnik, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32032-3"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-624X(67)90066-2","article-title":"The Formation of Metal Powders by Ultrasonic Atomization of Molten Metals","volume":"5","author":"Lierke","year":"1967","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017brodowski, \u0141., Wr\u00f3blewski, R., Choma, T., Moro\u0144czyk, B., Ostrysz, M., Leonowicz, M., \u0141acisz, W., B\u0142yskun, P., Wr\u00f3bel, J.S., and Cie\u015blak, G. (2021). Novel Cold Crucible Ultrasonic Atomization Powder Production Method for 3D Printing. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14102541"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012036","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1296\/1\/012036","article-title":"Using Ultrasonic Atomization to Recycle Aluminium Bronze Chips for Additive Laser Directed Energy Deposition","volume":"1296","author":"Fasselt","year":"2023","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2024, June 11). VDI 3405 Sheet 2.3 Additive manufacturing processes, rapid manufacturing-Beam melting of metallic parts-Characterisation of powder feedstock. Available online: https:\/\/www.dinmedia.de\/de\/technische-regel\/vdi-3405-blatt-2-3\/288390378."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2017). Copper and Copper Alloys-Ingots and Castings (Standard No. DIN EN 1982:2017-11)."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2021). Particle Size Analysis-Image Analysis Methods-Part 2: Dynamic Image Analysis Methods (Standard No. ISO 13322-2:2021)."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2023). Standard Test Methods for Flow Rate of Metal Powders Using the Carney Funnel (Standard No. ASTM B964-16)."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2023). Metallic Powders-Determination of Apparent Density-Part 1: Funnel Method (Standard No. ISO 3923-1:2018)."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2011). Metallic Powders-Determination of Tap Density (Standard No. ISO 3953:2011)."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-5910(98)00208-3","article-title":"The Use of Bulk Density Measurements as Flowability Indicators","volume":"102","author":"Abdullah","year":"1999","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2019). Surface Active Agents-Powders and Granules-Measurement of the Angle of Repose (Standard No. ISO 4324:1977)."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, I., Rosen, D., Stucker, B., and Khorasani, M. (2021). Additive Manufacturing Technologies, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-56127-7"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phpro.2012.10.061","article-title":"Influence of Powder Characteristics in Laser Direct Metal Deposition of SS316L for Metallic Parts Manufacturing","volume":"39","author":"Boisselier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, L., Abd Rahim, S., Al Bakri Abdullah, M., Yin, A., Ghazali, M., Omar, M., Neme\u0219, O., Sandu, A., Vizureanu, P., and Abdellah, A. (2023). Producing Metal Powder from Machining Chips Using Ball Milling Process: A Review. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16134635"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.107.045","article-title":"Limitations to Accuracy in Extracting Characteristic Line Intensities From X-ray Spectra","volume":"107","author":"Statham","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, V., Marko, A., Kruse, T., Biegler, M., and Rethmeier, M. (2021). Analysis and Recycling of Bronze Grinding Waste to Produce Maritime Components Using Directed Energy Deposition. LiM-Lasers in Manufacturing, Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Lasertechnik und Photonik e.V."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, V., Marko, A., Kruse, T., Biegler, M., and Rethmeier, M. (2022). Analyse und Nutzung von Aluminium-Bronze-Schleifstaub f\u00fcr das Laser-Pulver-Auftragsschwei\u00dfen. Assist. F\u00fcge-Und Schwei\u00dftechnik, 128\u2013133."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smolina, I., Gruber, K., Pawlak, A., Zi\u00f3\u0142kowski, G., Grochowska, E., Schob, D., Kobiela, K., Roszak, R., Ziegenhorn, M., and Kurzynowski, T. (2022). Influence of the AlSi7Mg0.6 Aluminium Alloy Powder Reuse on the Quality and Mechanical Properties of LPBF Samples. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15145019"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(01)00154-9","article-title":"Uptake of Iron, Oxygen and Nitrogen in Molybdenum during Ball Milling","volume":"49","author":"Lucks","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2012.02.015","article-title":"Measuring the Flowing Properties of Powders and Grains","volume":"224","author":"Lumay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-5910(69)80024-0","article-title":"On the Hausner Ratio and Its Relationship to Some Properties of Metal Powders","volume":"2","author":"Grey","year":"1969","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-5910(93)02790-H","article-title":"Packing of Fine Powders Subjected to Tapping","volume":"78","author":"Yu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Powder Technol."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/14\/3396\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T19:47:05Z","timestamp":1720554425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/14\/3396"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17143396"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17143396","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]}}}</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">16.12.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Eckart Uhlmann</author>
    <author>Julian Polte</author>
    <author>Janek Maria Fasselt</author>
    <author>Vinzenz Müller</author>
    <author>Christian Klötzer-Freese</author>
    <author>Rafael Kleba-Ehrhardt</author>
    <author>Max Biegler</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Grinding chips</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Comminution</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aluminium bronze</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Recycling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sustainability</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/62169/materials-17-03396.pdf</file>
  </doc>
</export-example>
