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    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
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    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
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    <issue>1</issue>
    <volume>13</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Nature</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>London</publisherPlace>
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    <title language="eng">Influence of nanoparticle encapsulation and encoding on the surface chemistry of polymer carrier beads</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Surface-functionalized polymer beads encoded with molecular luminophores and nanocrystalline emitters such as semiconductor nanocrystals, often referred to as quantum dots (QDs), or magnetic nanoparticles are broadly used in the life sciences as reporters and carrier beads. Many of these applications require a profound knowledge of the chemical nature and total number of their surface functional groups (FGs), that control bead charge, colloidal stability, hydrophobicity, and the interaction with the environment and biological systems. For bioanalytical applications, also the number of groups accessible for the subsequent functionalization with, e.g., biomolecules or targeting ligands is relevant. In this study, we explore the influence of QD encoding on the amount of carboxylic acid (COOH) surface FGs of 2 μm polystyrene microparticles (PSMPs). This is done for frequently employed oleic acid and oleylamine stabilized, luminescent core/shell CdSe QDs and two commonly used encoding procedures. This included QD addition during bead formation by a thermally induced polymerization reaction and a post synthetic swelling procedure. The accessible number of COOH groups on the surface of QD-encoded and pristine beads was quantified by two colorimetric assays, utilizing differently sized reporters and electrostatic and covalent interactions. The results were compared to the total number of FGs obtained by a conductometric titration and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In addition, a comparison of the impact of QD and dye encoding on the bead surface chemistry was performed. Our results demonstrate the influence of QD encoding and the QD-encoding strategy on the number of surface FG that is ascribed to an interaction of the QDs with the carboxylic acid groups on the bead surface. These findings are of considerable relevance for applications of nanoparticle-encoded beads and safe-by-design concepts for nanomaterials.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Scientific reports</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1038/s41598-023-38518-7</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2045-2322</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-581502</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">06.09.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Lena Scholtz</author>
    <author>Isabella Tavernaro</author>
    <author>J. G. Eckert</author>
    <author>Marc Lutowski</author>
    <author>Daniel Geißler</author>
    <author>Andreas Hertwig</author>
    <author>Gundula Hidde</author>
    <author>N. C. Bigall</author>
    <author>Ute Resch-Genger</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Optical spectroscopy</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Particle</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Optical assay</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>IR spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fluorescence</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Quantum yield</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Quality assurance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nano</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synthesis</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Surface chemistry</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Quantification</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Method</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Conductometry</value>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/58150/Influence of np encapsulation and encoding on the surf chem of polymer carrier beads.pdf</file>
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    <title language="eng">Luminescent, nanoparticle-loaded polymer microparticles - comparing synthesis routes</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Our comparison showed that the route used for the synthesis of luminescent, NP-loaded PSMPs can play a significant role for the luminescence properties, as well as the number of accessible SFGs, and hence subsequent functionalization. This should be considered for future applications.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Bunsen-Tagung 2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Lena Scholtz</author>
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      <value>Fluorescence</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polymerization</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microbeads</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Quantum dots</value>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Comparison</value>
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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
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    <title language="eng">Standardized Measurements of Surface Functionalities on Nanoparticles</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) with various chemical compositions and surface functionalities are routinely and commonly fabricated for industrial applications such as medical diagnostics, drug delivery, sensing, catalysis, energy conversion and storage, opto-electronics, and information storage. NP function, their interaction with biological species, and also their environmental fate are largely determined by the surface functionalities of the particles. Reliable, reproducible, and standardized surface characterization methods are therefore vital for quality control of NPs, determination of their applicability, and mandatory to meet increasing concerns regarding their safety. In addition, industry as well as international standardization organizations, regulatory agencies, and policymakers need validated and standardized measurement methods and reference materials.&#13;
However, methodologies for determining NP surface properties, including the amount, chemical composition, and homogeneity of surface functionalities and coatings are largely non-standardized up until now. Suitable methods for determining surface functionalities on ligand-stabilized core and core/shell NPs include advanced techniques such as traceable quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR), as well as X-ray electron spectroscopy (XPS) and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), and simpler optical and electrochemical methods. The latter, typically less costly methods are often used by SMEs, e.g., for quality control. To validate methods, establish measurement uncertainties, test reference materials, and produce reference data, international interlaboratory comparisons (ILC) on NP surface functionalization measurements are required to provide well characterized test and reference nanomaterials including benchmark values.[1] These needs are addressed by the current European metrology project SMURFnano, involving 12 partners from different National Metrology Institutes, designated and research institutes, two university groups as well as one large company and one SME producing NPs. This project, as well as first results derived from the development of test and reference materials with a well characterized surface chemistry, and ongoing interlaboratory comparisons, will be presented.</abstract>
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    <author>Lena Scholtz</author>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nano</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Particle</value>
    </subject>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Silica</value>
    </subject>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polymer</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Metrology</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Quality assurance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reference material</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Surface chemistry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Size</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Shape</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Particle number concentration</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Method</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Optical assay</value>
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    <subject>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>qNMR</value>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Validation</value>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Potentiometry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XPS</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Validated and standardized measurements and quantification of surface functionalities on nanoparticles</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) with various chemical compositions and surface functionalities are routinely fabricated for industrial applications such as medical diagnostics, drug delivery, sensing, catalysis, energy conversion and storage, opto-electronics, and information storage which improve the quality of life and European prosperity. Nanoparticle function, interaction with biological species, and environmental fate are largely determined by surface functionalities. Reliable, reproducible, and standardized surface characterization methods are therefore vital for quality control of NPs, and mandatory to meet increasing concerns regarding their safety. Also, industry, regulatory agencies, and policymakers need validated traceable measurement methods and reference materials. Industry, e.g., must comply with various regulations, including the chemicals´ regulation REACH (2006/1907) and cosmetic products regulation (2009/1223), depending on the use. Therefore, standardization organizations such as the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) as well as industrial stakeholders, European Medicine Agency (EMA), and the nanosafety community responsible for guidelines for nanomaterial (NM) regulation like the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have expressed needs for standardized methodologies to measure NP surface chemical properties.&#13;
Despite these needs, methodologies for determining NP surface properties, including the amount, chemical composition, and homogeneity of surface functionalities and coatings are largely non-standardized. Specifically, validated quantitative procedures for the measurement of thickness and composition of nanoparticle coatings and other surface functionalities are needed. Suitable methods for determining surface functionalities on ligand-stabilized core and core/shell NPs include advanced techniques such as traceable quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) as well as X-ray electron spectroscopy (XPS) and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), and simpler optical and electrochemical methods. The latter less costly methods are often used by SMEs, e.g., for quality control. To validate methods, establish measurement uncertainties, test reference materials, and produce reference data, international interlaboratory comparisons (ILC) on NP surface functionalization measurements are required. These needs have been addressed by us in two interlaboratory comparisons, that will be presented. In addition, the European metrology project SMURFnano will be briefly presented involving 12 partners from different National Metrology Institutes, designated institutes, and research institutes, two university groups as well as one large company and one SME producing NPs.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">NanoCarbon Annual Conference 2025</enrichment>
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    <author>Ute Resch-Genger</author>
    <author>Isabella Tavernaro</author>
    <author>Sarah-Luise Abram</author>
    <author>Christian Homann</author>
    <author>Lena Scholtz</author>
    <author>Jörg Radnik</author>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nano</value>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Particle</value>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Silica</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Quality assurance</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reference material</value>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Surface chemistry</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Size</value>
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    <subject>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Shape</value>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Particle number concentration</value>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Method</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Optical assay</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>QNMR</value>
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    <subject>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Validation</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Potentiometry</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XPS</value>
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    <title language="eng">Validated and standardized measurements and quantification of surface functionalities on nanoparticles</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Surface-functionalized organic and inorganic engineered nanomaterials (NMs) are widely applied in the life and materials sciences. NM performance depends on key factors such as particle size and shape, crystal phase, morphology, chemical composition, and surface chemistry, i.e., surface coatings, functional groups (FGs), and ligands.1 The latter controls their processability and interaction with the environment and largely their possible toxicity. Thus, methods for FG quantification are important tools for quality control of NM production processes and can foster the sustainable development of functional and safe(r) NMs. This underlines the importance of validated and standardized analytical methods for surface analysis and reference materials.2 This encouraged us to explore simple and versatile tools for quantifying common bioanalytically relevant FGs such as optical assays, electrochemical titration methods, quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (qNMR), and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and to perform a first interlaboratory comparison (ILC) on surface FG quantification.3,4 In a follow-up ILC, BAM and NRC explored qNMR sample preparation, measurement, and data evaluation protocols for commercial and custom-made aminated SiO2 NPs with sizes of 20-100 nm, different amounts of surface amino FGs, and different porosity.5,6 First, the number of amino FGs accessible for a dye reporter was determined with a cost-efficient, automated optical fluorescamine assay. Then, qNMR workflows and protocols were stepwise fine-tuned. The qNMR ILC was complemented by joint XPS measurements. BAM also examined the applicability of fast and automatable potentiometric titrations to screen the total amount of (de)protonable FGs on aminated SiO2 NPs. Our results underline the need to evaluate protocols for FG quantification in ILCs and the advantages of multi-method characterization strategies for efficient method cross validation.</abstract>
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      <value>Digital certificate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>QNMR</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Potentiometry</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.2 Biophotonik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Advanced Materials</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Materialdesign</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Sensorik</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
