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  <doc>
    <id>53916</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>21</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>12</issue>
    <volume>126</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>American Geophysical Union</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">3D Active Source Seismic Imaging of the Alpine Fault Zone and the Whataroa Glacial Valley in New Zealand</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The Alpine Fault zone in New Zealand marks a major transpressional plate boundary that is late in its typical earthquake cycle. Understanding the subsurface structures is crucial to understand the tectonic processes taking place. A unique seismic survey including 2D lines, a 3D array, and borehole recordings, has been performed in the Whataroa Valley and provides new insights into the Alpine Fault zone down to ∼2 km depth at the location of the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP)-2 drill site. Seismic images are obtained by focusing prestack depth migration approaches. Despite the challenging conditions for seismic imaging within a sediment filled glacial valley and steeply dipping valley flanks, several structures related to the valley itself as well as the tectonic fault system are imaged. A set of several reflectors dipping 40°–56° to the southeast are identified in a ∼600 m wide zone that is interpreted to be the minimum extent of the damage zone. Different approaches image one distinct reflector dipping at ∼40°, which is interpreted to be the main Alpine Fault reflector located only ∼100 m beneath the maximum drilled depth of the DFDP-2B borehole. At shallower depths (z &lt; 0.5 km), additional reflectors are identified as fault segments with generally steeper dips up to 56°. Additionally, a glacially over-deepened trough with nearly horizontally layered sediments and a major fault (z &lt; 0.5 km) are identified 0.5–1 km south of the DFDP-2B borehole. Thus, a complex structural environment is seismically imaged and shows the complexity of the Alpine Fault at Whataroa.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1029/2021JB023013</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-539163</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">28.02.2022</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Vera Lay</author>
    <author>S. Buske</author>
    <author>J. Townend</author>
    <author>R. Kellett</author>
    <author>M. Savage</author>
    <author>D. R. Schmitt</author>
    <author>A. Constantinou</author>
    <author>J. D. Eccles</author>
    <author>A. Gorman</author>
    <author>M. Bertram</author>
    <author>K. Hall</author>
    <author>D. Lawton</author>
    <author>R. Kofman</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Imaging</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Signal processing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Seismic</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Borehole</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DAS</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="542">Techniken, Ausstattung, Materialien</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Kerntechnische Entsorgung</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/53916/Lay_etal_3DseismicImaging_AlpineFault_JGR2021.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52614</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">3D seismic imaging of the Alpine Fault and the glacial valley at Whataroa, New Zealand</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The Alpine Fault at the West Coast of the South Island (New Zealand) is a major plate boundary that is expected to rupture in the next 50 years, likely as a magnitude 8 earthquake. The Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP) aimed to deliver insight into the geological structure of this fault zone and its evolution by drilling and sampling the Alpine Fault at depth. Here we present results from a seismic survey around the DFDP-2 drill site in the Whataroa Valley where the drillhole almost reached the fault plane. This unique 3D seismic survey includes several 2D lines and a 3D array at the surface as well as borehole recordings. Within the borehole, the unique option to compare two measurement systems is used: conventional three-component borehole geophones and a fibre optic cable (heterodyne Distributed Vibration Sensing system (hDVS)). Both systems show coherent signals but only the hDVS system allowed a recording along the complete length of the borehole.&#13;
&#13;
Despite the challenging conditions for seismic imaging within a glacial valley filled with sediments and steeply dipping valley flanks, several structures related to the valley itself as well as the tectonic fault system are imaged. The pre-processing of the seismic data also includes wavefield separation for the zero-offset borehole data. Seismic images are obtained by prestack depth migration approaches.&#13;
&#13;
Within the glacial valley, particularly steep valley flanks are imaged directly and correlate well with results from the P-wave velocity model obtained by first arrival travel-time tomography. Additionally, a glacially over-deepened trough with nearly horizontally layered sediments is identified about 0.5 km south of the DFDP-2B borehole.&#13;
&#13;
With regard to the expected Alpine fault zone, a set of several reflectors dipping 40-56° to the southeast are identified in a ~600 m wide zone between depths of 0.2 and 1.2 km that is interpreted to be the minimum extent of the damage zone. Different approaches image one distinct reflector dipping at 40°, which is interpreted to be the main Alpine Fault reflector. This reflector is only ~100 m ahead from the lower end of the borehole. At shallower depths (z&lt;0.5 km), additional reflectors are identified as fault segments and generally have steeper dips up to 56°. About 1 km south of the drill site, a major fault is identified at a depth of 0.1-0.5 km that might be caused by the regional tectonics interacting with local valley structures. A good correlation is observed among the separate seismic data sets and with geological results such as the borehole stratigraphy and the expected surface trace of the fault.&#13;
&#13;
In conclusion, several structural details of the fault zone and its environment are seismically imaged and show the complexity of the Alpine Fault at the Whataroa Valley. Thus, a detailed seismic characterization clarifies the subsurface structures, which is crucial to understand the transpressive fault’s tectonic processes.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">EGU 2021 General Assembly</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.04.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">30.04.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <author>Vera Lay</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Imaging</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Signal processing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Seismic</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Borehole</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DAS</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54404</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>82</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>96</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <volume>44</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>De Gruyter</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Importance of seismic wave frequency in FEM-based dynamic stress and displacement calculations of the earth slope</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Reliable assessment of earthen dams’ stability and tailing storage facilities widely used in the mining industry is challenging, particularly under seismic load conditions. In this paper, we propose to take into account the effect of the dominant frequency of seismic load on the stability assessment of tailing/earthen dams. The calculations are performed by finite element modelling (FEM) with the Mohr–Coulomb failure criteria. To separate the frequency content from other dynamic parameters describing the seismic wave, synthetic waveforms with identical amplitude and attenuation characteristics, but differing spectral characteristics have been used. The analysis has been performed for three different slope angles and two scenarios of seismic wave propagation. Consequently, the changes of total displacement and shear stresses depending on the frequencies have been determined and clearly show that lower frequencies cause higher stress levels and displacement. Finally, the response surface methodology has been applied to determine how different parameters affect the slope stability under dynamic load conditions. Overall, this study is a first step to improve the existing methods to assess slope stability when considering seismic load.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Studia geotechnica et mechanica</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.2478/sgem-2022-0002</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-544047</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2083-831X</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">28.02.2022</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>K. Fulawka</author>
    <author>A. Kwietniak</author>
    <author>Vera Lay</author>
    <author>I. Jaskiewicz-Proc</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Slope stability</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Numerical analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Seismic load</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Frequency analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/54404/10.2478_sgem-2022-0002.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55089</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Das Themenfeldprojekt SealWasteSafe im Überblick</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Das Projekt SealWasteSafe verbessert Werkstofftechnik, Prüfverfahren und Überwachungsmethoden für sichere Verschlussbauwerke in Endlagern. Dieser Überblick fasst die laufenden Arbeiten in folgenden Bereichen zusammen:  1) Materialentwicklung und Dauerhaftigkeit; 2) Überwachung; 3) Inspektion.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Online-Workshop „Dauerhafte Verschlussbauwerke für Endlager“</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">14.02.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">15.02.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Vera Lay</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SealWasteSafe</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Salzbeton</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Verschlussbauwerke</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Inspektion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultraschall</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Kerntechnische Entsorgung</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57828</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Geophysikalische Methoden für die Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung im Bauwesen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Im Rahmen des Seminars "Angewandte Forschungsthemen (SAFT)" am Institut für Geowissenschaften der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel werden verschiedene geophysikalische Methoden vorgestellt, die bei der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung im Bauwesen zum Einsatz kommen. Neben einem Überblick der Arbeiten an der BAM im Allgemeinen und dem Fachbereich im Besonderen geht es vor allem um den Einsatz von Ultraschallmethoden. Drei wesentliche Schwerpunkte werden dabei beleuchtet: &#13;
1) (Geophysikalische) Antworten auf Herausforderungen bei Ultraschall-Anwendungen&#13;
2) Material research and multi-sensory monitoring for concrete sealing structures in rock salt unterground repositories (Projekt SealWasteSafe)&#13;
und 3) Untersuchung von Spritzbeton-Probekörpern unter Tage mit Ultraschall zur Qualitätssicherung von Verschlussbauwerken. &#13;
Insgesamt werden diverse Möglichkeiten für die Geophysik für Forschung und Studierende im Bereich der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung im Bauwesen aufgezeigt.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Seminar Angewandte Forschungsthemen</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Kiel, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">14.06.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">14.06.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Vera Lay</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SealWasteSafe</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultraschall</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Verschlussbauwerke</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Abbildungsverfahren</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Kerntechnische Entsorgung</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56926</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Innovations in cemented waste handling and pre-disposal storage (WP7 project PREDIS)</title>
    <abstract language="deu">During the webinar "Dismantling and waste management: a playground for innovation" the innovative aspects of the PREDIS work package "innovations in cemented waste handling and pre-disposal storage" are presented. The webinar is jointly organised by Women in Nuclear Decommissioning (WINDI) and Women in Nuclear Innovation (WINI). The shown innovations include quality assurance (mainly NDE) and monitoring technologies with associated sensor systems, digital twin technology, and appropriate data handling including a decision framework. An overview of the on-going research in the field of pre-disposal waste management in the project Predis (WP7) is summarised.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Webinar "Dismantling and waste management: a great playground for innovation"</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">13.10.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Vera Lay</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Predis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Waste management</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Concrete</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Kerntechnische Entsorgung</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53917</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>127</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>128</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>1</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>Copernicus</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">SealWasteSafe: materials technology, monitoring techniques, and quality assurance for safe sealing structures in underground repositories</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Within the project SealWasteSafe, we advance construction materials and monitoring concepts of sealing structures applied for underground disposal of nuclear or toxic waste. As these engineered barriers have high demands concerning integrity, an innovative alkali-activated material (AAM) is improved and tested on various laboratory scales. This AAM has low reaction kinetics related to a preferential slow release of the heat of reaction in comparison to alternative salt concretes based on Portland cement or magnesium oxychloride cements. Hence, crack formation due to thermally induced strain is reduced. After successful laboratory scale analysis (Sturm et al., 2021), the AAM is characterised on a larger scale by manufacturing test specimens (100–300 L).&#13;
&#13;
Conventional salt concrete (DBE, 2004) and the newly developed AAM are compared using two specimen geometries, i.e. cylindrical and cuboid. A comprehensive multisensor monitoring scheme is developed to compare the setting process of AAM and salt concrete for these manufactured specimens. The analysed parameters include temperature and humidity of the material, acoustic emissions, and strain variations. Passive sensor systems based on radiofrequency identification technology (RFID) embedded in the concrete, enable wireless access to temperature and humidity measurements and are compared to conventional cabled systems. Additionally, fibre-optic sensors (FOS) are embedded to record strain, but also have potential to record temperature and moisture conditions. Part of this project aims at demonstrating the high reliability of sensors and also their resistance to highly alkaline environments and to water intrusion along cables or at sensor locations. Further technical improvements were implemented so that first results clearly show the scalability of the setting process from previous small-scale AAM experiments and particularly the high potential of the newly developed approaches.&#13;
&#13;
Furthermore, ultrasonic methods are used for quality assurance to detect obstacles, potential cracks and delamination. On the one hand, both active and passive ultrasonic measurements complement the results obtained from the multisensor monitoring scheme for the produced specimens. On the other hand, the unique large aperture ultrasonic system (LAUS) provides great depth penetration (up to nearly 10 m) and can thus be applied at in situ sealing structures built as a test site in Morsleben by the Federal Company for Radioactive Waste Disposal (Bundesgesellschaft für Endlagerung, BGE) as shown by Effner et al. (2021). An optimised field lay-out identified from forward modelling studies and advanced imaging techniques applied to the measured data will further improve the obtained results. To characterise the inside of the test engineered barrier and achieve a proof-of-concept, an ultrasonic borehole probe is developed to enable phased arrays that can further improve the detection of potential cracks. Modelling results and first analysis of semispherical specimens confirmed the reliability of the directional response caused by the phased arrays of the newly constructed ultrasonic borehole probe.&#13;
&#13;
Overall, the project SealWasteSafe improves the construction material, multisensor monitoring concepts and ultrasonics for quality assurance. This will help to develop safe sealing structures for nuclear waste disposal. The outcomes are particularly valuable for salt as a host rock but partly also transferrable to alternative conditions.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Safe Nuclear Waste Disposal</parentTitle>
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    <author>Vera Lay</author>
    <author>Franziska Baensch</author>
    <author>Sergej Johann</author>
    <author>Patrick Sturm</author>
    <author>Frank Mielentz</author>
    <author>Prathik Prabhakara</author>
    <author>Detlef Hofmann</author>
    <author>Ernst Niederleithinger</author>
    <author>Hans-Carsten Kühne</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Borehole probe</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SealWasteSafe</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Engineered barrier</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Materials technology</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Monitoring</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>AAM</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasound</value>
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    <title language="eng">Ultrasonic Investigation for the Quality Assurance of Sealing Structures in Radioactive Waste Repositories</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The structural integrity of sealing structures in underground repositories for radioactive waste is a major concern regarding safe disposal. Non-destructive testing plays a very important role in the safety of this sealing structures. Ultrasonic pulse echo technology has been established in the construction industry as a non-destructive testing method for locating potential defects and material characterization of concrete structures. A borehole probe is an ultrasonic pulse-echo device used to investigate the internal structures of salt concrete. A prototype borehole probe is successfully demonstrated with the existing research borehole in the test site using a commercially available flaw detector. A novel phased array borehole probe that allows the beam to be focused based on the delay law was constructed and tested. The directivity measurements on the semi-cylindrical concrete sample agree well with the simulation results for the different focusing angles. In combination with geophysical reconstruction methods, the optimized radiation pattern of the probe is expected to improve the signal quality and thus increase the reliability of the imaging results. In addition, a unique large aperture ultrasound system (LAUS) is expected to provide enhanced images of possible cracks and embedded objects in in-situ structures. LAUS will be optimized to reliably detect objects at depths greater than 9 m and, at the same time, provide good resolution. Modeling studies show the potential to increase the distance between the transducer arrays further, and the same configuration has been successfully tested on a thick concrete wall. Overall, the paper shows that quality assurance using ultrasonic testing is crucial for constructing safe sealing structures to dispose of radioactive or toxic waste.</abstract>
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    <author>Prathik Prabhakara</author>
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    <author>Heiko Stolpe</author>
    <author>Matthias Behrens</author>
    <author>Vera Lay</author>
    <author>Ernst Niederleithinger</author>
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      <value>Ultrasonic Testing</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Quality assurance</value>
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    <title language="eng">Enhancing the Performance of a Large Aperture Ultrasound System (LAUS): A Combined Approach of Simulation and Measurement for Transmitter–Receiver Optimization</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The Large Aperture Ultrasound System (LAUS) developed at BAM is known for its ability to penetrate thick objects, especially concrete structures commonly used in nuclear waste storage and other applications in civil engineering. Although the current system effectively penetrates up to ~9 m, further optimization is imperative to enhance the safety and integrity of disposal structures for radioactive or toxic waste. This study focuses on enhancing the system’s efficiency by optimizing the transducer spacing, ensuring that resolution is not compromised. An array of twelve horizontal shear wave transducers was used to find a balance between penetration depth and resolution. Systematic adjustments of the spacing between transmitter and receiver units were undertaken based on target depth ranges of known reflectors at depth ranges from 5 m to 10 m. The trade-offs between resolution and artifact generation were meticulously assessed. This comprehensive study employs a dual approach using both simulations and measurements to investigate the performance of transducer units spaced at 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, and 40 cm. We found that for depths up to 5 m, a spacing of 10 cm for LAUS transducer units provided the best resolution as confirmed by both simulations and measurements. This optimal distance is particularly effective in achieving clear reflections and a satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in imaging scenarios with materials such as thick concrete structures. However, when targeting depths greater than 10 m, we recommend increasing the distance between the transducers to 20 cm. This increased spacing improves the SNR in comparison to other spacings, as seen in the simulation of a 10 m deep backwall. Our results emphasize the critical role of transducer spacing in achieving the desired SNR and resolution, especially in the context of depth imaging requirements for LAUS applications. In addition to the transducer spacing, different distances between individual sets of measurement positions were tested. Overall, keeping the minimal possible distance between measurement position offsets provides the best imaging results at greater depths. The proposed optimizations for the LAUS in this study are primarily relevant to applications on massive nuclear structures for nuclear waste management. This research highlights the need for better LAUS efficiency in applications such as sealing structures, laying the foundation for future technological advances in this field.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Enhancing the Performance of a Large Aperture Ultrasound System (LAUS): A Combined Approach of Simulation and Measurement for Transmitter–Receiver Optimization</parentTitle>
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Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Inspection System for In-Situ Nondestructive Inspection of Space Shuttle RCC Heat Shields, Sandia National Laboratories. SAND2005-3429.","DOI":"10.2172\/923155"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2021.106550","article-title":"Ultrasonic Signal Enhancement for Coarse Grain Materials by Machine Learning Analysis","volume":"117","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggx267","article-title":"Optimizing measurement geometry for seismic near-surface full waveform inversion","volume":"210","author":"Nuber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6943","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JB012330","article-title":"Improved structural characterization of the Earth\u2019s crust at the German Continental Deep Drilling Site using advanced seismic imaging techniques","volume":"120","author":"Hellwig","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10921-023-01010-3","article-title":"Application of Iterative Elastic SH Reverse Time Migration to Synthetic Ultrasonic Echo Data","volume":"43","author":"Grohmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nondestruct. Eval."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/1\/100\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,25]],"date-time":"2023-12-25T01:50:53Z","timestamp":1703469053000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/1\/100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,24]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s24010100"],"URL":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390\/s24010100","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":["Electrical and Electronic Engineering","Biochemistry","Instrumentation","Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics","Analytical Chemistry"],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,24]]}}}</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">30.01.2024</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Prathik Prabhakara</author>
    <author>Vera Lay</author>
    <author>Frank Mielentz</author>
    <author>Ernst Niederleithinger</author>
    <author>Matthias Behrens</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Engineered barrier system</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phased array technique</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasonic testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Non-destructive testing in civil engineering</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Seismic migration</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
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    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>16</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>22</issue>
    <volume>22</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
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    <title language="eng">Ultrasonic quality assurance at magnesia shotcrete sealing structures</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Engineered barriers are a key element to enable safe nuclear waste disposal. One method currently under research for their construction is magnesia concrete applied in a shotcrete procedure. In this study, the ultrasonic echo method is evaluated as a means for quality assurance. Imaging of internal structures (backwall, boreholes) and defects, such as delamination, has successfully been achieved in the shotcrete. Additionally, detailed information about the potential cause of selected reflectors are obtained by phase analysis. In several test blocks of various sizes, no consistent concrete section boundaries have been found by ultrasonic imaging, which was verified by subsequent drilling and complementary tests. An experiment with artificial defects imitating cracks, air-filled voids, and material with lower density has been challenging and shows the limitations of the current methods. Although significant defects, such as a large delamination, are reliably identified, several smaller defects are not identified. Generally, ultrasonic imaging provides a suitable base as a mean for quality assurance during and after the construction of sealing structures. However, further developments are required to enhance the reliability of the method and a full validation is still pending. Still, the method has potential to increase the safety of nuclear waste repositories.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Sensors</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/s22228717</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-563170</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1424-8220</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.12.2022</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Vera Lay</author>
    <author>Ute Effner</author>
    <author>Ernst Niederleithinger</author>
    <author>J. Arendt</author>
    <author>M. Hofmann</author>
    <author>W. Kudla</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasound</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Imaging</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Engineered barrier systems</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Underground</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Shotcrete</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Kerntechnische Entsorgung</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56317/Layetal_shotcrete_ultrsound_Teutschenthal_Sensors2022.pdf</file>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56317/sensors-22-08717-v3.pdf</file>
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