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    <id>64465</id>
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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>25</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>4</issue>
    <volume>6</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI AG</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Corrosion and Soiling in the 21st Century: Insights from ICP Materials and Impact on Cultural Heritage</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This paper reviews results published by the International Co-operative Programme on Effects on Materials including Historic and Cultural Monuments (ICP Materials) with emphasis on those obtained after the turn of the century. Data from ICP Materials come from two main sources. The first is through exposures of materials and collection of environmental data in a network of atmospheric exposure test sites mainly distributed across Europe. Corrosion of carbon steel has continued to decrease during the period 2000–2020 but corrosion of zinc only up until 2014, and the trend in zinc corrosion is only visible when examining four-year data. Surface recession of limestone as well as soiling of modern glass show no decreasing trend during 2000–2020. The second is through case studies performed at heritage sites across Europe. Risk analysis of corrosion and soiling for twenty-six sites indicate that currently soiling is a more significant maintenance trigger than corrosion. Costs for maintaining heritage sites are substantial and costs attributable to air pollution is estimated from 40% to as much as 80% of the total cost. Future directions of the program are work on effects of particulate matter, improving the scientific basis for the work, and making the monitoring data publicly available.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Corrosion and Materials Degradation</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2624-5558</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/cmd6040054</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-644651</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.01.2026</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Johan Tidblad</author>
    <author>Alice Moya Núñez</author>
    <author>Daniel de la Fuente</author>
    <author>Gino Ebell</author>
    <author>Tore Flatlandsmo Berglen</author>
    <author>Terje Grøntoft</author>
    <author>Ulrik Hans</author>
    <author>Ioannis Christodoulakis</author>
    <author>Daniel Kajánek</author>
    <author>Kateřina Kreislová</author>
    <author>Lech Kwiatkowski</author>
    <author>Teresa La Torreta</author>
    <author>Rafał Lutze</author>
    <author>Guadalupe Pinar Larrubia</author>
    <author>Valentina Pintus</author>
    <author>Michael Prange</author>
    <author>Pasquale Spezzano</author>
    <author>Costas Varotsos</author>
    <author>Aurélie Verney-Carron</author>
    <author>Tiina Vuorio</author>
    <author>Tim Yates</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Atmospheric corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Soiling</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.6 Korrosion und Korrosionsschutz</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/64465/cmd-06-00054.pdf</file>
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