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  <doc>
    <id>46662</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>574</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>593</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>4</issue>
    <volume>7</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>ASTM International</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>West Conchohocken</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">From the field to the lab: Real scale assessment of stresses in welded components</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Residual stresses are crucial when assessing the performance of welded components. The present work deals with the possibilities of transferring the real-life boundary conditions of welding, which influence the residual stress, into the laboratory. The possibilities of a test system specifically developed for this purpose with a maximum capacity of 2 MN are shown. Due to the structural design, global process, geometry and material-dependent stresses are induced, which can be simulated and quantified within the system. Additionally, X-ray diffraction can be applied to determine the resulting local residual stress distribution precisely with high spatial resolution. Two examples are presented how the conditions to be found during production are simulated in the laboratory. It is shown how welding residual stresses in high-strength steels are affected by the heat control. It was possible to clarify why elevated working temperatures significantly increase the bending stresses in the welded joint and therefore the tensile residual stresses in the heat affected zone (HAZ). The effect of a heat treatment applied under mechanical stress resulting from welding is demonstrated by the example of a creep resistant steel. Reheat cracking is significantly increased in this case compared to small scale laboratory based tests.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials Performance &amp; Characterization</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1520/MPC20170111</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2379-1365</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">07.04.2020</enrichment>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Thomas Lausch</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Jonny Dixneit</author>
    <author>Andreas Hannemann</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Large-scale test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Creep resistant steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High strength steel</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>49773</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>83</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>84</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>SEIEI Printing Co., Ltd</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Osaka, Japan</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Joining and Welding Research Institute</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">In-situ Observation of Stress Evolution and Cracking during High Strength Steel Welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Residual stresses are crucial when assessing the performance of welded components. The present work deals with the possibilities of transferring the real-life boundary conditions of welding, which influence the residual stress, into the laboratory. The possibilities of a test system with a load capacity of 2 MN specifically developed for online monitoring of stress formation and cracking are shown. Due to the structural design, global process, geometry and material-dependent stresses are induced, which can be quantified in-situ during welding and post weld heat treatment. Examples are presented how the conditions to be found during production are simulated in the laboratory. It is shown how welding residual stresses in high-strength steels are affected by the heat control. Elevated working temperatures significantly increase the tensile residual stresses in the heat affected zone (HAZ). The effect of mechanical stresses resulting from welding on stress relief cracking is demonstrated by the example of a creep resistant steel. Reheat cracks were monitored online during post weld heat treatment.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of Visual-JW 2019 &amp; WSE 2019</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Visual-JW 2019 &amp; WSE 2019 The 5th International Symposium on Visualization in Joining &amp; Welding Science through Advanced Measurements and Simulation &amp;  The 8th International Conference of Welding Science and Engineering</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Osaka, Japan</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">21.11.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">22.11.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Thomas Lausch</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Andreas Hannemann</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Restraint</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Large-scale test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reheat cracking</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62743</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Modern welding processes for optimising repair welds on high strength offshore steels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The successful energy transition in Germany will require offshore wind turbines with outputs &gt;10 MW in the future. To achieve these high outputs, turbines far from coast are required with large subsea jacket structures (30 m up to 50 m) and tall towers (up to 200 m). High-strength steels with a yield strength up to 500 MPa and wall thicknesses up to 150 mm are increasingly being used for these structures. This plac-es high demands on welding manufacturing, especially for high-strength offshore steels. During the manu-facturing process detected defects by NDT require localized repair of welds by gouging and rewelding. Due to a lack of investigations, there are no repair concepts and information in standards and guidelines, par-ticularly for high-strength thick plate joints made of high-strength offshore steels. However, these are ur-gently needed to enable manufacturers, especially SMEs, to carry out safe and economical repairs. There-fore, BAM started the FOSTA project P1629 (IGF 01IF22746N) to investigate the stress-optimized repair (local gouging and welding) of high-strength thick plate joints made of offshore grades in the yield strength range off 355 to 460 MPa and similar weld metal with controlled high-performance GMAW pro-cesses and optimized narrow gouging grooves. The experimental analyses take into account the complex interaction of process, material, and design-related influences on the formation of weld induced stresses and the special microstructure of high-strength fine-grain structural steels. Welding-related material degra-dation and crack-critical residual tensile stresses need to be avoided to ensure high component safety and performance. A reduction in residual stress in the presence of high restraint conditions can be achieved by adapted heat control (if no disassembly measures are possible). The repair process involves manual thermal gouging, which allows the groove configuration to be modi-fied. Modern welding processes using high frequency arc control provide deep root penetration and focused energy input capable of welding narrow seams. A comparison was made between the traditional weld con-figuration with a wide 45° groove and transition arc welding and a narrow 30° groove with modern welding process. Even in the case of free shrinkage specimens, the narrow groove weld exhibits a significant reduc-tion of residual stresses, cf. Figure 1, especially in the HAZ and toward the adjacent base material. This can be attributed to the lower weld metal volume needed and the reduction of heat input per layer due to the controlled arc process. For the purposes of this comparison, the same weld seam build-up (but different number of layers) has been applied to both seam configurations. Note that in industrial application (manu-al welding), the wider groove would be welded with several off-center weld beads with conventional weld-ing process. In this analysis this would cause asymmetric effects regarding the residual stress state, diffi-cult to compare to each other. Component-related welding experiments on special testing equipment, adapted process and heat control concepts along with variable groove configurations will be developed and recommendations for guidelines elaborated. This is the prerequisite for fully utilizing the strength potential of high-strength steels and making a valuable contribution to the energy transition in Germany, especially for steel-processing SMEs.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">IIW Intermediate Meeting CII</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Trollhättan, Sweden</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.03.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">12.03.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Martin Hübner</author>
    <author>Levin Reichel</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Repair welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gouging</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Offshore wind turbines</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-strength steels</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>37892</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1159</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1168</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>6</issue>
    <volume>60</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Heidelberg</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">In-situ load analysis in multi-run welding using LTT filler materials</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Modifying the level of mostly detrimental welding residual stresses already during the welding process would be highly attractive as time- and cost-consuming post processing may be prevented. The nature of stress buildup during welding-associated cooling is highly affected by phase transformations. Up to now, it is not clear in which way this is applicable to real component welding exhibiting high shrinkage restraint and complex heat input. In this study, two different low transformation temperature (LTT) alloys have been investigated concerning the stress development in restrained multi-run butt welding in order to evaluate the potential of stress reduction. Pulsed gas metal arc welding (P-GMAW) welding was executed on a testing facility designed to simulate real lifelike restraint conditions of component weldments. The effect of reducedMS-temperatures and the heat control on the globally acting stresses was monitored by in-situ measurement of the reaction forces during welding fabrication. Additional local residual stress measurements allowed analyzing global as well as local loading of the welded construction. Although phase transformation has a significant influence on unloading the joint during each weld pass, the reaction stress upon cooling to room temperature seems to be determined mainly by the heat input. On the surface, low longitudinal residual stresses were observed in case of LTT whereas transverse residual stresses are less affected.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World - The International Jounral of Materials Joining</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-016-0373-1</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0043-2288</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">69th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Melbourne, Australia</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.07.2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">15.07.2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.01.2017</enrichment>
    <author>Jonny Dixneit</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Andreas Hannemann</author>
    <author>Peter Friedersdorf</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>J. Gibmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phase transformation temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dilution</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Restraint</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57269</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>987</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>996</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>4</issue>
    <volume>67</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of the WAAM process and design aspects on residual stresses in high-strength structural steels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) enables the efficient production of weight-optimized modern engineering structures. Further increases in efficiency can be achieved by using high-strength structural steels. Commercial welding consumables for WAAM are already available on the market. Lack of knowledge and guidelines regarding welding residual stress and component safety during production and operation leads to severely limited use for industry applications. The sensitive microstructure of high-strength steels carries a high risk of cold cracking; therefore, residual stresses play a crucial role. For this reason, the influences of the material, the WAAM process, and the design on the formation of residual stresses and the risk of cold cracking are being investigated. The material used has a yield strength of over 800 MPa. This strength is adjusted via solid solution strengthening and a martensitic phase transformation. The volume expansion associated with martensite formation has a significant influence on the residual stresses. The focus of the present investigation is on the additive welding parameters and component design on their influence on hardness and residual stresses, which are analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD). Reference specimens (hollow cuboids) are welded fully automated with a systematic variation of heat control and design. Welding parameters and AM geometry are correlated with the resulting microstructure, hardness, and residual stress state. Increased heat input leads to lower tensile residual stresses which causes unfavorable microstructure and mechanical properties. The component design affects heat dissipation conditions and the intensity of restraint during welding and has a significant influence on the residual stress.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1878-6669</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-023-01503-9</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-572698</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.04.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="PaperofMonth">1</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Karsten Wandtke</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>R. Scharf-Wildenhain</author>
    <author>A. Hälsig</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>J. Hensel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DED-arc</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-strength steel filler metal</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/57269/Wandtke2023_Article_WAAM process and design aspects.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>23357</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2011</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>85</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>90</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>681</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Trans Tech Publications</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Aedermannsdorf, Switzerland</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Welding residual stresses depending on solid-state transformation behaviour studied by numerical and experimental methods</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The development of high-strength structural steels with yield strengths up to 1000 MPa results in the requirement of suitable filler materials for welding. Recently designed low transformation temperature (LTT) alloys offer appropriate strength. The martensitic phase transformation during welding induces compressive residual stress in the weld zone. Therefore, the mechanical properties of welded joints can be improved. The present paper illustrates numerical simulation of the residual stresses in LTT-welds taking into account the effect of varying Ms/Mf-temperatures, and therefore different retained austenite contents, on the residual stresses. Residual stress distributions measured by synchrotron diffraction are taken as evaluation basis. A numerical model for the simulation of transformation affected welds is established and can be used for identification of appropriate Ms-temperatures considering the content of retained austenite.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials science forum</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">25935</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.681.85</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0255-5476</identifier>
    <enrichment key="zsBemerkung">Die Aufnahme ist grundsätzlich falsch, da es sich bei "Materials science forum" nicht um eine Zeitschrift handelt, sondern um eine Buchreihe. Da sehr viele Artikel an diesem Eintrag hängen, wäre die Korrektur aber extrem aufwändig.  Die Buchreihe findet sich in der Master Journal List bzw. in dem Journal Citation Report selbstverständlich nicht wieder, da es ja keine Zeitschrift ist. Allerdings wird die Buchreihe sehr wohl von Thomson-Reuters für Ihre Datenbank ausgewertet, als "Book Series". Daher muss sichergestellt werden, dass die dort erscheinenden Artikel auch für die "1000-Euro-Liste" berücksichtigt werden.  Die einfachste Lösung ist es, den Eintrag als Zeitschrift zu belassen, und das Häkchen bei "In MJL/CPCI von ISI enthalten" zu setzen. Das ist zwar formal nicht ganz korrekt, erzeugt aber das richtige Ergebnis.  Jan Harloff-Puhr 16.9.2014</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">17.03.2011</enrichment>
    <author>Christoph Heinze</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Christopher Schwenk</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Welding simulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Low transformation temperature filler material</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Martensitic transformation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Retained austenite</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>24693</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2011</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>81</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>85</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>29</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace>Tokyo, Japan</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Yosetsu Gakkai</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">In-situ analysis of solid state phase transformation in TRIP-aided steels by synchrotron diffraction</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Energy dispersive synchrotron diffraction (EDXRD) analysis and 3 dimensional digital image correlations were conducted to investigate the stress and strain effected transformation behavior during tensile loading of low alloyed TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steel. This technique allowed for phase specific stress measurement during certain tensile load steps in the elastic and also plastic regime. Additionally the simultaneous determination of the load dependent phase content was realized. The results show that the martensite transformation starts only after exceeding the overall yield point and is finished before reaching the uniform elongation, whereas a large portion of the austenite remains unchanged in the structure. Furthermore, the martensite transformation related to the stress in the γ-phase and α-phase was analyzed and quantified.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Quarterly journal of the Japan Welding Society</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">27372</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.2207/qjjws.29.81s</identifier>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/qjjws/29/3/29_3_81s/_pdf</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0288-4771</identifier>
    <author>Stephan Brauser</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synchrotron</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>EDXRD</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phase transformation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TRIP steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Digital image correlation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>24604</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2011</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>581</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>591</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>7</issue>
    <volume>46</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Sage</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>London</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">High-energy synchrotron diffraction study of a transformation induced plasticity steel during tensile deformation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction offers the possibility for measurement and evaluation of diffraction spectra containing information of various diffraction lines of all contributing crystalline phases of a material. Combined strain imaging and diffraction analysis was conducted during the tensile test of a low alloyed transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel in order to investigate the transformation induced plasticity, strain hardening, and load partitioning effects. Optical strain imaging allowed for determination of localized true strains from three-dimensional deformations measured in situ. High-energy synchrotron radiation has permitted diffraction analysis in transmission mode to gather information from the material interior. Phase-specific stress evolution during loading could be observed applying the sin2ψ technique during certain load steps. The strains of the individual lattice planes were determined in different locations under varying angles between loading and perpendicular direction. Using energy-dispersive methods it was also possible to determine the transformation behaviour during elastic and plastic regime taking into account a large number of diffraction lines. The results show that the approach practised here enables one to pull together macroscopic and phase-specific microscopic material behaviour in order to improve existing models for prediction of complex load situations.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">The journal of strain analysis for engineering design</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">27278</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1177/0309324711403969</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0309-3247</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2041-3130</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">28.10.2011</enrichment>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Stephan Brauser</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>EDXRD</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synchrotron</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Martensite transformation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>24359</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2011</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>5566</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>5575</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>16-17</issue>
    <volume>528</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">In situ study of structural integrity of low transformation temperature (LTT)-welds</title>
    <abstract language="eng">We discuss the stability of weld residual strain under static and quasi cyclic transverse tensile loading in the elastic and elastic–plastic region. The test welds were joined with low transformation temperature weld filler materials with 10 wt% Cr and varying Ni-content from 8 to 12 wt%. Using neutron diffraction the residual lattice strain in the martensitic α'- and austenitic γ-phase in the fusion zone as well as the ferritic α-phase in the heat affected zone and base metal as induced by welding, superimposed by stepwise tensile loading and after unloading was measured. The amount of retained austenite in the fusion zone increases with increasing Ni-content, but it decreases with increasing load level due to stress induced martensite formation. In the as-welded condition the transverse macroscopic residual lattice strain was found to be in low compression in the fusion zone in each weld, while the heat affected zone was in tension. Local plastic deformation of the γ-phase as a result of yielding during tensile loading in combination with the change in phase fraction resulted in increased macroscopic compression in the fusion zone. The reduced yield strength in the heat affected zone resulted in plastic deformation and a considerable shift into compression. Comparison with the cross weld distribution of the hardness and FWHM of the neutron diffraction interference lines supported the assumption of plastic deformation of the γ- and α-phase in the fusion and heat affected zone, respectively, while the α'-phase in the fusion zone was stressed within the elastic regime only. Microstructural observations as well as measurement of the local γ-phase fraction by means of laboratory X-ray diffraction in the fusion zone strengthen these observations.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials science and engineering A</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">27016</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.msea.2011.03.091</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0921-5093</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-4936</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">26.09.2011</enrichment>
    <author>J. Altenkirch</author>
    <author>J. Gibmeier</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>T. Nitschke-Pagel</author>
    <author>M. Hofmann</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Low transformation temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Neutron diffraction</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63370</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>11</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Nature</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin ; Heidelberg</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Residual stress reduction using a low transformation temperature welding consumable with focus on the weld geometry</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Low transformation temperature (LTT) welding consumables represent an innovative approach to realize compressive residual stress in the weld seam and HAZ. LTT welding consumables use the volume-expanding martensitic phase transformation near room temperature to generate compressive residual stress during cooling. This article focuses on the weld geometry and its influence on residual stress reduction using an LTT welding consumable. For this purpose, layers with an LTT welding consumable were additionally applied to the front sides of conventionally welded longitudinal stiffeners. Different weld geometries of the second weld seam could be realized by varying the welding parameters. These samples were analyzed for geometric parameters, chemical composition, and residual stress. While the chemical composition and martensite start temperature (MS) were only slightly influenced by parameter changes, a clear influence with regard to residual stress and weld geometry was observed. Depending on the shape of the second LTT weld seam, residual stress reductions of 200 to 500 MPa were achieved using the same LTT welding consumable.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1878-6669</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-025-02094-3</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-633707</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Rhodes Island, Dodecanisa, Greece</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">07.07.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">12.07.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">30.06.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Martin Hübner</author>
    <author>Florian Dittmann</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Igor Varfolomeev</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Low transformation temperature (LTT)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Martensite start temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dilution</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Weld geometry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/63370/s40194-025-02094-3.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63218</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>110</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>122</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of heat input on properties and residual stresses in hybrid addi-tive manufacturing of high strength steels using MSG processes</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The application of steels with a higher yield strength allows reductions in wall thickness, component weight and production costs. Hybrid additive manufacturing based on Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) processes (DED-Arc) can be used to realise highly effi-cient component modifications and repairs on semi-finished products and additively manufactured structures. There are still a number of key issues preventing widespread implementation, particularly for SMEs. In addition to the manufacturing design, detailed information about assembly strategy and geometric adaptation of the component for modifications or repairs are missing. These include the welding-related stresses associ-ated with the microstructural influences caused by the additive manufacturing steps, particularly in the transition area of the substrate and filler material interface. The pre-sent research focuses the effect of welding heat control during DED-Arc process on the residual stresses, especially in the transition area. Defined specimens were welded fully automatically with a high-strength solid wire (yield strength &gt; 790 MPa) especially adapted for DED-Arc on S690QL substrate. The working temperature and heat input were systematically varied for a statistical effect analysis on the residual stress state of the hybrid manufactured components. Regarding heat control, t8/5 cooling times within the recommended processing range (approx. 5 s to 20 s) were complied. The investiga-tion revealed a significant influence of the working temperature Ti on the compressive residual stresses in the transition area and the tensile residual stresses at the base of the substrate. High working temperatures result in lower compressive residual stresses, heat input E does not significantly affect the tensile stresses.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Tagungsband 6. Symposium Materialtechnik : 20. bis 21. Februar 2025</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.21268/20250506-3</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-632188</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">6. Symposium Materialtechnik</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.02.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">21.02.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Lorenz Engelking</author>
    <author>R. Scharf-Wildenhain</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>A. Hälsig</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>J. Hensel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DED-Arc</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heat control</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/63218/Symposium2025_Engelking.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55398</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>951</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>6</issue>
    <volume>12</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of Heat Control on Properties and Residual Stresses of Additive-Welded High-Strength Steel Components</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This contributed to the knowledge regarding the safe avoidance of cold cracking. In addition to a thermophysical simulation using a dilatometer of different high-strength steels with subsequent tensile testing, reference WAAM specimens (open hollow cuboids) were welded while utilizing a high-strength filler metal (ultimate tensile strength &gt; 790 MPa). The heat control was varied by means of the heat input and interlayer temperature such that the Dt8/5 cooling times corresponded to the recommended processing range (approx. 5 s to 20 s). For the heat input, significant effects were exhibited, in particular on the local residual stresses in the component. Welding with an excessive heat input or deposition rate may lead to low cooling rates, and hence to unfavorable microstructure and component properties, but at the same time, is intended to result in lower tensile residual stress levels. Such complex interactions must ultimately be clarified to provide users with easily applicable processing recommendations and standard specifications for an economical WAAM of high-strength steels. These investigations demonstrated a major influence of the heat input on both the cooling conditions and the residual stresses of components manufactured withWAAM using high-strength filler materials. A higher heat input led to longer cooling times (Dt8/5) and approx. 200 MPa lower residual stresses in the surface of the top layer.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Metals</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/12/6/951</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/met12060951</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-553982</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">03.08.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>R. Scharf-Wildenhain</author>
    <author>A. Hälsig</author>
    <author>J. Hensel</author>
    <author>Karsten Wandtke</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>WAAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heat control</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-strength filler metals</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/55398/metals-12-00951-v2.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>41806</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>107</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>113</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>905</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Trans Tech Publications</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Switzerland</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">In situ EDXRD study of MAG-welding using LTT weld filler materials under structural restraint</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Welding using low transformation temperature (LTT) filler materials is an innovative approach to mitigate detrimental welding residual stresses without cost-intensive post weldtreatments. Due to the local Generation of compressive residual stresses in the weld line by means of a delayed martensite transformation a significant enhancement of the cold cracking resistance of highly stressed welded components can be expected. For the effective usage of These materials a deeper understanding of the microstructural evolution inside the weld material is necessary to determine the complex processes that cause the residual stress formation during welding. Solid-state phase transformation kinetics and the evolution of strain in LTT weld filler materials are monitored in-situ at the instrument ID15A at the ESRF in Grenoble, France. The transferability to real components is implemented by using a realistic MAG welding process under consideration of structural restraint. During welding of multilayer joints, the phase Transformation and phase specific strain evolution of each individual layer is investigated in transmission geometry by means of energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction EDXRD using high energy synchrotron Radiation with a counting rate of 2.5 Hz. The measurement results of a 10% Cr / 10% Ni LTT weld filler are compared to data monitored for the conventional weld filler material G89. The in-situ data clearly indicate a strong effect on the local strain evolution and the formation of compressive strain. This results from the restraint volume expansion during the postponed austenite to martensite transformation of the LTT weld filler, which counteracts the thermal shrinkage. In contrast, for the conventional weld filler material the thermal contraction strains lead to tensile residual strain during welding. Furthermore, the results of in-situ observation during welding Show that the transformation kinetic is dependent on the welding sequence.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials Science Forum</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.905.107</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1662-9752</identifier>
    <author>J. Vollert</author>
    <author>Jonny Dixneit</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Th. Buslaps</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High energy synchrotron diffraction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Low transformation temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Weld filler</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Welding</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>46605</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>191</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>196</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>6</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>Materials Research Forum LLC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Millersville, PA, USA</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">In-situ determination of critical welding stresses during assembly of thick-walled components made of high-strength steel</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The performance and safety of welded high-strength low-alloyed steel (HSLA) components are substantially affected by the stresses occurring during and after welding fabrication, especially if welding shrinkage and distortion are severely restrained. The surrounding structure of the whole component affects loads in the far-field superimposing with welding stresses in the near-field of the weld. In this study a unique testing facility was used to restrain shrinkage and bending while analyse multiaxial far-field loads (max. 2 MN) during assembly of thick-walled component. A novel approach for the assessment of the in-situ-measured far-field data in combination with the actual weld geometry was elaborated. For the first time, analyses of the global bending moments of restrained welds based on the neutral axis of the actual weld load bearing section were achieved. Hence, far-field measurements offered the possibility to determine critical near-field stresses of the weld crosssections for the entire joining process. This work presents the approach for far-to-near field in-situ determination of stresses in detail for the 2-MN-testing system based on an extensive experimental work on HSLA steel welds, which demonstrates sources and consequences of these high local welding stresses. Thus, it was clarified, why the first weld beads are crucial regarding welding stresses and cold cracking, which is well known, but has never been measured so far. Accompanying analyses using X-ray diffraction (XRD) after welding show effects on local residual stress distributions. These analyses indicated viable prospects for stress reduction during assembly of thick-walled HSLA steel components.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Residual stresses 2018, ECRS-10</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-9452-9188-3</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-9452-9189-0</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.21741/9781945291890-30</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2474-395X</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2474-3941</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-466053</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">European Conference on Residual Stresses 2018 - ECRS-10</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Leuven, Belgium</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">11.09.2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">14.09.2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">20.12.2018</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Andreas Hannemann</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Large-scale test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>X-ray diffraction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>HSLA steel</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/46605/30.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>20725</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2010</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>3769</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>3774</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>638-642</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Trans Tech Publications</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Aedermannsdorf, Switzerland</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">In-situ observation of phase transformations during welding of low transformation temperature filler material</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials science forum</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">23043</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.638-642.3769</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0255-5476</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="zsBemerkung">Die Aufnahme ist grundsätzlich falsch, da es sich bei "Materials science forum" nicht um eine Zeitschrift handelt, sondern um eine Buchreihe. Da sehr viele Artikel an diesem Eintrag hängen, wäre die Korrektur aber extrem aufwändig.  Die Buchreihe findet sich in der Master Journal List bzw. in dem Journal Citation Report selbstverständlich nicht wieder, da es ja keine Zeitschrift ist. Allerdings wird die Buchreihe sehr wohl von Thomson-Reuters für Ihre Datenbank ausgewertet, als "Book Series". Daher muss sichergestellt werden, dass die dort erscheinenden Artikel auch für die "1000-Euro-Liste" berücksichtigt werden.  Die einfachste Lösung ist es, den Eintrag als Zeitschrift zu belassen, und das Häkchen bei "In MJL/CPCI von ISI enthalten" zu setzen. Das ist zwar formal nicht ganz korrekt, erzeugt aber das richtige Ergebnis.  Jan Harloff-Puhr 16.9.2014</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.01.2010</enrichment>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>J. Gibmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LTT filler material</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>In-situ observation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energy dispersive diffraction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Transformation temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>21352</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2010</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>127</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>131</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace>Pusan, Korea</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Pusan National University</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Synchrotron diffraction for in-situ characterizations of materials behaviour</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">3rd Inter-university research seminar (IURS 2010) - Advances in welding and joining (Proceedings)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">23759</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventName">3rd Inter-university research seminar (IURS 2010) - Advances in welding and joining</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Pusan, Korea</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">2010-05-13</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">2010-05-15</enrichment>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>Stephan Brauser</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>In-situ diffraction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phase transformation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High strength steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>22499</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2009</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>5</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>Paper 12</issue>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">In-situ studiesof phase transformation and residual stress build up in martensitic materials using synchrotron radiation</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">2nd IURS - Inter-university research symposium (Proceedings)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">25029</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventName">2nd IURS - Inter-university research symposium</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Canmore, Alberta, Canada</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">2009-05-20</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">2009-05-21</enrichment>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>In-situ diffraction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phase transformation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LTT alloy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>22653</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2010</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>123</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>124</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>MTJW-1</issue>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University (JWRI)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Synchrotron diffraction for visualization of solid state phase transformations</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">VISUAL-JW 2010 - The international symposium on visualization in joining &amp; welding science through advanced measurements and simulation (Proceedings)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">25197</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventName">VISUAL-JW 2010 - The international symposium on visualization in joining &amp; welding science through advanced measurements and simulation</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Osaka, Japan</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">2010-11-11</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">2010-11-12</enrichment>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Stephan Brauser</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synchrotron</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>EDXRD</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Martensite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TRIP steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phase transformation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63041</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Effect of heat control on mechanical properties and residual stresses at the transition zone of component and substrate in hybrid DED‑arc manufacturing</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In hybrid additive manufacturing, components or semi-finished products manufactured by conventional primary forming are enhanced or modified by additive manufactured structures. However, systematic investigations focusing on the critical transition area between the specific properties of the substrate (like high-strength) and the additively manufactured component, made of specific filler material, are still lacking. The focus of the present study was to determine the influence of heat control on the Δt8/5 cooling time, the distortion, the mechanical properties, and the residual stresses in the transition area of hybrid-additive components. This contributed to the knowledge regarding the safe avoidance of cold cracking, excessive distortion, a reduction in yield stress, and the implementation of hybrid DED-arc manufacturing. The heat control was varied by means of heat input and working temperature such that the Δt8/5 cooling times corresponded to the recommended processing range. The heat input has a greater influence on the cooling time in the transition area than the working temperature. Working temperature and the total energy applied per layer have a significant effect on component distortion. The lowest working temperature of 100 °C in combination with the highest total energy per layer leads to significantly greater distortion compared to manufacturing with a high working temperature of 300 °C and low total energy per layer. In addition, the longitudinal residual compressive stresses in the sensitive transition area are reduced from − 500 MPa to approx. − 200 MPa by adjusting the working temperature from 100 to 300 °C. Such complex interactions must be clarified comprehensively to provide users with easily applicable processing recommendations and standard specifications for an economical hybrid additive manufacturing of components made, for example, of high-strength steels in the transition area.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1878-6669</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-025-02036-z</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630415</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Rhodes Island, Greece</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">07.07.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">12.07.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">07.05.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>R. Scharf-Wildenhain</author>
    <author>Lorenz Engelking</author>
    <author>A. Hälsig</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>J. Hensel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hybrid additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DED-arc</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heat control</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-strength metals</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/63041/Scharf-Wildenhain_Engelking_Effect of heat control.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64347</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Stress-Optimised Welding Repair for High-Strength Offshore Steel Joints</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The successful energy transition in Germany will require offshore wind turbines with outputs &gt;10 MW in the future. To achieve these high outputs, turbines far from the coast are required, featuring large subsea jacket structures (30 m up to 50 m) and tall towers (up to 200 m). High-strength steels with a yield strengths up to 500 MPa and wall thicknesses of up to 120 mm are increasingly being used for these structures. During manufacture, weld defects detected by non-destructive testing (NDT) require localized repair (gouging and rewelding). To date, there is a lack of repair concepts and information in standards and guidelines. Therefore, BAM initiated the FOSTA project P1629 (IGF 01IF22746N) to investigate the stress-optimized repair (local gouging and welding) of high-strength thick plate joints made of offshore grades in the yield strength range off 355 to 460 MPa and similar weld metal. This research aims to develop a stress-optimized repair concept for thick plate joints, using controlled high-performance GMAW processes and optimized, narrow gouging grooves. Thermal and mechanical gouging are performed, allowing the groove configuration to be modified. Modern welding processes provide deep root penetration and focused energy input capable of welding narrow seams. The aimed residual stress reduction can be attributed to the lower input of weld metal due to the changes in groove configuration and to the reduction in heat input per layer due to the controlled arc process. The experimental analyses take into account the interaction of process, material, and design-related influences on the formation of weld induced stresses. Concluding with recommendations for guidelines elaborated for steel-processing SMEs.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">MPA Stuttgart 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Stuttgart, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">06.10.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">08.10.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Levin Reichel</author>
    <author>Dirk Schroepfer</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengiesser</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Repair welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-strength steels</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gouging</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Modern welding processes</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64887</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Reduction of residual stress by narrowing the repair groove: Optimising repair welding with modern welding processes for high strength offshore steels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The ongoing German energy transition will require offshore wind turbines with outputs of &gt;10 MW in the future. Turbines with these high outputs must be located far from the coast, with up to 50 m large subsea jacket structures and tall towers. These structures are increasingly fabricated of high-strength steels with a yield strength up to 500 MPa and wall thicknesses of up to 120 mm. During production, weld defects identified through non-destructive testing (NDT) must be locally repaired by gouging and rewelding. Standards and guidelines lack sufficient concepts and information regarding such repair procedures. To address this gap, BAM launched the FOSTA project P1629 (IGF 01IF22746N) to explore stress-optimised repair concepts, specifically local gouging and welding, for high-strength thick plate joints made from offshore-grade steels with yield strengths between 355 MPa and 460 MPa, including matching weld metals. This research aims to develop a stress-optimised repair concept for thick plate joints, utilising controlled high-performance GMAW techniques and narrow gouging grooves. Both thermal and mechanical gouging methods are applied, enabling adjustments to the groove geometry. Modern welding processes offer deep root penetration and concentrated energy input, making them suitable for narrow seams. The intended reduction in residual stress results from the decreased weld metal volume, due to modified groove shapes and the lower heat input per layer achieved through controlled arc processes. Experimental investigations examine how process parameters, material properties, and design factors interact to influence the development of welding-induced stresses. The project concludes with practical recommendations for guidelines tailored to steel-processing SMEs.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">4th International Conference on Advanced Joining Processes (AJP 2025)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Coimbra, Portugal</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">16.10.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">17.10.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Levin Reichel</author>
    <author>Dirk Schroepfer</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengiesser</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Repair welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Modern welding processes</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-strength offshore steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Narrow groove</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>65452</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>14</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Nature</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Enhancement of the fatigue strength by application of a low transformation temperature (LTT) welding consumable</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Low transformation temperature (LTT) welding consumables offer a possibility to enhance fatigue strength in welded components without post-treatment. By lowering the martensite start temperature (MS), the volume expansion during transformation near ambient temperature reduces welding related tensile residual stresses in fatigue-critical areas. To evaluate this effect, longitudinal stiffeners were used, a LTT and conventional filler serve as welding consumable, also high frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) treatment was carried out. Three single-pass and six additional-pass sample series were investigated on residual stress and fatigue strength. The additional welds were applied in fatigue crack critical areas with different weld shapes, achieved by varying welding parameters. Mechanical tests on reference samples evaluated the properties of the diluted LTT welds. Although reduced toughness was observed, no fatigue cracks occurred in LTT single-pass weld roots. The fatigue strength at two million cycles increased from 81 MPa to 121 MPa compared to conventional welds, while HFMI reached 146 MPa. With an additional LTT weld pass the results varied from 138 MPa to 196 MPa, depending to the shape and residual stress state. The results show that LTT fillers effectively enhance fatigue performance, and that weld geometry and parameter selection are as critical as the chemical composition for maximizing the LTT effect.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-026-02356-8</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-654520</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Genua, Italy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.06.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">27.06.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">02.02.2026</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Martin Hübner</author>
    <author>Florian Dittmann</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Igor Varfolomeev</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengiesser</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Low transformation temperature (LTT)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Martensite start temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Longitudenal stiffener</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fatigue strength</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/65452/Huebner_Enhancement of the fatigue strength with LTT 2026.pdf</file>
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