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    <title language="eng">Quantification of the Deep Discharge Induced Asymmetric Copper Deposition in Lithium‐Ion Cells by Operando Synchrotron X‐Ray Tomography</title>
    <abstract language="eng">AbstractLithium‐ion cells connected in series are prone to an electrical safety risk called overdischarge. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of the overdischarge phenomenon in lithium‐ion cells using operando nondestructive imaging. The study focuses on understanding the behavior of copper dissolution and deposition during overdischarge, which can lead to irreversible capacity loss and internal short‐circuits. By utilizing synchrotron X‐ray computed tomography (SXCT), the concentration of dissolved and deposited copper per surface area is quantified as a function of depth of discharge, confirming previous findings. The results also highlight for the first time a nonuniform distribution pattern for copper deposition on the cathode. This research provides insights for safer battery cell design.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Advanced Materials Technologies</parentTitle>
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    <author>Shahabeddin Dayani</author>
    <author>Henning Markötter</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <author>Giovanni Bruno</author>
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      <value>Lithium Ion Batteries</value>
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    <subject>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Copper Deposition</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Litium Ion Cells</value>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
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    <title language="eng">High Precision Nail‐Penetration Setup for the Controlled Thermal Runaway Initiation of Lithium‐Ion Cells at Very Low Temperatures</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A high precision nail‐penetration (NP) tool for characterizing the mechanically induced thermal‐runaway (TR) of lithium‐ion battery (LIB) cells in a defined range of temperatures down to −140 °C was developed. To understand the cell specific behavior at low temperatures aiming at the determination of safe handling conditions, different scenarios are analyzed. First, accuracy tests of the NP‐tool regarding motion and penetration depth are conducted with cylindrical cells at different temperatures. Thus, postmortem computer tomographic (CT) images are compared to the data measured with the newly integrated 3‐axis force sensor which is further combined with a high‐resolution position sensor. The herein developed setup allows evaluation of the NP‐metrics at an accuracy of ±1 pierced electrode layer without CT‐scans. Further NP examinations at 20 °C of fully charged cylindrical lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cells reveal a reproducible minimum damage as a reliable TR‐trigger. Moreover, NP‐tests at low temperature disclose a relation of the short circuit conductivity and TR‐reactions during subsequent rethermalization to room temperature. Finally, the implementation of a novel fixture for a controlled very fast cooling of LIB‐cells during critical damage opens the way to investigate the individual steps during a TR and, thus, to gain important information of the specific TR‐mechanism of different LIB‐cells.</abstract>
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    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-precision nail penetration</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Abuse testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
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    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/59812/Supporting_Information_revised_opus.pdf</file>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/59812/Energy_Tech_2024_Boettcher.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59924</id>
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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
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    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>89</volume>
    <type>article</type>
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    <title language="eng">Exploring the electrochemical and physical stability of lithium-ion cells exposed to liquid nitrogen</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The transport and storage of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries — damaged or in an undefined state — is a major safety concern for regulatory institutions, transportation companies, and manufacturers. Since (electro)chemical reactivity is exponentially temperature-dependent, cooling such batteries is an obvious measure for increasing their safety.&#13;
The present study explores the effect of cryogenic freezing on the electrochemical and physical stability of Li-ion cells. For this purpose, three different types of cells were repeatedly exposed to liquid nitrogen (LN2).&#13;
Before and after each cooling cycle, electrical and electrochemical measurements were conducted to assess the impact of the individual freezing steps. While the electrochemical behavior of the cells did not change significantly upon exposure to LN2 , it became apparent that a non-negligible number of cells suffered from physical changes (swelling) and functional failures. The latter defect was found to be caused by the current interrupt device of the cylindrical cells. This safety mechanism is triggered by the overpressure of expanding nitrogen which enters the cells at cryogenic temperatures.&#13;
This study underlines that the widely accepted reversibility of LN2 -cooling on a material scale does not allow for a direct extrapolation toward the physical integrity of full cells. Since nitrogen enters the cell at cryogenic temperatures and expands upon rethermalization, it can cause an internal overpressure. This can, in turn, lead to mechanical damage to the cell. Consequently, a more appropriate temperature condition — less extreme than direct LN2 exposure — needs to be found</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Energy Storage</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.est.2024.111650</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Robert Leonhardt</author>
    <author>Nils Böttcher</author>
    <author>Shahabeddin Dayani</author>
    <author>Arielle Rieck</author>
    <author>Henning Markötter</author>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <author>Julia Kowal</author>
    <author>Tim Tichter</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LN2 cooling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery characterization</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/59924/Leonhardt - LN2 stability of Li-ion cells.pdf</file>
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  <doc>
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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <volume>623</volume>
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    <title language="eng">Visualization of stepwise electrode decomposition in a nail penetrated commercial lithium-ion cell using low-temperature synchrotron X-ray computed tomography</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The transition towards zero carbon emissions in power generation hinges on the integration of efficient electrical energy storage systems, with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) positioned as a pivotal technology. While generally safe, deviations in their operational guidelines due to manufacturing defects or misuse can lead to critical safety concerns, notably thermal runaway (TR) events. Internal short circuits (ISCs) are primary initiators of TR within LIBs. For abuse testing, ISCs are often triggered by nail penetration. This study explores the morphological changes and mechanisms underlying ISC-induced TR in LIBs using operando synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXCT) at subzero temperatures. A novel cryogenic setup was developed to control a stepwise temperature increase in the damaged sample while monitoring electrochemical characteristics and simultaneously enabling acquisition of high-resolution SXCT images. The findings reveal that conducting nail penetration at minus 80°C prevents immediate TR, enabling detailed analysis of subsequent structural and electrochemical behavior during controlled thawing. Thus, the initiation of TR processes at localized ISC sites has been observed, evidenced by voltage fluctuations and morphological changes, such as cathode material cracking and decomposition. These results underscore the importance of temperature control in mitigating TR risks and provide critical insights into the internal dynamics of LIBs under abusive conditions. The developed cryogenic SXCT methodology offers a powerful tool for non-destructive, high-resolution investigation of battery failure mechanisms, contributing to the enhancement of LIB safety.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of power sources</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235472</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-611327</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Nils Böttcher</author>
    <author>Shahabeddin Dayani</author>
    <author>Henning Markötter</author>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <author>J. Kowal</author>
    <author>Y. Lu</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <author>Giovanni Bruno</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tomography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>X-ray imaging</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.5 Röntgenbildgebung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.6 Elektrochemische Energiematerialien</collection>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/61132/Boettcher_Dayani_JPS.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59269</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
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    <title language="eng">Hazard-Based Classification of Lithium-Ion Cells and Batteries</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Next to performance features, safety aspects of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a crucial research field. The abuse/misuse of a LIB can trigger a chain of exothermic reactions on cell level. Hence, the cell temperature increases dramatically, causing the so-called thermal runaway (TR). Moreover, the TR of one cell can initiate the TR of adjacent cells leading to a TR-propagation. Due to the risk of a TR, special measures need to be applied while handling, storing, and transporting batteries. According to current transport regulations, all different types of lithium-ion and lithium metal cells/batteries (by means of cell format, cathode chemistry, etc.) require the same transport conditions regardless of the intensity of their reaction during abuse tests. To allow more differentiated transport requirements, the United Nations (UN) Subcommittee Transport of Dangerous Goods created an Informal Working Group (IWG) on the topic of a hazard-based classification of LIBs. BAM is one of nine laboratories working on the development of a respective classification scheme including appendant test protocols.&#13;
Herein, we discuss the latest results of our safety tests on commercial LIB-cells employing the test protocols developed in the UN-IWG. Single cell tests are analysed regarding different hazardous features during the TR, e.g., cell temperature, flame occurrence, and gas amount. Next to the general occurrence of a propagation, the propagation speed is analysed by propagation tests. In total, the presented results are gathered from over 200 tests. Next to the classification of the tested cells, the data set obtained is analysed in respect to the cells’ key features, such as cell energy, state of charge and cathode type. Generally, the presented results can increase the overall understanding of the TR-mechanism supporting the design of advanced safety measures on cell level in the future.</abstract>
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    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery Classification</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safe Transport</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal Runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium Ion Batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
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    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>64765</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>5832</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>5838</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>21</issue>
    <volume>9</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Sodium-ion battery research @ BAM (I): investigating the thermal runaway behaviour of commercial sodium-ion battery cells</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Commercially available sodium-ion battery (SIB) cells, with energy densities comparable to lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells based on LiFePO4, were investigated regarding their safety behaviour under thermal abuse conditions. Tests were carried out in an inert atmosphere. The SIB-cells went into thermal runaway (TR), intriguingly, even at a rather low state of charge of 30%. The TR-event was coupled with a pronounced jelly roll ejection, challenging the interpretation of the TR-diagrams. These findings highlight the necessity of incorporating SIB-cells into the ongoing safety classification discussions for LIB-cells.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Sustainable Energy &amp; Fuels</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2398-4902</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1039/d5se00687b</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Nils Böttcher</author>
    <author>Luise Sander</author>
    <author>Alexander Ulbricht</author>
    <author>Martinus Putra Widjaja</author>
    <author>Tim-Patrick Fellinger</author>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sodium Ion Batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal Runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery safety</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.5 Röntgenbildgebung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.6 Elektrochemische Energiematerialien</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/64765/d5se00687b.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65091</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>9</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>665</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Exploring restrictive overdischarge cycling as a method to accelerate characteristic ageing in lithium-ion cells</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This study presents a test protocol that greatly accelerates the ageing process of lithium-ion battery cells comprising a positive electrode of nickel manganese cobalt oxide while preserving their characteristic degradation upon cyclic ageing. Applying a repetitive restricted overdischarge, resulting in a depth of discharge larger than 100%, a capacity loss of 20% is achieved over five times faster compared to conventional cycling. The well-known overdischarge degradation phenomenon of copper current collector dissolution is deliberately prevented by setting a discharge cutoff voltage above the theoretical threshold of copper oxidation. Hence, the accelerated degradation can be primarily connected to solid electrolyte interphase growth.&#13;
A comparative assessment of the ageing dynamics using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and differential voltage analysis hints towards similar, characteristic degradation processes during accelerated and conventional ageing. A post-ageing examination of the electrical behaviour (i.e., coulombic and energy efficiency, capacity fade) under reference conditions reveals very little to no lasting damages caused by &#13;
overdischarging. Additionally, post-mortem analysis discloses no increased copper dissolution when comparing cells subjected to accelerated and conventional ageing. Generally, the developed ageing method appears suitable for providing cells with a defined state of health at a reasonable timescale without altering the main degradation mechanisms significantly.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Power Sources</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0378-7753</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.239072</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-650917</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">29.12.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Philippa Scharpmann</author>
    <author>Robert Leonhardt</author>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <author>Julia Kowal</author>
    <author>Tim Tichter</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion cell</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Accelerated ageing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Overdischarge</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Degradation processes</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Differential voltage analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.6 Elektrochemische Energiematerialien</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/65091/LIB_2025_Scharpmann.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64960</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Developing Core-Shell Carbon Materials to Link Porosity Features to Sodium Storage Capacities</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Porous carbon materials play an important role for energy storage and conversion. One (re-)emerging research field is the ability of porous carbons to store sodium metal ions. Current results shows that internal pores – hence, pores which are not accessible for the electrolyte – allow to store large amounts of sodium at low potentials, yielding high energy sodium-ion battery (SIB) anodes.&#13;
The common synthesis approach to gain carbons with internal pores involves the pyrolysis of a non-graphitizing precursor, resulting in a so-called hard carbon (HC). However, HC-materials frequently show substantial non-reversible initial capacity losses. Commonly, significant losses are associated with the creation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the carbon’s surface that occurs during the initial sodium insertion. Intriguingly, large irreversible capacities are often found for samples with experimentally determined low specific surface area.[2] A more comprehensive understanding of the structure-property relations is essential for quantifying and grasping the potential of carbon materials in SIBs. However, the typical synthesis methods do not allow to individually tune the storage properties – mainly connected to the internal properties of the carbons – and the SEI-formation – primarily related to the surface properties. Hence, the objective of the present work is to develop a synthesis route which tackles this challenge.&#13;
Herein, the main approach is to develop tailor-made core-shell carbon materials consisting of a highly porous carbon core and a quasi-non-porous carbon shell. For the core, two strategies are pursued: A) microporous carbon materials with varied porosity, however, similar chemistry, and B) microporous carbons with tuneable chemistry, but similar porosity. Approach A involves the selection of commercially available activated carbons (ACs). Strategy B is based on the modification of the chemical composition (i.e., amount and type of N-sites) of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) derived carbons. In both cases, the shell is realized by chemical vapour deposition (CVD). Different analytical methods, e.g., powder XRD, gas physisorption (N2, Ar, CO2), XPS, and SAXS are used to thoroughly characterize&#13;
morphological and chemical features of the core as well as of the core-shell carbons. These features are linked to the electrochemical characteristics of the materials.&#13;
After CVD-coating, all materials show a significant reduction in detectable surface area (up to a factor of up to 190x) by N2-physisorption. The coating technique is successfully applied to a range of AC-materials, enabling to link porosity features to Na-storage behavior. For the best performing AC-based material, the reversible capacity is increased from ~140 mAhg-1 to ~400 mAhg-1 while irreversible capacity is decreased from ~640 mAhg-1 to ~90 mAhg-1.&#13;
The results of the coated ZIF-derived carbon reveal that a higher nitrogen content leads to a greater capacity in the sloping region, but to a lower capacity in the plateau region of the voltage profile.&#13;
Generally, core-shell carbon anodes promise to enable high capacities accompanied with low irreversible losses.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">36. Deutsche Zeolith-Tagung</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Erlangen, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">26.02.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">28.02.2025</enrichment>
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    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Anode</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hard Carbon</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.6 Elektrochemische Energiematerialien</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64968</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
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    <type>poster</type>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Tetrapyrrolic Nitrogen Doped Carbons by Pyrolytic Template Ion Reactions as Platform for Electrocatalysis</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Atomically dispersed M-N-C catalysts such as Fe-N-Cs are most promising alternatives for precious metal-based catalysts for energy conversion reactions. Early reports on such materials date back to the 1960´s, when Jasinski pioneered the research based on tetrapyrrolic phthalocyanine macrocycles which were inspired by natural transition metal porphyrin complexes present in enzyme active-sites. For decades, the selective synthesis of these catalysts was complicated by the formation of side phases due to the harsh reaction conditions facilitating side phase formation. In 2018, we introduced a mild procedure, which is conservative toward the carbon support and leads to atomically dispersed Fe-N4 site formation at temperatures as low as 80 °C in a wet-chemical step, essentially decoupling the preparation of the nitrogen-doped carbon (NDC) backbone from the preparation of the active-sites. The key concept therein is the so-called active-site imprinting into the NDC backbone using pyrolytic template ion reactions, allowing for high concentrations of N4&#13;
sites resulting in more than 3 at.% of Fe in atomically dispersed phase. Using the same precursor that is used for the preparation of phthalocyanines, we were able to produce tetrapyrrolic NDCs as a materials platform to synthesize atomically-dispersed single-site Fe-N-Cs comprising tetrapyrrolic FeN4&#13;
complexes by ion-exchange reactions. The tetrapyrrolic Fe-N-C derivatives are highly active and extraordinary selective electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in acidic. The mere tetrapyrrolic NDC are likewise highly active ORR-catalysts in alkaline. The well-defined and homogeneous active-site structure allows to quantify the intrinsic catalytic activity of the materials in acid and base, reveal insights into the electrocatalytic mechanism and to reveal distinct degradation mechanism upon storage and electrochemical cycling. Herein, the general synthetic strategy will be discussed mainly based on Zn-ion templating towards Fe-N-C catalysts. The catalytic active-sites will be discussed regarding structure and potential as fuel cell catalyst.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Carbon Conference 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Saint-Malo, France</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">29.06.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">04.07.2025</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electrocatalysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Oxygen Reduction Reaction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Noble Metal Free</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nitrogen Doped Carbon</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.6 Elektrochemische Energiematerialien</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64969</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
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    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Porous „Ionophoric“ Carbon Materials: Synthesis Routes and Electrochemical Applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Porosity tuning and “doping” with heteroatoms and/or transition metals are key strategies to improve the performance of porous carbons. Nitrogen doped carbons (NDCs) with macrocyclic functionalities and the respective M-coordinated NDCs (M-N-Cs) containing FeN4 sites, are very promising electrodes for Na-storage and electrocatalytic conversions. Their functional groups are reminiscent of those in biomolecules like e.g. hemoglobin. The materials can carry ions and can be regarded as “ionophoric” carbons.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">AKK-Herbsttagung 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Mainz, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">23.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electrocatalysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energy Storage</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Noble Metal Free</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nitrogen Doped Carbon</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.6 Elektrochemische Energiematerialien</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56807</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>60</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Meta-analysis of heat release and smoke gas emission during thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Herein a meta-analysis of 76 experimental research papers from 2000 to 2021 is given about possible effects on the thermal runaway of lithium-ion battery cells. Data on the hazards of gas emissions and released heat are related to each other and differentiated by cell properties such as, cell geometry, cathode type or state of charge. Quantitative information on the total heat release in the range of 2.0–112.0 kJ Wh−1, the peak heat release rate in the range of 0.006–2.8 kW Wh−1and the smoke gas emission were extracted, normalized in terms of cell energy (Wh), combined in a data library and compared graphically. The total amount of gas emitted (3–48 mmol Wh−1) as well as the released amount of carbon monoxide (1–161 mg Wh−1) and hydrogen fluoride (2–197 mg Wh−1) were investigated as a function of the state of charge and cell geometry. The analysis reveals that the measured values are significantly influenced by the types of calorimeters and smoke gas analyzers used as well as by the type of thermal runaway trigger. This meta-analysis can serve as an important basis for any risk assessment of lithium-ion batteries.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of energy storage</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.est.2022.106579</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-568071</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2352-152X</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.06.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Tim Rappsilber</author>
    <author>Nawar Yusfi</author>
    <author>Simone Krüger</author>
    <author>S.-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Tim-Patrick Fellinger</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cathode active material</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heat release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Smoke gas emission</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56807/Meta-analysis.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58886</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
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    <issue/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Current State of Research of Environmentally Friendly, Alternative Materials - Sodium-Ion-Batteries as an Example</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In order meet the anticipated future need for battery-based energy storage, it is essential to explore alternative systems beyond lithium-ion batteries. Sodium-ion batteries emerge as a promising option due to the abundance of readily available materials and the potential for reduced costs.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">32. Sitzung Beraterkreis Technologie (BKT)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Cologne, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.10.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <author>Tim-Patrick Fellinger</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sodium-ion-batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Core-Shell Materials as Advanced Anodes for Sodium Ion Batteries</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The current imperative to shift towards an energy grid equipped with sustainable energy storage solutions has caused a renewed interest in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Hard carbons (HCs) are a promising option high-capacity anode materials in SIBs. Nevertheless, their elevated capacities frequently come at the cost of experiencing substantial non-reversible initial capacity losses.&#13;
&#13;
Commonly, significant losses are associated with irreversible reactions, such as the creation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), that occur during the initial sodium insertion in HC-materials. Intriguingly, high values of irreversible capacity are often found for samples with experimentally determined low specific surface area.[1] A more comprehensive understanding of the structure-property relations is essential for quantifying and grasping the potential of hard carbon materials in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Thus, the objective is to employ analytical methods to establish a link between the structure and the electrochemical attributes of HC materials. This has been a challenge, partly due to the non-stoichiometric nature of the sodium storage mechanism and the disordered structure of HCs.&#13;
&#13;
To address the challenges mentioned above, our approach is to explore whether a core-shell structure can separate sodium storage and SEI-formation. This way, we can investigate and fine-tune storage capacity and irreversible losses, independently. The strategy involves the synthesis of various porous carbon structures to serve as the core material and their combination with sodium-conductive structures to core-shell materials. Herein, we will present different synthesis routes towards tailor-made carbon core materials. Moreover, different coatings concepts will be introduced, and the electrochemical performance of the core and core-shell materials compared. To elucidate the storage mechanism, the results of advanced analytical methods such as operando NMR and SAXS will be presented. Generally, these core-shell anodes promise to enable high capacities accompanied with low irreversible losses due to optimized SEI-formation.</abstract>
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    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Sodium Ion Batteries</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Negative Electrodes</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Core Shell Materials</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Energy Storage</value>
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    <title language="deu">Löschwasseruntersuchungen bei Bränden von Energiespeichern mit Lithium-Ionen-Zellen (LöwE)</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Untersuchung der Zusammensetzung des Löschwassers bei Bränden von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien ist von hohem Interesse. Bisher sind nur wenige bzw. unzureichende Studien in diesem Themenfeld vorhanden.</abstract>
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    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">12.06.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterien</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Löschwasser</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sicherheit</value>
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    <title language="eng">Linking Key Features of Commercial Lithium-Ion Cells to Thermal Runaway Effects and Propagation Behavior</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are essential for the electrification of vehicles and play an important role for stationary storage units needed for grid-balancing. Research groups all over the world work on the improvement of LIBs regarding an increase in energy density as well as cycle-life and a decrease in costs. Next to these research topics, a continuously uprising and crucial field is safety features of LIBs, which can be implemented at different levels, such as material, cell, battery and system level.&#13;
The abuse/misuse of a LIB can cause an internal release of heat which can trigger a chain of exothermic reactions on cell level. Hence, the cell temperature increases dramatically, causing the so-called thermal runaway (TR), possibly leading to flames and/or explosion of the cell. Moreover, the TR of one cell can initiate the TR of adjacent cells leading to a so-called propagation, possibly, causing the TR of the whole battery. Ideally, easily obtainable key features of a certain cell – such as cathode type, cell format, cell energy and state of charge (SOC) - could allow the prediction of its behaviour under abuse conditions. In the present study, we will discuss the latest result of our safety tests on cell level employing an external heater as TR-trigger. Single cell tests will be analysed regarding different hazardous features during the TR, e.g., cell temperature, occurrence of flames, peak pressure, gas amount and gas composition. Moreover, the possibility of a TR-propagation and the respective propagation speed will be gained from propagation tests utilizing six cells with identical SOC. In total, the study comprises over 200 tests on cell level. The gained data set is analysed in respect to the cell parameters, such as cell format, cell energy, SOC and the cathode type as well as the atmosphere (air vs. N2) present during the test. A special focus is put on the discussion of general conclusions linking cell parameters to TR-effects and propagation behaviour.&#13;
The findings regarding common conclusions between key features and TR-effects can enable a rather facile selection process of cells/batteries for certain applications according to specific safety targets. Moreover, it allows to choose cell-specific safety measures, suitable during operation. In further works, the study will be extended to end-of-first life cells yielding important conclusions regarding crucial safety aspects for the implementation of those cells in 2nd-life application. Generally, the presented results can increase the overall understanding of the TR mechanism supporting the design of advanced measures to enhance the safety on cell level in the future.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">224th ECS Meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Gothenburg, Sweden</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">08.10.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Lithium Ion Batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal Runaway</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Propagation</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Safety</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Investigating thermal runaway effects and propagation behaviour of various types of commercial lithium-ion cells</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Lithium-ion battery (LIB) powered devices, such as laptops, mobile phones and power tools are ubiquitous in our daily lives. Moreover, LIBs are essential for the electrification of vehicles, and play an important role for stationary storage units needed for grid-balancing. The improvement of LIBs, in terms of increasing energy density as well as cycle-life and decreasing costs, is tackled by numerous research groups all over the world. In the last years, research regarding safety aspects has steadily gained more interest. The safety of LIBs can be implemented at different levels, such as material, cell, battery and system level.&#13;
The abuse/misuse of an LIB can lead to an internal increase in heat which can trigger a chain of exothermic reactions on cell level. Thus, the cell temperature increases dramatically causing the so-called thermal runaway (TR). This process can lead to flames and/or explosion of the cell. Furthermore, the TR of one cell can initiate the TR of adjacent cells causing the so-called propagation, possibly, leading to the TR of the whole battery.&#13;
Herein, we will show the latest result of our safety tests on cell level employing an external heater as TR-trigger. Regarding single cell tests, we will compare different hazardous features during the TR, e.g., cell temperature, occurrence of flames, peak pressure, and toxic gases, depending on the cell format, cell energy and the cathode type. The same cell parameters will be used to discuss the results of the propagation tests. Moreover, the influence of the state of charge (SOC) and the present atmosphere (air vs. N2) as well as the repeatability will be discussed. Overall, the study comprises over 180 tests on cell level.&#13;
The findings regarding the TR behaviour can be used to create a hazard-classification scheme of LIBs, e.g., allowing the definition of (cell type specific) conditions for a safe transport. Furthermore, the results can increase the general understanding of the TR mechanism promoting the development of advanced measures to enhance the safety on cell level in the future.</abstract>
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    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium Ion Batteries</value>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety</value>
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    <title language="eng">Single Cell Exchange in Battery Packs – Sustainability vs. Safety Aspects</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Lithium-ion batteries usually consist of numerous individual cells. There is ongoing discussion about enhancing sustainability by considering the replacement of heavily aged or damaged cells. Nevertheless, the planned replacement of individual cells poses significant challenges in ensuring the required reliability and safety of the refurbished device.</abstract>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium Ion Cells</value>
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      <value>Cell Exchange</value>
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      <language>deu</language>
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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Reconstructing the distribution of relaxation times with analytical basis functions</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The present work proposes the implementation of non-singular basis functions into the algorithm for reconstructing the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) function of impedance data. These functions reflect the dispersed and asymmetrical nature of non-ideal capacitive–resistive processes. Inclusion is achieved by combining the singular Debye distribution basis with distributed relaxation functions, such as those derived from the analytical models of Cole–Cole and Havriliak–Negami. The shapes of the introduced basis functions are described by constant parameters, for which an empirical optimization approach is provided alongside. Using synthetic impedance data of non-ideal capacitive–resistive processes subjected to white noise, it is shown that the demand for regularization can be reduced significantly by using distributed bases. To underline the practical relevance of non-singular basis functions in DRT reconstruction, an experimental study comprising 100 sodium-ion and 80 lithium-ion  ommercial cells is presented. In this context, it is shown that auxiliary information from the non-ideal nature of real-world electrochemical processes is outsourced into the basis and, hence, easily filtered out of the resulting DRT. This facilitates the separation of single processes without post-DRT curve fitting and thus improves the interpretation&#13;
and classification of impedance data significantly.</abstract>
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    <author>Robert Leonhardt</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <author>Dirk Andrae</author>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <author>Julia Kowal</author>
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      <value>Distribution of relaxation times</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Havriliak-Negami</value>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Porous „Ionophoric“ Carbon Materials: Synthesis Routes and Electrochemical Applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Porous carbon materials play an important role for energy storage and conversion, e.g., as fuel cell catalysts, supercapacitor or battery electrodes. Tuning porosity features such as pore connectivity, specific surface area, maximum pore size and pore volume is one of the key strategies to improve the performance of those materials.[1] Moreover, the alteration of the chemistry allows further enhancement in performance, even leading to the applicability in new fields. In this context, nitrogen doped carbons (NDCs) are a very promising material class. Highly porous NDCs for example show interesting Na-storage features.[2] Moreover, the integration of iron ions in an NDC, forming FeN4-sites, can results in materials with very promising properties as fuel cell cathode catalysts.[3] However, to relate certain sites to specific performance indicators is still challenging as the variation of the present N-sites is very large in typically obtained NDCs.&#13;
In the past, we were able to develop an ionothermal synthesis strategy which results in highly porous materials with specific, i.e., tetrapyrrolic, N4-sites.[4] Such N4 sites and there metal complexes are reminiscent of biomolecules like the heme molecule, which originally inspired the research on such materials.[5] The N4-sites are mainly occupied by Zn2+ as the synthesis is performed in a ZnCl2-containing salt melt. Moreover, the electrochemical performance of those materials can be rather easily altered upon removing/exchanging the Zn2+. Moreover, again looking at biomolecules, those kind of materials can be regarded as ionophoric carbons as they possess distinct, metal-binding N4-sites embedded in a carbon matrix. &#13;
Herein, we will focus on the synthesis of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) based NDCs with high porosity. We will discuss different strategies to remove and/or exchange Zn2+ in the obtained ZnN4-containing materials. Different analytical methods, e.g., physisorption (N2, Ar, CO2), XPS, XAS, and NMR, will be used to understand the alteration of morphological and chemical features upon ion exchange (see Figure 1). &#13;
  &#13;
Figure 1: A) Schematic illustration of the partial Zn-removal in a ZnN4-containing, ionophoric carbon. B) High resolution N 1s XPS-results of a ZIF-derived ionophoric carbon before and after metal leaching.&#13;
&#13;
Due to the ion exchange/removal, the chemistry of the NDCs is altered, however, typically preserving the porosity features as well as the general structure of the N-motifs. Thus, the influence of the occupancy of the N4-sites on the electrochemical performance can be studied in detail. Finally, structure-property-relations of the different ZIF-derived ionophoric NDCs regarding the performance as anodes in sodium ion batteries will be discussed.</abstract>
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    <author>Tim-Patrick Fellinger</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
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    <subject>
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    <title language="eng">Separating Initial Loss from Storage Capacity: Core-Shell Materials as Advanced Anode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The current imperative to shift towards an energy grid equipped with sustainable energy storage solutions has caused a renewed interest in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Hard carbons (HCs) are a promising option high-capacity anode materials in SIBs. Nevertheless, their elevated capacities frequently come at the cost of experiencing substantial non-reversible initial capacity losses&#13;
Commonly, significant losses are associated with irreversible reactions, such as the creation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), that occur during the initial sodium insertion in HC-materials. Intriguingly, high values of irreversible capacity are often found for samples with experimentally determined low specific surface area.[1] A more comprehensive understanding of the structure-property relations is essential for quantifying and grasping the potential of hard carbon materials in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Thus, the objective is to employ analytical methods to establish a link between the structure and the electrochemical attributes of HC materials. This has been a challenge, partly due to the non-stoichiometric nature of the sodium storage mechanism and the disordered structure of HCs.&#13;
To address the challenges mentioned above, our approach is to explore whether a core-shell structure can separate sodium storage and SEI-formation. This way, we can investigate and fine-tune storage capacity and irreversible losses, independently. The strategy involves the synthesis of various porous carbon structures to serve as the core material and their combination with sodium-conductive structures to core-shell materials. Herein, we will present different synthesis routes towards tailor-made carbon core materials. Moreover, different coatings concepts will be introduced, and the electrochemical performance of the core and core-shell materials compared. To elucidate the storage mechanism, the results of advanced analytical methods such as operando NMR and -SAXS will be presented. Generally, these core-shell anodes promise to enable high capacities accompanied with low irreversible losses due to optimized SEI-formation.</abstract>
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    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
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      <value>Battery</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Anode</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hard Carbon</value>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.6 Elektrochemische Energiematerialien</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
