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    <issue>21</issue>
    <volume>9</volume>
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    <title language="eng">Sodium-ion battery research @ BAM (I): investigating the thermal runaway behaviour of commercial sodium-ion battery cells</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Commercially available sodium-ion battery (SIB) cells, with energy densities comparable to lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells based on LiFePO4, were investigated regarding their safety behaviour under thermal abuse conditions. Tests were carried out in an inert atmosphere. The SIB-cells went into thermal runaway (TR), intriguingly, even at a rather low state of charge of 30%. The TR-event was coupled with a pronounced jelly roll ejection, challenging the interpretation of the TR-diagrams. These findings highlight the necessity of incorporating SIB-cells into the ongoing safety classification discussions for LIB-cells.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Sustainable Energy &amp; Fuels</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2398-4902</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1039/d5se00687b</identifier>
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    <author>Nils Böttcher</author>
    <author>Luise Sander</author>
    <author>Alexander Ulbricht</author>
    <author>Martinus Putra Widjaja</author>
    <author>Tim-Patrick Fellinger</author>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sodium Ion Batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal Runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery safety</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.5 Röntgenbildgebung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Developing Core-Shell Carbon Materials to Link Porosity Features to Sodium Storage Capacities</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Porous carbon materials play an important role for energy storage and conversion. One (re-)emerging research field is the ability of porous carbons to store sodium metal ions. Current results shows that internal pores – hence, pores which are not accessible for the electrolyte – allow to store large amounts of sodium at low potentials, yielding high energy sodium-ion battery (SIB) anodes.&#13;
The common synthesis approach to gain carbons with internal pores involves the pyrolysis of a non-graphitizing precursor, resulting in a so-called hard carbon (HC). However, HC-materials frequently show substantial non-reversible initial capacity losses. Commonly, significant losses are associated with the creation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the carbon’s surface that occurs during the initial sodium insertion. Intriguingly, large irreversible capacities are often found for samples with experimentally determined low specific surface area.[2] A more comprehensive understanding of the structure-property relations is essential for quantifying and grasping the potential of carbon materials in SIBs. However, the typical synthesis methods do not allow to individually tune the storage properties – mainly connected to the internal properties of the carbons – and the SEI-formation – primarily related to the surface properties. Hence, the objective of the present work is to develop a synthesis route which tackles this challenge.&#13;
Herein, the main approach is to develop tailor-made core-shell carbon materials consisting of a highly porous carbon core and a quasi-non-porous carbon shell. For the core, two strategies are pursued: A) microporous carbon materials with varied porosity, however, similar chemistry, and B) microporous carbons with tuneable chemistry, but similar porosity. Approach A involves the selection of commercially available activated carbons (ACs). Strategy B is based on the modification of the chemical composition (i.e., amount and type of N-sites) of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) derived carbons. In both cases, the shell is realized by chemical vapour deposition (CVD). Different analytical methods, e.g., powder XRD, gas physisorption (N2, Ar, CO2), XPS, and SAXS are used to thoroughly characterize&#13;
morphological and chemical features of the core as well as of the core-shell carbons. These features are linked to the electrochemical characteristics of the materials.&#13;
After CVD-coating, all materials show a significant reduction in detectable surface area (up to a factor of up to 190x) by N2-physisorption. The coating technique is successfully applied to a range of AC-materials, enabling to link porosity features to Na-storage behavior. For the best performing AC-based material, the reversible capacity is increased from ~140 mAhg-1 to ~400 mAhg-1 while irreversible capacity is decreased from ~640 mAhg-1 to ~90 mAhg-1.&#13;
The results of the coated ZIF-derived carbon reveal that a higher nitrogen content leads to a greater capacity in the sloping region, but to a lower capacity in the plateau region of the voltage profile.&#13;
Generally, core-shell carbon anodes promise to enable high capacities accompanied with low irreversible losses.</abstract>
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    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Anode</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hard Carbon</value>
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    <title language="eng">Tetrapyrrolic Nitrogen Doped Carbons by Pyrolytic Template Ion Reactions as Platform for Electrocatalysis</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Atomically dispersed M-N-C catalysts such as Fe-N-Cs are most promising alternatives for precious metal-based catalysts for energy conversion reactions. Early reports on such materials date back to the 1960´s, when Jasinski pioneered the research based on tetrapyrrolic phthalocyanine macrocycles which were inspired by natural transition metal porphyrin complexes present in enzyme active-sites. For decades, the selective synthesis of these catalysts was complicated by the formation of side phases due to the harsh reaction conditions facilitating side phase formation. In 2018, we introduced a mild procedure, which is conservative toward the carbon support and leads to atomically dispersed Fe-N4 site formation at temperatures as low as 80 °C in a wet-chemical step, essentially decoupling the preparation of the nitrogen-doped carbon (NDC) backbone from the preparation of the active-sites. The key concept therein is the so-called active-site imprinting into the NDC backbone using pyrolytic template ion reactions, allowing for high concentrations of N4&#13;
sites resulting in more than 3 at.% of Fe in atomically dispersed phase. Using the same precursor that is used for the preparation of phthalocyanines, we were able to produce tetrapyrrolic NDCs as a materials platform to synthesize atomically-dispersed single-site Fe-N-Cs comprising tetrapyrrolic FeN4&#13;
complexes by ion-exchange reactions. The tetrapyrrolic Fe-N-C derivatives are highly active and extraordinary selective electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in acidic. The mere tetrapyrrolic NDC are likewise highly active ORR-catalysts in alkaline. The well-defined and homogeneous active-site structure allows to quantify the intrinsic catalytic activity of the materials in acid and base, reveal insights into the electrocatalytic mechanism and to reveal distinct degradation mechanism upon storage and electrochemical cycling. Herein, the general synthetic strategy will be discussed mainly based on Zn-ion templating towards Fe-N-C catalysts. The catalytic active-sites will be discussed regarding structure and potential as fuel cell catalyst.</abstract>
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    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
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      <value>Electrocatalysis</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Noble Metal Free</value>
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    <title language="eng">Porous „Ionophoric“ Carbon Materials: Synthesis Routes and Electrochemical Applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Porosity tuning and “doping” with heteroatoms and/or transition metals are key strategies to improve the performance of porous carbons. Nitrogen doped carbons (NDCs) with macrocyclic functionalities and the respective M-coordinated NDCs (M-N-Cs) containing FeN4 sites, are very promising electrodes for Na-storage and electrocatalytic conversions. Their functional groups are reminiscent of those in biomolecules like e.g. hemoglobin. The materials can carry ions and can be regarded as “ionophoric” carbons.</abstract>
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    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
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      <value>Electrocatalysis</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Energy Storage</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <volume>652</volume>
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    <title language="eng">Reconstructing the distribution of relaxation times with analytical basis functions</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The present work proposes the implementation of non-singular basis functions into the algorithm for reconstructing the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) function of impedance data. These functions reflect the dispersed and asymmetrical nature of non-ideal capacitive–resistive processes. Inclusion is achieved by combining the singular Debye distribution basis with distributed relaxation functions, such as those derived from the analytical models of Cole–Cole and Havriliak–Negami. The shapes of the introduced basis functions are described by constant parameters, for which an empirical optimization approach is provided alongside. Using synthetic impedance data of non-ideal capacitive–resistive processes subjected to white noise, it is shown that the demand for regularization can be reduced significantly by using distributed bases. To underline the practical relevance of non-singular basis functions in DRT reconstruction, an experimental study comprising 100 sodium-ion and 80 lithium-ion  ommercial cells is presented. In this context, it is shown that auxiliary information from the non-ideal nature of real-world electrochemical processes is outsourced into the basis and, hence, easily filtered out of the resulting DRT. This facilitates the separation of single processes without post-DRT curve fitting and thus improves the interpretation&#13;
and classification of impedance data significantly.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Power Sources</parentTitle>
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