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    <title language="eng">Quantification of the Deep Discharge Induced Asymmetric Copper Deposition in Lithium‐Ion Cells by Operando Synchrotron X‐Ray Tomography</title>
    <abstract language="eng">AbstractLithium‐ion cells connected in series are prone to an electrical safety risk called overdischarge. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of the overdischarge phenomenon in lithium‐ion cells using operando nondestructive imaging. The study focuses on understanding the behavior of copper dissolution and deposition during overdischarge, which can lead to irreversible capacity loss and internal short‐circuits. By utilizing synchrotron X‐ray computed tomography (SXCT), the concentration of dissolved and deposited copper per surface area is quantified as a function of depth of discharge, confirming previous findings. The results also highlight for the first time a nonuniform distribution pattern for copper deposition on the cathode. This research provides insights for safer battery cell design.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Advanced Materials Technologies</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/admt.202301246</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-592717</identifier>
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The study focuses on understanding the behavior of copper dissolution and deposition during overdischarge, which can lead to irreversible capacity loss and internal short\u2010circuits. By utilizing synchrotron X\u2010ray computed tomography (SXCT), the concentration of dissolved and deposited copper per surface area is quantified as a function of depth of discharge, confirming previous findings. The results also highlight for the first time a nonuniform distribution pattern for copper deposition on the cathode. This research provides insights for safer battery cell design.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202301246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T00:44:04Z","timestamp":1701132244000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantification of the Deep Discharge Induced Asymmetric Copper Deposition in Lithium\u2010Ion Cells by Operando Synchrotron X\u2010Ray Tomography"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2596-1329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahabeddin","family":"Dayani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und \u2010Pr\u00fcfung (BAM)  Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3464-6793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henning","family":"Mark\u00f6tter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und \u2010Pr\u00fcfung (BAM)  Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3370-1148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas Krug","family":"von Nidda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und \u2010Pr\u00fcfung (BAM)  Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0219-1165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und \u2010Pr\u00fcfung (BAM)  Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Germany"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und \u2010Pr\u00fcfung (BAM)  Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Germany"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0801713jes"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30248"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cjoc.200890286"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2006.03.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2018.01.087"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ab697a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0671809jes"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en15228440"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.05.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/aba00a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en15041405"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0241701jes"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c18185"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2023.107453"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600577522007342"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600577514013939"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","unstructured":"Dragonfly 2020.2 [Computer software].http:\/\/www.theobjects.com\/dragonfly(accessed: 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2013.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85575-x"}],"container-title":["Advanced Materials Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/admt.202301246","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T09:02:00Z","timestamp":1702976520000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/admt.202301246"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"references-count":19,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/admt.202301246"],"URL":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/admt.202301246","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2365-709X","2365-709X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2365-709X","type":"print"},{"value":"2365-709X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":["Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering","Mechanics of Materials","General Materials Science"],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Shahabeddin Dayani</author>
    <author>Henning Markötter</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <author>Giovanni Bruno</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium Ion Batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Deep Discharge</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Computer Tomography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Copper Deposition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Litium Ion Cells</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>61132</id>
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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
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    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>623</volume>
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    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>New York, NY</publisherPlace>
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    <title language="eng">Visualization of stepwise electrode decomposition in a nail penetrated commercial lithium-ion cell using low-temperature synchrotron X-ray computed tomography</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The transition towards zero carbon emissions in power generation hinges on the integration of efficient electrical energy storage systems, with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) positioned as a pivotal technology. While generally safe, deviations in their operational guidelines due to manufacturing defects or misuse can lead to critical safety concerns, notably thermal runaway (TR) events. Internal short circuits (ISCs) are primary initiators of TR within LIBs. For abuse testing, ISCs are often triggered by nail penetration. This study explores the morphological changes and mechanisms underlying ISC-induced TR in LIBs using operando synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXCT) at subzero temperatures. A novel cryogenic setup was developed to control a stepwise temperature increase in the damaged sample while monitoring electrochemical characteristics and simultaneously enabling acquisition of high-resolution SXCT images. The findings reveal that conducting nail penetration at minus 80°C prevents immediate TR, enabling detailed analysis of subsequent structural and electrochemical behavior during controlled thawing. Thus, the initiation of TR processes at localized ISC sites has been observed, evidenced by voltage fluctuations and morphological changes, such as cathode material cracking and decomposition. These results underscore the importance of temperature control in mitigating TR risks and provide critical insights into the internal dynamics of LIBs under abusive conditions. The developed cryogenic SXCT methodology offers a powerful tool for non-destructive, high-resolution investigation of battery failure mechanisms, contributing to the enhancement of LIB safety.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of power sources</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235472</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-611327</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">21.10.2024</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Nils Böttcher</author>
    <author>Shahabeddin Dayani</author>
    <author>Henning Markötter</author>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <author>J. Kowal</author>
    <author>Y. Lu</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <author>Giovanni Bruno</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tomography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>X-ray imaging</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/61132/Boettcher_Dayani_JPS.pdf</file>
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    <id>64765</id>
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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>5832</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>5838</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>21</issue>
    <volume>9</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
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    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Sodium-ion battery research @ BAM (I): investigating the thermal runaway behaviour of commercial sodium-ion battery cells</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Commercially available sodium-ion battery (SIB) cells, with energy densities comparable to lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells based on LiFePO4, were investigated regarding their safety behaviour under thermal abuse conditions. Tests were carried out in an inert atmosphere. The SIB-cells went into thermal runaway (TR), intriguingly, even at a rather low state of charge of 30%. The TR-event was coupled with a pronounced jelly roll ejection, challenging the interpretation of the TR-diagrams. These findings highlight the necessity of incorporating SIB-cells into the ongoing safety classification discussions for LIB-cells.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Sustainable Energy &amp; Fuels</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2398-4902</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1039/d5se00687b</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-647652</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Nils Böttcher</author>
    <author>Luise Sander</author>
    <author>Alexander Ulbricht</author>
    <author>Martinus Putra Widjaja</author>
    <author>Tim-Patrick Fellinger</author>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sodium Ion Batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal Runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery safety</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>65091</id>
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    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>9</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>665</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Exploring restrictive overdischarge cycling as a method to accelerate characteristic ageing in lithium-ion cells</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This study presents a test protocol that greatly accelerates the ageing process of lithium-ion battery cells comprising a positive electrode of nickel manganese cobalt oxide while preserving their characteristic degradation upon cyclic ageing. Applying a repetitive restricted overdischarge, resulting in a depth of discharge larger than 100%, a capacity loss of 20% is achieved over five times faster compared to conventional cycling. The well-known overdischarge degradation phenomenon of copper current collector dissolution is deliberately prevented by setting a discharge cutoff voltage above the theoretical threshold of copper oxidation. Hence, the accelerated degradation can be primarily connected to solid electrolyte interphase growth.&#13;
A comparative assessment of the ageing dynamics using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and differential voltage analysis hints towards similar, characteristic degradation processes during accelerated and conventional ageing. A post-ageing examination of the electrical behaviour (i.e., coulombic and energy efficiency, capacity fade) under reference conditions reveals very little to no lasting damages caused by &#13;
overdischarging. Additionally, post-mortem analysis discloses no increased copper dissolution when comparing cells subjected to accelerated and conventional ageing. Generally, the developed ageing method appears suitable for providing cells with a defined state of health at a reasonable timescale without altering the main degradation mechanisms significantly.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Power Sources</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0378-7753</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.239072</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-650917</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Philippa Scharpmann</author>
    <author>Robert Leonhardt</author>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <author>Julia Kowal</author>
    <author>Tim Tichter</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion cell</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Accelerated ageing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Overdischarge</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Degradation processes</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Differential voltage analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
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    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/65091/LIB_2025_Scharpmann.pdf</file>
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  <doc>
    <id>64960</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
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    <type>lecture</type>
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    <title language="eng">Developing Core-Shell Carbon Materials to Link Porosity Features to Sodium Storage Capacities</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Porous carbon materials play an important role for energy storage and conversion. One (re-)emerging research field is the ability of porous carbons to store sodium metal ions. Current results shows that internal pores – hence, pores which are not accessible for the electrolyte – allow to store large amounts of sodium at low potentials, yielding high energy sodium-ion battery (SIB) anodes.&#13;
The common synthesis approach to gain carbons with internal pores involves the pyrolysis of a non-graphitizing precursor, resulting in a so-called hard carbon (HC). However, HC-materials frequently show substantial non-reversible initial capacity losses. Commonly, significant losses are associated with the creation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the carbon’s surface that occurs during the initial sodium insertion. Intriguingly, large irreversible capacities are often found for samples with experimentally determined low specific surface area.[2] A more comprehensive understanding of the structure-property relations is essential for quantifying and grasping the potential of carbon materials in SIBs. However, the typical synthesis methods do not allow to individually tune the storage properties – mainly connected to the internal properties of the carbons – and the SEI-formation – primarily related to the surface properties. Hence, the objective of the present work is to develop a synthesis route which tackles this challenge.&#13;
Herein, the main approach is to develop tailor-made core-shell carbon materials consisting of a highly porous carbon core and a quasi-non-porous carbon shell. For the core, two strategies are pursued: A) microporous carbon materials with varied porosity, however, similar chemistry, and B) microporous carbons with tuneable chemistry, but similar porosity. Approach A involves the selection of commercially available activated carbons (ACs). Strategy B is based on the modification of the chemical composition (i.e., amount and type of N-sites) of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) derived carbons. In both cases, the shell is realized by chemical vapour deposition (CVD). Different analytical methods, e.g., powder XRD, gas physisorption (N2, Ar, CO2), XPS, and SAXS are used to thoroughly characterize&#13;
morphological and chemical features of the core as well as of the core-shell carbons. These features are linked to the electrochemical characteristics of the materials.&#13;
After CVD-coating, all materials show a significant reduction in detectable surface area (up to a factor of up to 190x) by N2-physisorption. The coating technique is successfully applied to a range of AC-materials, enabling to link porosity features to Na-storage behavior. For the best performing AC-based material, the reversible capacity is increased from ~140 mAhg-1 to ~400 mAhg-1 while irreversible capacity is decreased from ~640 mAhg-1 to ~90 mAhg-1.&#13;
The results of the coated ZIF-derived carbon reveal that a higher nitrogen content leads to a greater capacity in the sloping region, but to a lower capacity in the plateau region of the voltage profile.&#13;
Generally, core-shell carbon anodes promise to enable high capacities accompanied with low irreversible losses.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">36. Deutsche Zeolith-Tagung</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Erlangen, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">26.02.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">28.02.2025</enrichment>
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    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Anode</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hard Carbon</value>
    </subject>
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    <title language="eng">Tetrapyrrolic Nitrogen Doped Carbons by Pyrolytic Template Ion Reactions as Platform for Electrocatalysis</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Atomically dispersed M-N-C catalysts such as Fe-N-Cs are most promising alternatives for precious metal-based catalysts for energy conversion reactions. Early reports on such materials date back to the 1960´s, when Jasinski pioneered the research based on tetrapyrrolic phthalocyanine macrocycles which were inspired by natural transition metal porphyrin complexes present in enzyme active-sites. For decades, the selective synthesis of these catalysts was complicated by the formation of side phases due to the harsh reaction conditions facilitating side phase formation. In 2018, we introduced a mild procedure, which is conservative toward the carbon support and leads to atomically dispersed Fe-N4 site formation at temperatures as low as 80 °C in a wet-chemical step, essentially decoupling the preparation of the nitrogen-doped carbon (NDC) backbone from the preparation of the active-sites. The key concept therein is the so-called active-site imprinting into the NDC backbone using pyrolytic template ion reactions, allowing for high concentrations of N4&#13;
sites resulting in more than 3 at.% of Fe in atomically dispersed phase. Using the same precursor that is used for the preparation of phthalocyanines, we were able to produce tetrapyrrolic NDCs as a materials platform to synthesize atomically-dispersed single-site Fe-N-Cs comprising tetrapyrrolic FeN4&#13;
complexes by ion-exchange reactions. The tetrapyrrolic Fe-N-C derivatives are highly active and extraordinary selective electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in acidic. The mere tetrapyrrolic NDC are likewise highly active ORR-catalysts in alkaline. The well-defined and homogeneous active-site structure allows to quantify the intrinsic catalytic activity of the materials in acid and base, reveal insights into the electrocatalytic mechanism and to reveal distinct degradation mechanism upon storage and electrochemical cycling. Herein, the general synthetic strategy will be discussed mainly based on Zn-ion templating towards Fe-N-C catalysts. The catalytic active-sites will be discussed regarding structure and potential as fuel cell catalyst.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Carbon Conference 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Saint-Malo, France</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">29.06.2025</enrichment>
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    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electrocatalysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Oxygen Reduction Reaction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Noble Metal Free</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nitrogen Doped Carbon</value>
    </subject>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.6 Elektrochemische Energiematerialien</collection>
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  <doc>
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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Porous „Ionophoric“ Carbon Materials: Synthesis Routes and Electrochemical Applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Porosity tuning and “doping” with heteroatoms and/or transition metals are key strategies to improve the performance of porous carbons. Nitrogen doped carbons (NDCs) with macrocyclic functionalities and the respective M-coordinated NDCs (M-N-Cs) containing FeN4 sites, are very promising electrodes for Na-storage and electrocatalytic conversions. Their functional groups are reminiscent of those in biomolecules like e.g. hemoglobin. The materials can carry ions and can be regarded as “ionophoric” carbons.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">AKK-Herbsttagung 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Mainz, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.09.2025</enrichment>
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    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electrocatalysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energy Storage</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Noble Metal Free</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nitrogen Doped Carbon</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.6 Elektrochemische Energiematerialien</collection>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Current State of Research of Environmentally Friendly, Alternative Materials - Sodium-Ion-Batteries as an Example</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In order meet the anticipated future need for battery-based energy storage, it is essential to explore alternative systems beyond lithium-ion batteries. Sodium-ion batteries emerge as a promising option due to the abundance of readily available materials and the potential for reduced costs.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">32. Sitzung Beraterkreis Technologie (BKT)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Cologne, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.10.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <author>Tim-Patrick Fellinger</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sodium-ion-batteries</value>
    </subject>
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  <doc>
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    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Core-Shell Materials as Advanced Anodes for Sodium Ion Batteries</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The current imperative to shift towards an energy grid equipped with sustainable energy storage solutions has caused a renewed interest in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Hard carbons (HCs) are a promising option high-capacity anode materials in SIBs. Nevertheless, their elevated capacities frequently come at the cost of experiencing substantial non-reversible initial capacity losses.&#13;
&#13;
Commonly, significant losses are associated with irreversible reactions, such as the creation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), that occur during the initial sodium insertion in HC-materials. Intriguingly, high values of irreversible capacity are often found for samples with experimentally determined low specific surface area.[1] A more comprehensive understanding of the structure-property relations is essential for quantifying and grasping the potential of hard carbon materials in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Thus, the objective is to employ analytical methods to establish a link between the structure and the electrochemical attributes of HC materials. This has been a challenge, partly due to the non-stoichiometric nature of the sodium storage mechanism and the disordered structure of HCs.&#13;
&#13;
To address the challenges mentioned above, our approach is to explore whether a core-shell structure can separate sodium storage and SEI-formation. This way, we can investigate and fine-tune storage capacity and irreversible losses, independently. The strategy involves the synthesis of various porous carbon structures to serve as the core material and their combination with sodium-conductive structures to core-shell materials. Herein, we will present different synthesis routes towards tailor-made carbon core materials. Moreover, different coatings concepts will be introduced, and the electrochemical performance of the core and core-shell materials compared. To elucidate the storage mechanism, the results of advanced analytical methods such as operando NMR and SAXS will be presented. Generally, these core-shell anodes promise to enable high capacities accompanied with low irreversible losses due to optimized SEI-formation.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">GDCh Electrochemistry 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Braunschweig, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">16.09.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sodium Ion Batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Negative Electrodes</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Core Shell Materials</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energy Storage</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.6 Elektrochemische Energiematerialien</collection>
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  <doc>
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    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
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    <pageNumber/>
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    <title language="eng">Single Cell Exchange in Battery Packs – Sustainability vs. Safety Aspects</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Lithium-ion batteries usually consist of numerous individual cells. There is ongoing discussion about enhancing sustainability by considering the replacement of heavily aged or damaged cells. Nevertheless, the planned replacement of individual cells poses significant challenges in ensuring the required reliability and safety of the refurbished device.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">KLIB Gesprächsrunde Batteriesysteme</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">16.05.2023</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
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    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium Ion Batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium Ion Cells</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cell Exchange</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sustainability</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.6 Elektrochemische Energiematerialien</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>61955</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Porous „Ionophoric“ Carbon Materials: Synthesis Routes and Electrochemical Applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Porous carbon materials play an important role for energy storage and conversion, e.g., as fuel cell catalysts, supercapacitor or battery electrodes. Tuning porosity features such as pore connectivity, specific surface area, maximum pore size and pore volume is one of the key strategies to improve the performance of those materials.[1] Moreover, the alteration of the chemistry allows further enhancement in performance, even leading to the applicability in new fields. In this context, nitrogen doped carbons (NDCs) are a very promising material class. Highly porous NDCs for example show interesting Na-storage features.[2] Moreover, the integration of iron ions in an NDC, forming FeN4-sites, can results in materials with very promising properties as fuel cell cathode catalysts.[3] However, to relate certain sites to specific performance indicators is still challenging as the variation of the present N-sites is very large in typically obtained NDCs.&#13;
In the past, we were able to develop an ionothermal synthesis strategy which results in highly porous materials with specific, i.e., tetrapyrrolic, N4-sites.[4] Such N4 sites and there metal complexes are reminiscent of biomolecules like the heme molecule, which originally inspired the research on such materials.[5] The N4-sites are mainly occupied by Zn2+ as the synthesis is performed in a ZnCl2-containing salt melt. Moreover, the electrochemical performance of those materials can be rather easily altered upon removing/exchanging the Zn2+. Moreover, again looking at biomolecules, those kind of materials can be regarded as ionophoric carbons as they possess distinct, metal-binding N4-sites embedded in a carbon matrix. &#13;
Herein, we will focus on the synthesis of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) based NDCs with high porosity. We will discuss different strategies to remove and/or exchange Zn2+ in the obtained ZnN4-containing materials. Different analytical methods, e.g., physisorption (N2, Ar, CO2), XPS, XAS, and NMR, will be used to understand the alteration of morphological and chemical features upon ion exchange (see Figure 1). &#13;
  &#13;
Figure 1: A) Schematic illustration of the partial Zn-removal in a ZnN4-containing, ionophoric carbon. B) High resolution N 1s XPS-results of a ZIF-derived ionophoric carbon before and after metal leaching.&#13;
&#13;
Due to the ion exchange/removal, the chemistry of the NDCs is altered, however, typically preserving the porosity features as well as the general structure of the N-motifs. Thus, the influence of the occupancy of the N4-sites on the electrochemical performance can be studied in detail. Finally, structure-property-relations of the different ZIF-derived ionophoric NDCs regarding the performance as anodes in sodium ion batteries will be discussed.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Deutsche Zeolith-Tagung 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Jena, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">28.02.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">01.03.2024</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Tim-Patrick Fellinger</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ionophoric carbon</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sodium ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>PGM-free catalysts</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.6 Elektrochemische Energiematerialien</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61968</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Separating Initial Loss from Storage Capacity: Core-Shell Materials as Advanced Anode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The current imperative to shift towards an energy grid equipped with sustainable energy storage solutions has caused a renewed interest in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Hard carbons (HCs) are a promising option high-capacity anode materials in SIBs. Nevertheless, their elevated capacities frequently come at the cost of experiencing substantial non-reversible initial capacity losses&#13;
Commonly, significant losses are associated with irreversible reactions, such as the creation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), that occur during the initial sodium insertion in HC-materials. Intriguingly, high values of irreversible capacity are often found for samples with experimentally determined low specific surface area.[1] A more comprehensive understanding of the structure-property relations is essential for quantifying and grasping the potential of hard carbon materials in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Thus, the objective is to employ analytical methods to establish a link between the structure and the electrochemical attributes of HC materials. This has been a challenge, partly due to the non-stoichiometric nature of the sodium storage mechanism and the disordered structure of HCs.&#13;
To address the challenges mentioned above, our approach is to explore whether a core-shell structure can separate sodium storage and SEI-formation. This way, we can investigate and fine-tune storage capacity and irreversible losses, independently. The strategy involves the synthesis of various porous carbon structures to serve as the core material and their combination with sodium-conductive structures to core-shell materials. Herein, we will present different synthesis routes towards tailor-made carbon core materials. Moreover, different coatings concepts will be introduced, and the electrochemical performance of the core and core-shell materials compared. To elucidate the storage mechanism, the results of advanced analytical methods such as operando NMR and -SAXS will be presented. Generally, these core-shell anodes promise to enable high capacities accompanied with low irreversible losses due to optimized SEI-formation.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Advanced Battery Power Conference 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Münster, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.04.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Anode</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hard Carbon</value>
    </subject>
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    <title language="deu">Kern–Schale: Versiegelung nanoporöser Partikel mit semipermeablen Kohlenstoffschichten befreit Hartkohlenstoffanoden von ihrem Dilemma</title>
    <abstract language="deu">In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Kern-Schale-Strategie vorgestellt, die das grundlegende Problem gängiger nichtgraphitischer Hartkohlenstoff-Anoden adressiert: Hohe reversible Kapazitäten gehen bislang typischerweise mit erheblichen irreversiblen Verlusten in den ersten Zyklen einher. Analog zu Graphit, das sowohl Lithiumspeicherung als auch die Abtrennung von Elektrolytlösungsmitteln in einer homogenen Struktur vereint, zeigen wir, dass sich diese beiden Funktionen auch in nichtgraphitischen Kohlenstoffen gezielt in einer heterogenen Architektur kombinieren lassen. Hochporöse Aktivkohlen werden durch kinetisch kontrollierte Gasphasenabscheidung mit einer dünnen Schicht nichtgraphitischen Kohlenstoffs überzogen, sodass eine funktionale Kern-Schale-Struktur entsteht. Gasadsorptionsmessungen an Kern-, Schalen-, Kern-Schale- und mechanisch beschädigte Kern-Schale-Partikeln, bestätigen, dass die Porosität des Kerns erhalten bleibt und die Schale semipermeabel ist. Die Sorption von Diethylcarbonat wird als geeignetere Methode im Vergleich zu N2- oder CO2-Sorptionsmessungen eingeführt, um die irreversiblen Verluste des ersten Zyklus mit der tatsächlichen Flüssig-Fest-Grenzfläche von Kohlenstoffanoden zu verknüpfen. Die funktionalen Kern-Schale-Partikel zeigen eine stark reduzierte Aufnahme von Diethylcarbonat, was hohe reversible Kapazitäten bei deutlich geringeren Erstzyklusverlusten ermöglicht. Bei einer reversiblen Kapazität von 400 ± 24 mAh g−1 und einer initialen Coulombeffizienz von 82 ± 2% zeigt sich, dass die dreistufige Natriumspeicherung in der gezielt entwickelten Kern-Schale-Architektur den größeren Ionenradius von Natrium gegenüber Lithium (372 mAh g−1 in Graphit) kompensieren kann. Die entwickelten Kern-Schale-Anoden erreichen damit ein Leistungsniveau, das für eine kommerzielle Anwendung vielversprechend ist.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Angewandte Chemie</parentTitle>
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    <author>Paul Alexander Appel</author>
    <author>Carsten Prinz</author>
    <author>Jian Liang Low</author>
    <author>Nahom Enkubahri Asres</author>
    <author>Shu-Han Wu</author>
    <author>Annica Freytag</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <author>Nader de Sousa Amadeu</author>
    <author>Tim-Patrick Fellinger</author>
    <subject>
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      <value>Kern-Schale-Struktur</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Natriumionenbatterie</value>
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      <value>Hartkohlenstoffanode</value>
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      <value>Diethylcarbonatdampfsorption</value>
    </subject>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Aktivkohle</value>
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    <title language="eng">Core‐Shell: Resolving the Dilemma of Hard Carbon Anodes by Sealing Nanoporous Particles With Semi‐Permeable Coatings</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A core-shell strategy is introduced to overcome the dilemma of common non-graphitic hard carbon anodes, linking high reversible storage capacity to practically unacceptable irreversible losses in the first cycle(s). Just as Graphite homogeneously combines effective lithium storage with an electrolyte solvent-sieving function, we show that both of these functions could be strategically integrated into non-graphitic carbons in a heterogeneous structure. Highly porous activated carbons are sealed by kinetically tuned gas-phase deposition of non-graphitic carbon to form a functional core-shell structure. Gas sorption porosimetry on core, shell, core–shell, and cracked core-shell particles confirms preserved core porosity and a semi-permeable shell. Diethyl carbonate sorption analysis is introduced as a more suitable probe than N2 or CO2 sorption, linking first-cycle losses to the liquid–solid interface of carbon anodes. The functional core-shell particles with much reduced diethyl carbonate uptake allow for high storage capacity and reduced first cycle losses. Delivering 400 ± 24 mAh g−1 with 82 ± 2% first-cycle reversibility, it is shown that three-stage Na storage in designed core-shell anodes can compensate for the larger size of sodium compared to lithium stored in graphite anodes (372 mAh g−1). The designed core-shell anodes show state-of-the-art performance with commercial promise.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Angewandte Chemie - International Edition</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1433-7851</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/anie.202519457</identifier>
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    <author>Nahom Enkubahri Asres</author>
    <author>Shu-Han Wu</author>
    <author>Annica Freytag</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <author>Nader de Sousa Amadeu</author>
    <author>Tim-Patrick Fellinger</author>
    <subject>
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      <value>Sodium-ion battery</value>
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      <value>Diethyl carbonate vapor sorption</value>
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