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  <doc>
    <id>58839</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>90</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>95</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>55</issue>
    <volume>2023</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Paris</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Musée du Louvre</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Black Carolingian inks under examination. Part 1: recipes and literature survey</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Black writing materials of different types and compositions have varied in use over time and different geographical regions. With this paper, we would like to contribute to their study by listing and reviewing recipes for black writing inks that were in circulation in the Carolingian Empire as well as by referencing the archaeometric analyses of the black inks used in the manuscripts. The studies presented here that involved the humanities and natural sciences provide new insights into how the scholars of the early Medieval Ages organized manuscripts.</abstract>
    <abstract language="fra">L’emploi des differents types de materiaux d’ecriture noirs et leurs compositions ont varie selon les epoques et les regions. Nous souhaitons ici contribuer a leur etude en repertoriant et en analysant les recettes d’encres de calligraphie noires en circulation dans l’Empire carolingien, ainsi qu’en procedant au referencement des analyses archeometriques des encres noires utilisees dans les manuscrits. Faisant appel aux sciences humaines et aux sciences naturelles, ces analyses apportent un eclairage nouveau sur la maniere dont les savants du haut Moyen Age organisaient les manuscrits.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="fra">Techne : la science au service de l'histoire de l'art et des civilisation</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1254-7867</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <author>Zina Cohen</author>
    <author>Oliver Hahn</author>
    <author>Ira Rabin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ink</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Manuscript</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Middle Ages</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Recipes</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ink analyses</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Carolingian</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>45784</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>41</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>48</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>11</issue>
    <volume>2018</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Universität Hamburg</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Hamburg</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>SFB 950</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">The quest for the mixed inks</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this article, we would like to share our observations concerning the inks produced by intentionally mixing soot or charcoal with tannin extracts or iron-gall ink. Aside from Zerdoun’s mention in her outstanding review of written sources, “Les encres noires au Moyen-Âge”, this ink category has received little if any attention from scholars and scientists. And yet, if analytically attested, the use of such inks could serve as an additional category to classify and distinguish the writing inks on the historical socio-geographic map of the writing inks we are trying to build.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">manuscript cultures</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1867-9617</identifier>
    <author>C. Colini</author>
    <author>Oliver Hahn</author>
    <author>Olivier Bonnerot</author>
    <author>Simon Steger</author>
    <author>Zina Cohen</author>
    <author>Tea Ghigo</author>
    <author>T. Christiansen</author>
    <author>M. Bicchieri</author>
    <author>P. Biocca</author>
    <author>M. Krutzsch</author>
    <author>Ira Rabin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Archaeometry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Non-destructive testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Inks</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>46130</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2015</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>75</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>82</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>23</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Composition of the primary inks in medieval palimpsests – effects of ink removal</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The qualitative and quantitative investigations of historical iron-gall inks by use of μ-XRF spectrometry is a common method for analyzing the diff erences in their composition. When a fingerprint is established, it is possible to characterize the distinguishable inks used in the production of medieval manuscripts, and, in turn assist in the reconstruction of the manuscript’s history.The characterization of the primary inks in palimpsests, i.e. manuscripts written on re-used parchment, presents a serious problem as the effect of the partial removal on the inks fi ngerprint is yet known.&#13;
In this paper we explore our preliminary results concerning the effects of two removal techniques on the fingerprint of iron-gall inks on parchment.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">OPUSCULA MUSEALIA</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.4467/20843852.OM.15.007.5385</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0239-9989</identifier>
    <author>Zina Cohen</author>
    <author>Emmanuel Kindzorra</author>
    <author>Oliver Hahn</author>
    <author>L. Glaser</author>
    <author>T. Łojewski</author>
    <author>Ira Rabin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Palimpsests</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Iron-gall ink</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XRF</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>43559</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>323</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>13</volume>
    <type>bookpartcollection</type>
    <publisherName>de Gruyter</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Composition analysis of writing materials in Geniza fragments</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Our current projects focus on the material analysis of the writing materials&#13;
kept in the Taylor-Schechter Collection at Cambridge University Library,&#13;
which houses the largest collection of Cairo Geniza fragments, about 190,000.&#13;
Although Geniza manuscripts have attracted a great deal of scholarly attention,&#13;
the material aspects of these documents seem to have been largely neglected.&#13;
The current study aims to obtain information on the composition of the writing&#13;
supports and the inks that were used, the production of the original manuscripts&#13;
and the history of their degradation. The collected data should supplement the&#13;
description based on Hebrew palaeography and codicology. Moreover, a characterisation&#13;
of the writing materials would provide insights on trade, local production&#13;
techniques and social structures. The tabulated results have the potential to&#13;
be used as geo-chronological markers if sufficient data is collected.&#13;
For our study, we chose Hebrew legal documents and letters from three communities&#13;
that co-existed in Fustat (today Cairo) in the 11th century: the Jerusalemite&#13;
(or ‘Palestinian’) community, the Babylonian community and the Karaites, three&#13;
different communities with different scribal traditions. In addition to this, we&#13;
studied non-biblical scrolls attributed to the Palestinian and Babylonian communities.&#13;
The question we addressed was whether we can correlate the use of a&#13;
specific type of ink to an objective criterion.&#13;
For our analysis at Cambridge University Library, we used a number of protocols&#13;
developed at BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung) in&#13;
Berlin and at the Centre for Study of Manuscript Cultures, University of Hamburg&#13;
(CSMC). These include reflectographic examination followed by non-destructive&#13;
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis using transportable instruments so that the&#13;
analysis can be carried out in situ.&#13;
We have illustrated our approach here by providing two examples. The first one&#13;
describes our investigation of the leather fragment containing a portion of the&#13;
Babylonian Talmud on its hair side (TS Misc.26.53.17). The second example illustrates&#13;
our ability to compare iron-gall inks using the XRF method. In this case,&#13;
we explored the question of the codicological attribution of three fragments (TS&#13;
F17.4, TS 12.755 and TS 12.756) to the same Talmud manuscript.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Jewish Manuscript Cultures</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1515/9783110546422-013</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-435590</identifier>
    <licence>Creative Commons - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitung 3.0</licence>
    <author>Zina Cohen</author>
    <author>Judith Olszowy-Schlanger</author>
    <author>Oliver Hahn</author>
    <author>Ira Rabin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cairo Genizah</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/43559/Composition Analysis of Writing Materials in Geniza Fragments.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>47100</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Cairo Genizah documents of the 11th century: analysis of writing materials</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The Cairo Geniza is an “archive” discovered in the 19th century in Ben Ezra Synagogue in Fustat, a district in Old Cairo (Egypt). The collection of mostly Jewish documents that vary in genres, languages and writing supports contains a large number of early medieval Hebrew manuscripts.&#13;
The Geniza provides sources for the literary, linguistic, historical studies of the various aspects Jewish life. As the documents attest, at least two Jewish communities co-existed in Fustat up to 11th century: a so-called Babylonian and Palestinian. These communities had different leaders, different traditions and lived independently. The differences seem to manifest themselves also in the paleographical, codicological and some material properties of the manuscripts produced by each community.&#13;
The aim of this project is to compare the inks used in the Jewish documents depending on different variables: support (paper, parchment), purpose of the manuscript (legal, private, religious), provenance of the scribe. For the determination of the inks type and composition we had to choose non-invasive, non-destructive and portable techniques to analyze the corpus directly on-situ.  &#13;
The analyses were carried out with a micro-X-ray spectrometer ArtTAX® (Bruker GmbH) and a digital stereomicroscope features built-in LED illumination at 395 nm and 940nm, Dino Lite. &#13;
We would like to stress that though the methods of material analysis listed above have been successfully employed in the field of cultural heritage and conservation including ancient and medieval manuscripts they have not yet been used to study fragments from the Cairo Genizah. Therefore, we believe that this research project is a pioneering study that will provide new insights into the history of Hebrew writing materials, their production techniques and materials and, thus, contribute new data to the field of Hebrew paleography.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Konferenz Art&amp;Archaeology2018 –  3rd International Conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Jerusalem, Israel</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">09.12.2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">12.12.2018</enrichment>
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    <author>Zina Cohen</author>
    <author>J. Schlanger</author>
    <author>Oliver Hahn</author>
    <author>Ira Rabin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XRF</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ink</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Manuscripts</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cairo Genizah</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reflectography</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>47098</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>fra</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="fra">Quelles informations une approche archéométrique peut-elle nous apporter pour enrichir notre connaissance des manuscrits hébreux et du monde de la Génizah du Caire ?</title>
    <abstract language="fra">L'archéométrie est une discipline riche qui peut nous apporter beaucoup d'informations sur l'étude des manuscrits et qui, conjuguée à la paléographie et la codicologie, peut s'apporter un outil précieux pour mieux appréhender les sociétés qui ont produits ces manuscrits.&#13;
Nous verrons ici quelques exemples de techniques scientifiques non destructives, principalement appliqués à la Génizah du Caire, appliquées à l'étude des manuscrits.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Tagung</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Paris, France</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.12.2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">10.12.2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Zina Cohen</author>
    <author>Ira Rabin</author>
    <author>Judith Schlanger</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XRF</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ink</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Archaeometry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Manuscripts</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Non destructive</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61435</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>703</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>720</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>101</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Liverpool University Press</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Centenary Paper: Of Inks and Scribes: The Composition of a Thirteenth-Century Castilian Manuscript – British Library Res 20787</title>
    <abstract language="deu">This article presents the results of the first scientific analysis of the inks of a thirteenth-century Castilian manuscript – British Library Res 20787, a copy of the Fuero de las leyes. The analysis reveals the fingerprint of the inks used in the codex and points the way to future cross-disciplinary research based on a wider corpus of evidence.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Bulletin of Hispanic Studies</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1475-3839</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3828/bhs.2024.56</identifier>
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    <author>Zina Cohen</author>
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    <author>Aengus Ward</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Colorant</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Cinnabar</value>
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    <title language="eng">Inks of the Bologna Scroll:  A Preliminary Study</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Rotolo 2 at the Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, also known simply as the “Bologna Scroll,” is currently the oldest known complete Torah scroll without later replacement sheets or significant lacunae. The Bologna Scroll has some unusual scribal features. According to one opinion in the Babylonian Talmud, a Torah scroll must be written with carbon ink to be valid for liturgical use.12 The main inks of the Bologna Scroll are very black, and the inks of the marginal corrections in tiny letters are even blacker. In this study, eh inks were tested by means of XRF-spectroscopy and NIR imaging. Conreary to the expectations, the current tests have definitively determined that the Bologna Scroll was both written and corrected using multiple iron-gall inks.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Manuscript Studies: A Journal of the Schoenberg Institute for Manuscript Studies</parentTitle>
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    <author>Ira Rabin</author>
    <author>Nehemia Gordon</author>
    <author>Zina Cohen</author>
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    <title language="eng">Black inks in medieval Jewish manuscripts</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Our aim was to obtain information about the use of different black inks in medieval Hebrew manuscripts, focusing on the question of possible preferences in the use of certain inks by different scribes. We present here an overview of the inks detected in a selection of Hebrew documents penned in the Middle East in the period from the 11th century to the 13th century.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="fra">Fragments, manuscrits, livres dans le monde juif</parentTitle>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Historic ink</value>
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    <subject>
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    <subject>
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      <value>XRF</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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