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  <doc>
    <id>55801</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>7149</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>19</issue>
    <volume>22</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Intrinsic Performance of Monte Carlo Calibration-Free Algorithm for Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The performance of the Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm for calibration-free LIBS was studied on the example of a simulated spectrum that mimics a metallurgical slag sample. The underlying model is that of a uniform, isothermal, and stationary plasma in local thermodynamical equilibrium.&#13;
Based on the model, the algorithm generates from hundreds of thousands to several millions of simultaneous configurations of plasma parameters and the corresponding number of spectra. The parameters are temperature, plasma size, and concentrations of species. They are iterated until a cost function, which indicates a difference between synthetic and simulated slag spectra, reaches its minimum. After finding the minimum, the concentrations of species are read from the model and compared to the certified values. The algorithm is parallelized on a graphical processing unit (GPU) to reduce computational time. The minimization of the cost function takes several minutes on the GPU NVIDIA Tesla K40 card and depends on the number of elements to be iterated. The intrinsic accuracy of the MC calibration-free method is found to be around 1% for the eight elements tested. For a real experimental spectrum, however, the efficiency may turn out to be worse due to the idealistic nature of the model, as well as incorrectly chosen experimental conditions. Factors influencing the performance of the method are discussed.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Sensors</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/s22197149</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-558016</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">24.10.2022</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Calibration-free analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Monte Carlo algorithm</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/55801/MC LIBS Sensors 2022.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55803</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>3</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Royal Society of Chemistry</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Importance of physical units in the Boltzmann plot method</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The Boltzmann plot is one of the most widely used methods for determining the temperature in different types of laboratory plasmas. It operates on the logarithm as a function of the dimensional argument, which assumes that the correct physical units are used. In many works using the Boltzmann method, there is no analysis of the dimension of this argument, which may be the cause of a potential error. This technical note offers a brief description of the method and shows how to correctly use physical units when using transcendental functions like the logarithm.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1039/d2ja00241h</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-558039</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.10.2022</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Boltzmann plot</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/55803/Units JAAS 2022.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55166</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Modeling, Diagnostics and Applications of Laser Induced Plasma</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Laser-induced plasmas are widely used in many areas of science and technology; examples include spectrochemical analysis, thin film deposition, and material processing. Several topics will be addressed. First, general phenomenology of laser-induced plasmas will be discussed. Then, a chemical model will be presented based on a coupled solution of Navier-Stokes, state, radiative transfer, material transport, and chemical equations. Results of computer simulations for several chemical systems will be shown and compared to experimental observations obtained by optical imaging, spectroscopy,  and tomography. The latter diagnostic tools will also be briefly discussed. Finally, a prospective application of laser-induced plasma and plasma modeling will be illustrated on the example of chemical vapor deposition of molybdenum borides and micro processing and coating of titanium dental implants.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">University of Saragossa, Department of Chemistry</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Saragossa, Spain</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">June 30, 2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser ablation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma diagnostics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Surface coating</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55969</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Back Deposition of Titanium Oxides under Laser Ablation of Titanium:  Simulation and Experiment</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Titanium is widely used in medicine for implants and prostheses, thanks to its high biocompatibility, good mechanical properties, and high corrosion resistance. Pure titanium, however, has low wear resistance and may release metallic titanium into surrounding tissues. Structuring and coating its surface with oxide layers are necessary for high wear resistance and improved biocompatibility. In this work, a combination of theoretical and experimental methods was used to study processes responsible for deposition of titanium oxides during ablation of titanium in air.      &#13;
The deposition process was modeled via the Navier-Stokes equations that accounted for the material removal and accumulation of the deposit on the ablation surface. The chemical part was based on the equilibrium model embedded into the hydrodynamic code. Simulations showed that the most active zone of production of condensed titanium oxides were at plasma periphery whereas a zone of strong condensation of titanium metal was above the molten pool. &#13;
In experiment, a pulsed Yb fiber laser was scanned across a titanium surface. The temperature and composition of the plasma were inferred from plasma emission spectra. The post-ablation surface was analyzed by SEM, TEM, STEM, AFM, and XRD. &#13;
The developed model well reproduced the main features of experimental data. It was concluded that the deposition of condensed metal oxides from the plasma is a principal mechanism of formation of nanoporous oxide layer on the metal surface. The method of surface structuring and modification by nanosecond laser ablation can be developed into a useful technology that may find applications in medicine, photonics, and other areas.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">SciX 2022, The Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies (FACSS)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Cincinnati, OH, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">02.10.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">07.10.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Surface coating</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser ablation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56825</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>13</pageLast>
    <pageNumber>13</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>23</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel, Switzerland</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Spectroscopy of Laser-Induced Dielectric Breakdown Plasma in Mixtures of Air with Inert Gases Ar, He, Kr, and Xe</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The generation of ozone and nitrogen oxides by laser-induced dielectric breakdown (LIDB) in mixtures of air with noble gases Ar, He, Kr, and Xe is investigated using OES and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and absorption spectrophotometry. It is shown that the formation of NO and NO2 noticeably depends on the type of inert gas; the more complex electronic configuration and the lower ionization potential of the inert gas led to increased production of NO and NO2. The formation of ozone occurs mainly due to the photolytic reaction outside the gas discharge zone. Equilibrium thermodynamic analysis showed that the formation of NO in mixtures of air with inert gases does not depend on the choice of an inert gas, while the equilibrium concentration of the NO+ ion decreases with increasing complexity of the electronic configuration of an inert gas.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Sensors</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/s23020932</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1424-8220</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-568258</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">30.01.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>A. Martusevich</author>
    <author>R. Kornev</author>
    <author>A. Ermakov</author>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <author>V. Nazarov</author>
    <author>L. Shabarova</author>
    <author>V. Shkrunin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser-induced dielectric breakdown (LIDB)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nitrogen monoxide</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nitrogen dioxide</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ozone</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Emission spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Inert gases</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermodynamic analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56825/LIBS in inert gases sensors-23-00932.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58058</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>5</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>310</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Extension of the Boltzmann plot method for multiplet emission lines</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The Boltzmann plot method is widely used to determine the temperature of laser induced plasma. It involves the use of individual lines that are not easy to find in complex spectra and/or in the spectral range available. If the number of such lines is not enough to build a reliable Boltzmann plot, overlapping lines are often used, which are separated by software. However, line separation is a rather imprecise procedure, which, in addition, requires significant computational costs. This study proposes an extension of the Boltzmann plot method that allows a specific group of unresolved lines to be included in a Boltzmann plot without the need to separate them. This group of lines are multiplets, lines of the same element with similar upper and lower transition states. The multiplet lines along with the individual lines are included in the algorithm, which also includes a correction for self-absorption and is used to determine the plasma temperature. The algorithm is tested on synthetic spectra which are consistent with the model of a homogeneous isothermal plasma in local thermodynamic equilibrium and is shown to be superior to the standard Boltzmann plot method both in more accurate determination of the plasma temperature and in a significant reduction in the computational time. The advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed in the context of its applications in laser induced breakdown spectroscopy.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jqsrt.2023.108741</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1879-1352</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">13.11.2023</enrichment>
    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Boltzmann plot</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multiplet</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Spectral overlap</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59430</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Plasma Fundamentals and Diagnostics</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This course will provide an introduction to plasma diagnostic techniques. The major focus of the course will be on the discussions of the practical procedures as well as the underlying physical principles for the measurements of plasma fundamental characteristics (e.g., temperatures, thermodynamic properties, and electron number density). Particular emphasis will be placed on inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry, but other analytical plasmas will also be used as examples when appropriate. Selected examples on how one can manipulate the operating conditions of the plasma source, based on the results of plasma diagnostic measurements, to improve its performance used for spectrochemical analysis will also be covered. Topics to be covered include thermal equilibrium, line profiles, temperatures, electron densities, excitation processes, micro reactions, pump and probe diagnostics, tomography, &#13;
temporal and spatial resolution. Basis of plasma computer modeling will be presented.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">2024 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Tucson, Arizona, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">15.01.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">20.01.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma fundamentals</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma diagnostics</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59431</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Laser-Induced Plasma for Spectroscopy and More</title>
    <abstract language="eng">An overview of personal experience with laser-induced plasma (LIP) will be given. The combination of LIP with laser-induced fluorescence, atomic absorption, Raman spectroscopy and spatial heterodyne spectroscopy for elemental and isotopic analysis will be discussed. Unusual applications of LIP will be covered, such as LIP-based lasers and LIP-based chemical reactors.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">2024 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Tucson, Arizona, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">15.01.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">20.01.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser ablation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIP-LIF</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIP-AAS</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
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  <doc>
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    <title language="eng">Plasma-Chemical Disposal of Silicon and Germanium Tetrachlorides Waste by Hydrogen Reduction</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The processes of hydrogen reduction of silicon and germanium chlorides under the conditions of high-frequency (40.68 MHz) counteracted arc discharge stabilized between two rod electrodes are investigated. The main gas-phase and solid products of plasma-chemical transformations are determined. Thermodynamic analysis of SiCl4 + H2 and GeCl4 + H2 systems for optimal process parameters was carried out. Using the example of hydrogen reduction of SiCl4 by the method of numerical modeling, gas-dynamic and thermal processes for this type of discharge are investigated. The impurity composition of gas-phase and solid reaction products is investigated. The possibility of single-stage production of high-purity Si and Ge mainly in the form of compact ingots, as well as high-purity chlorosilanes and trichlorogermane, is shown.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Sci</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/sci6010001</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-594454</identifier>
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Thermodynamic analysis of SiCl4 + H2 and GeCl4 + H2 systems for optimal process parameters was carried out. Using the example of hydrogen reduction of SiCl4 by the method of numerical modeling, gas-dynamic and thermal processes for this type of discharge are investigated. The impurity composition of gas-phase and solid reaction products is investigated. The possibility of single-stage production of high-purity Si and Ge mainly in the form of compact ingots, as well as high-purity chlorosilanes and trichlorogermane, is shown.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;","DOI":"10.3390\/sci6010001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T09:44:40Z","timestamp":1703238280000},"page":"1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Plasma-Chemical Disposal of Silicon and Germanium Tetrachlorides Waste by Hydrogen Reduction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Roman","family":"Kornev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry and High-Purity Substances Named after G.G. Devyatykh, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina, 49, 603951 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Nanotechnology and Biotechnology, R.E. Alekseev Nizhny Novgorod Technical University, Minin St., 24, 603155 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Gornushkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willst\u00e4tter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Lubov","family":"Shabarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry and High-Purity Substances Named after G.G. Devyatykh, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina, 49, 603951 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Prospekt Gagarina 23, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}]},{"given":"Alena","family":"Kadomtseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Chemistry, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Minina and Pozharskogo Square 10\/1, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}]},{"given":"Georgy","family":"Mochalov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanotechnology and Biotechnology, R.E. Alekseev Nizhny Novgorod Technical University, Minin St., 24, 603155 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9312-8254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikita","family":"Rekunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanotechnology and Biotechnology, R.E. 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(No. 2608523), RU Patent."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"5","article-title":"Methods of trichlorosilane synthesis for polycrystalline silicon production","volume":"24","author":"Jarkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Izv. Vuzov. Mat. Elec. Tech."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Bolshakov, K.A. (1976). Chemistry and Technology of Rare and Scattered Elements, Vysshaia Shkola. Part 2."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1134\/S0020168509120188","article-title":"Decomposition of silicon tetrachloride by microwave plasma jet at atmospheric pressure","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inorg. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S1004-9541(14)60025-2","article-title":"Hydrogenation of silicon tetrachloride in microwave plasma","volume":"22","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1134\/S0020168510030076","article-title":"Preparation of trichlorosilane from hydrogenation of silicon tetrachloride in thermal plasma","volume":"46","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inorg. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Gromov, G.N., Bolgov, M.V., and Muravitski, S.A. (2009). Method for Obtaining Trichlorosilane by Plasma-Chemical Hydrogenation of Silicon Tetrachloride and a Device for Its Implementation. (No. 2350558, 685), Patent RF (RU)."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Sarma, K.R., and Rice, M.J. (1980). High Pressure Plasma Hydrogenation of Silicon Tetrachloride. (No. 4309259), US Patent."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.08.095","article-title":"Studies on destruction of silicon tetrachloride using microwave plasma jet","volume":"173","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theochem.2008.02.002","article-title":"Theoretical study on the reaction mechanism of GeHCl3 + CH2CHCOOH \u2192 GeCl3CH2CH2COOH","volume":"857","author":"Fang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct. THEOCHEM"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s11094-013-0860-2","article-title":"Biological activity of organogermanium compounds (a review)","volume":"46","author":"Menchikov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharm. Chem. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gielen, M., and Tiekink, E.R.T. (2005). Metallotherapeutic Drugs and Metal-Based Diagnostic Agents: The Use of Metals in Medicine, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470864052"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"093105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4942970","article-title":"Controlled synthesis of germanium nanoparticles by nonthermal plasmas","volume":"108","author":"Ahadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"093119","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2778356","article-title":"Nonthermal plasma synthesis of size-controlled, monodisperse, freestanding germanium nanocrystals","volume":"91","author":"Gresback","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s11090-014-9542-4","article-title":"GeS2 and GeSe2 PECVD from GeCl4 and Various Chalcogenide Precursors","volume":"34","author":"Whitham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plasma Chem. Plasma Process."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Lang, J.E., Rauleder, H., and Muh, E. (2013). Method for Producing Higher Silanes with Improved Yield. (No. 007426 A1), WO Patent."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.3367\/UFNr.0075.196111f.0527","article-title":"Intensities in the infrared absorption spectra of polyatomic molecules","volume":"527","author":"Gribov","year":"1961","journal-title":"Usp. Fiz. Nauk"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2020, April 15). CEARUN, Available online: https:\/\/cearun.grc.nasa.gov."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Smith, W.R., and Missen, R.W. (1982). 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Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007099926249","article-title":"Transport coefficients of hydrogen and argon\u2013hydrogen plasmas","volume":"20","author":"Murphy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plasma Chem. Plasma Process."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Furman, A.A. (1980). Inorganic Chlorides, Khimiya. Part 1."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Nigmatulin, R.I. (1987). Dynamics of Multiphase Media, Nauka."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Chanley, C.S. (1985). Process for the Hydrogenation of Silicon Tetrachloride. (4542004), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/zaac.19804600107","article-title":"Zur Thermodynamik des Systems Si-Cl-H. Z","volume":"460","author":"Wolf","year":"1980","journal-title":"Anorg. Allg. Chem."}],"container-title":["Sci"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2413-4155\/6\/1\/1\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T12:27:12Z","timestamp":1703248032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2413-4155\/6\/1\/1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["sci6010001"],"URL":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390\/sci6010001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2413-4155"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2413-4155","type":"electronic"}],"subject":["Multidisciplinary"],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]}}}</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Roman Kornev</author>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <author>Lubov Shabarova</author>
    <author>Alena Kadomtseva</author>
    <author>Georgy Mochalov</author>
    <author>Nikita Rekunov</author>
    <author>Sergey Romanov</author>
    <author>Vitaly Medov</author>
    <author>Darya Belousova</author>
    <author>Nikita Maleev</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-frequency arc discharge</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen reduction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Silicon chlorides</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Germanium chlorides</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik</collection>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/59445/Disposal Si and Ge Tetrachlorides Sci 2024.pdf</file>
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    <title language="eng">Laser-Induced Dielectric Breakdown as a Novel Method for Obtaining  Isotopically Enriched Nanoscale Substances</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The possibility of obtaining high-purity, isotopically modified and nanostructured elemental substances 29Si, 98Mo, and 100Mo, as well as 98Mox10By compounds from volatile halides under conditions of laser optical breakdown of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser is shown. Currently, research in the field of developing new methods for obtaining high-purity, isotopically modified and nanostructured substances is being actively conducted. Interest in Si and Mo combining these forms has noticeably increased. In nuclear medicine, 29Si-enriched nanoparticles can be used as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and 98Mo and 100Mo isotopes can be used to obtain the unstable 99mTc radioisotope. These applications do not require large amounts of isotopically modified Si and Mo. Their obtaining belongs to the problems of small chemistry. When obtaining isotopically modified Si and Mo, it is expedient to use their volatile fluorides, for which technologies of isotope enrichment and deep purification are well developed. These halides have high chemical and thermal stability; therefore, plasma-chemical methods based on the plasma of a pulsed discharge generated by laser breakdown can be promising for separating 29Si, 98Mo, and 100Mo from them. Laser breakdown in H2+Ar+SiF4 and H2+Ar+MoF6 mixtures in various stoichiometric ratios in the pressure range 30–760 Torr was carried out using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. The pulse duration at a wavelength of 1064 nm was 15 ns, the repetition rate was 5 Hz. A pulse energy of 800 mJ was focused by a lens with a focal length of 5 cm. The energy density at the focus was 26 J/cm3 . It has been shown that when using a mixture based on 29SiF4, the sample contains a 29Si crystalline phase with an average grain size of 30–50 nm (Fig. 1a). When using a mixture based on 98MoF6, the sample contains a 98Mo crystalline phase with an average grain size of 70–100 nm (Fig. 1b). In this type of gas discharge, the possibility of forming superhard materials, isotopically modified molybdenum borides, was also studied. These substances in the form of nanosized particles have improved tribological properties. After ablation of metallic Mo in the H2 + BF3 mixture, the main phase was MoB2 in the form of a nanodispersed powder with an average grain size of 100 nm (Fig. 1c) [1]. A technique for modeling gas-dynamic and thermal conditions in a low-temperature chemically active plasma induced by laser breakdown is proposed. Using computational experiments, the features of gas mixture heating and the formation of nanoparticles in the LIBS reactor were studied</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">17the International Conference on Laser Applications in Life Sciences</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Mugla, Turkey</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">15.10.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <author>R. Kornev</author>
    <author>A. Bulanov</author>
    <author>A. Ermakov</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chemical vapor deposition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Isotopically enriched nanomaterials</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58890</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>14</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>preprint</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
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    <title language="eng">Features of Plasma-Chemical Hydrogen Reduction of  Volatile Silicon and Germanium Chlorides in  RF-arc Discharge</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The processes of hydrogen reduction of silicon and germanium chlorides under the conditions of radio-frequency (40.68 MHz) counteracted arc discharge stabilized between two rod electrodes were investigated. The main gas-phase and solid products of plasma-chemical transformations were determined. &#13;
Thermodynamic analysis of SiCl4 + H2 and GeCl4 + H2 systems was carried out. It is shown that under the implemented experimental conditions, equilibrium components of the products are established. The detected spectra of chemical activity were studied, which gave reason to assume that the molecular mechanism of the hydrogen reduction process is the main one. The impurity composition of gas-phase and solid reaction products was investigated. The possibility of single-stage production of high-purity Si and Ge mainly in the form of compact ingots, as well as high-purity chlorosilanes and trichlorogermane, was shown.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Preprints</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.20944/preprints202311.1412.v1</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-588909</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <author>R. A. Kornev</author>
    <author>L. V. Shabarova</author>
    <author>A. A. Ermakov</author>
    <author>G. M. Mochalov</author>
    <author>N. V. Rekunov</author>
    <author>V. A. Medov</author>
    <author>A. D. Chaschina</author>
    <author>A. A. Kalinina</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>RF-arc discharge</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen reduction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Silicon chloride</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Germanium chloride</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermodynamic</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Silicon</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Germanium</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Preprints der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/58890/preprints202311.1412.v1.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58589</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
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    <type>lecture</type>
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    <publisherPlace/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Improved Data Processing for Accurate Plasma Diagnostics with Implications for Calibration-Free LIBS</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Many LIBS papers report the determination of plasma temperature using the Boltzmann plot method or the determination of electron density using the Stark line broadening relation. This requires measuring the integrated intensities of the spectral lines and the linewidth under the assumption of optical thinness. It is taken for granted that this can be easily done either by working with the raw spectra or by fitting the appropriate function to the observed spectral lines. However, extracting the necessary information from raw spectral data is not as easy as it might seem. The quality of such extraction will depend to a decisive extent on the type of spectral instrument used. The spectrum emitted by the plasma is distorted by the device; an example is shown in Fig. 1. The elimination of this distortion belongs to the class of inverse problems, the successful solution of which fundamentally depends on the quality of the available information. When it comes to spectroscopy, the quality of information primarily means high spectral resolution and low noise. Not all spectrometers used in LIBS can provide the quality needed to solve the inverse problem; this casts doubt on many published plasma measurements. This communication will be devoted to the general shortcomings of spectral data processing and the inaccuracies in determining the plasma parameters resulting from these shortcomings. The analysis is based on the use of synthetic spectra generated by plasma with known temperature, particle density and electron density. The estimation of errors caused by inadequate processing of spectral data is made by comparing the initial and measured plasma parameters from the spectra. Recommendations will be made for which analytic function best approximates the observed spectral lines, and how data processing errors affect the accuracy of calibration-free LIBS will be discussed. These issues were only partially covered in previously published works, for example [1, 2].</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale XLIII, The 5th Asian Symposium on Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy June 26-30, 2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Tokushima, Japan</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">26.06.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">30.06.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Calibration-free LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Data processing</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58590</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
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    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Importance of Spectral Resolution for Accurate Plasma Diagnostics with Implications for Calibration-Free LIBS</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In the LIBS literature, almost every second article reports the determination of the plasma temperature using the Boltzmann plot method or the determination of the electron density using the Stark line broadening relation. The first requires the measurement of the integrated intensities of the spectral lines, and the second requires the measurement of the linewidth, under the same assumption of optical thinness. It is taken for granted that this can be easily done either by working with the raw spectra or by fitting an appropriate function to the observed spectral lines. As a rule, reported data are not verified either by an alternative method (e.g., Thomson scattering) or by computer simulations using synthetic spectra.&#13;
However, the question of how to extract the necessary information from the raw spectral data is not as simple as it might seem. The quality of such an extraction will depend critically on the type of spectral instrument used, its resolution, and the noise superimposed on the data. The problem is that we do not see the spectrum emitted by the plasma, but the spectrum distorted by the measurement; an exaggerated example of such a distortion is shown in Fig. 1. The elimination of this distortion belongs to the class of inverse problems, the so-called ill-posed problems, whose successful solution crucially depends on the quality of the information available. When it comes to spectroscopy, quality of information primarily means high spectral resolution and low noise. Not all spectrometers used in LIBS can provide the quality needed to solve the inverse problem; this casts doubt on many published plasma measurements.&#13;
The current presentation will be devoted to general shortcomings in the processing of spectral data and inaccuracies in the determination of plasma parameters resulting from these shortcomings. The analysis is based on the use of synthetic spectra produced by plasma with known characteristics, i.e., temperature, species densities, and electron density. The estimation of errors caused by inadequate processing of spectral data is made by comparing the initial and reconstructed plasma parameters. Recipes will be given for which the analytic function best approximates the observed spectral lines, and how data processing errors affect accuracy of calibration-free LIBS will be discussed. These issues were only partially covered in previously published works, for example [1, 2, 3].</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">EMS LIBS 2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Porto, Portugal</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">04.09.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">07.09.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Calibration-free analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Data processing</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58591</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Improved Data Processing for Accurate Plasma Diagnostics and Calibration-Free LIBS</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Many applications of LIBS require the measurement of plasma temperature and electron density, which in turn requires knowledge of the integrated line intensity and the shape of the spectral lines. While the integral intensity is preserved as light passes through the spectrometer, the shape emitted by an individual atom or ion is greatly distorted. This is due, firstly, to the transfer of light through the plasma (self-absorption), secondly, to the influence of the instrumental function of the spectrometer, and, thirdly, to the aberrations of the optical system. In addition, processing of spectral information, such as background removal, noise reduction, deconvolution, and line fitting, introduces additional errors in the reconstructed linewidth and line integral, which leads to erroneous temperature and electron density values.&#13;
This communication will be devoted to the general shortcomings of spectral data processing and the resulting inaccuracies in determining the plasma parameters. The analysis is based on the use of synthetic spectra generated by plasma with known temperature and particle density. The estimation of errors caused by inadequate processing of the spectral data is made by comparing the initial and determined plasma parameters. As a result, an improved data processing method will be proposed that takes into account the spectrum distortion by the instrumental function and integration on the pixel detector. The former is accounted for by convolution (instead of deconvolution) of the estimated line profile using a predetermined slit function, and the latter is achieved by piecewise integration of the line profile by the pixel detector, taking into account the pixel size and uniform or non-uniform pixel separation. Recommendations will be made for which analytic function best approximates the observed spectral lines and examples will be given for the application of this routine to calibration-free LIBS using both synthetic and experimental data.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">SciX 2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Sparks, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">08.10.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">13.10.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Calibration-free analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Emission spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58592</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Investigation of LIBS-RF Plasma for Analytical Spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Laser breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a common tool for applications in various fields of science and technology. Originally an atomic analysis technique, LIBS was later extended to molecular analysis due to the transient nature of the laser-induced plasma, which develops from a hot dissociation stage on a nanosecond to several microsecond scale to a relatively cold recombination stage on a scale of 10 to 100 microseconds after breakdown. Molecules formed during the recombination stage or incompletely dissociated after ablation can be efficiently detected, allowing the analysis of "difficult" elements or even molecular isotopes. However, with a small amount of ablated material and a short lifetime of the luminous plasma, analytical signals, especially molecular ones, can be very weak.&#13;
Several methods have been proposed for reheating the plasma and increasing its lifetime, for example, a two-pulse LIBS or a LIBS combined with microwave radiation or with an electric spark discharge. Here we propose another one, LIBS combined with a capacitively coupled RF discharge at 13.6 MHz. The advantages of this combination are an increase in the lifetime of atomic and molecular emission and operation in a low-pressure atmosphere, which significantly reduces pressure line broadening and allows high-resolution spectroscopy. Another major advantage is operating in a chemically controlled atmosphere that can predictably drive desired chemical reactions. In this presentation, we will show the first results obtained with RF-LIBS combination. These will include separate and joint characterization of LIBS and RF plasmas and evaluation of its potential for elemental and molecular analysis and for plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">SciX 2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Sparks, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">08.10.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">13.10.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <author>Cristina Mendez</author>
    <author>Nerea Bordel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Capacitively coupled discharge</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>RF-LIBS combination</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma reheating</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58595</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Modeling laser-induced plasma in vacuum and low-pressure co2 atmosphere</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The aim of the project is to develop an adequate model of laser induced plasma for conditions expected in space missions, i.e., vacuum, or low-pressure CO2 atmosphere. Numerical modeling will help to find optimal experimental parameters for the laser ablation under artificial lunar or Martian environments and obtain both qualitative, in terms of a composition, and quantitative, in terms of an elemental abundance, information about interrogated samples based on spectral data generated by the model. The best operational conditions will be found at a low cost without conducting tedious and time-consuming optimization experiments. The modeling approaches will be supported by machine learning to accelerate the optimization.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Workshop on DFG project</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Brno, Czech Republic</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.08.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>CFD computational fluid dynamic</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57267</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>6</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Investigation of a method for the correction of self-absorption by Planck function in laser induced breakdown spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The electron density and temperature of a laser-induced plasma can be determined from the width and intensity of the spectral lines, provided that the corresponding optical transitions are optically thin. However, the lines in laser induced plasma are often self-absorbed. One of the methods of correction of this effect is based on the use of the Planck function and an iterative numerical calculation of the plasma temperature. In this study, the method is further explored and its inherent errors and limitations are evaluated. For this, synthetic spectra are used that fully correspond to the assumed conditions of a homogeneous isothermal plasma at local thermodynamic equilibrium. Based on the error analysis, the advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed in comparison with other methods of self-absorption correction.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1039/D2JA00352J</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0267-9477</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-572677</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.04.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Self-absorption</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Planck function</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/57267/LIBS_self-absorption_JAAS_2023.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56651</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>67</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>100</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>bookpart</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Nature Switzerland AG</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Calibration-Free Quantitative Analysis</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Calibration-free methods in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, CF LIBS, serve as an alternative to calibration-based LIBS techniques. Their major advantage is the ability for fast chemical analysis in situations where matrix-matched standards are not readily available (as, e.g., in the analysis of biological materials and remote analysis) or amount of samples are limited. Their main applications are in the industry, geology, biology, archeology, and even space exploration. This chapter overviews the principle of operation and performance of CF LIBS techniques.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in Biological, Forensic and Materials Sciences</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-031-14501-8</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/978-3-031-14502-5</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Calibration-free LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57102</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>8</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>202</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Interlaboratory comparison for quantitative chlorine analysis in cement  pastes with laser induced breakdown spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Concrete structures experience severe damage during service, for example due to pitting corrosion of rebars caused by the ingress of chlorine (Cl) into the porous concrete structure. The ingress can be monitored using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), a recently introduced civil engineering technique used to detect Cl in concrete structures in addition to conventional wet chemistry methods. The key advantages of LIBS are high spatial resolution, which is important when analyzing heterogeneous concrete samples, as well as the almost complete absence of sample preparation. To assess LIBS as a reliable analytical method, its accuracy and robustness must be carefully tested. This paper presents the results of an interlaboratory comparison on the analysis of Cl in cement paste samples conducted by 12 laboratories in 10 countries. Two sets of samples were prepared with Cl content ranging from 0.06 to 1.95 wt% in the training set and 0.23–1.51 wt% in the test set, with additional variations in the type of cement and Cl source (salt type). The overall result shows that LIBS is suitable for the quantification of the studied samples: the average relative error was generally below 15%. The results demonstrate the true status quo of the LIBS method for this type of analysis, given that the laboratories were not instructed on how to perform the analysis or how to process the data.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Spectrochimica Acta Part B</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.sab.2023.106632</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0584-8547</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">19.06.2023</enrichment>
    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <author>L. Kratochvilo</author>
    <author>P. Pořízka</author>
    <author>J. Kaiser</author>
    <author>S. Millar</author>
    <author> et al.</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Interlaboratory comparison</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Round robin test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cement</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chlorine</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55968</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Multifaceted laser induced plasma: spectroscopy and beyond</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this presentation, I will give a brief overview of my personal experience with laser induced plasma (LIP). I will start from my and colleagues’ early works, where we used LIP as an atomic reservoir for laser induced fluorescence (LIP). We applied LIP-LIF for a sensitive detection of trace elements in various materials and demonstrated that under certain conditions the technique can even be used for isotope analysis. Next, I will discuss the application of LIP spectroscopy, i.e., LIBS, to material identification that nowadays constitutes one of the best applications of this technique. In those early days, we used correlation analysis for spectra processing; it is now replaced by more powerful chemometric methods. Further, I will stop on our efforts in modeling LIP that we first intended for the improved quality of spectroscopic analysis and later extended to non-spectroscopic fields such as chemical vapor deposition and surface structuring. We developed a version of calibration-free LIBS, in which we iterated model-generated spectra until a close match was achieved between experimental and synthetic spectra to determine concentrations. Next, I will briefly overview our recent developments in plasma modeling that include plasma chemistry. This was important in view of widening application of LIBS as a molecular technique. I will also address several plasma diagnostics, e.g., Radon transform tomography that we developed to get more insight about LIP that was helpful for both analytic spectroscopy and modeling. Finally, I will mention several exotic applications of LIP such as LIP-based lasers and chemical reactors to illustrate a real multifaceted character of laser induced plasma and usefulness of its study for many science fields.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">SciX 2022, The Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies (FACSS)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Cincinnati, OH, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">02.10.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">07.10.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Emission spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser ablation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced plasma deposition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Surface coating</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrodynamic model</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma chemistry</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>38771</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>Article Number: 676</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>2016</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Applied Physics A, Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Anions in laser-induced plasmas</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The equation of state for plasmas containing negative atomic and molecular ions (anions) is modeled. The model is based on the assumption that all ionization processes and chemical reactions are at local thermal equilibrium and the Coulomb interaction in the plasma is described by the Debye–Hu¨ckel theory. In particular, the equation of state is obtained for plasmas containing the elements Ca, Cl, C, Si, N, and Ar. The equilibrium reaction constants are calculated using the latest experimental and ab initio data of spectroscopic constants for the molecules CaCl2, CaCl, Cl2, N2, C2, Si2 , CN, SiN, SiC, and their positive and negative ions. The model is applied to laserinduced plasmas (LIPs) by including the equation of state into a fluid dynamic numerical model based on the Navier–Stokes equations describing an expansion of LIP plumes into an ambient gas as a reactive viscous flow with radiative losses. In particular, the formation of anions Cl-, C-, Si-, Cl2, Si2, C2 , CN-, SiC-, and SiN- in LIPs is investigated in detail.</abstract>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s00339-016-0175-8</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">22.12.2016</enrichment>
    <author>Sergej V. Shabanov</author>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>38772</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Plasma fundamentals and diagnostics</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Short 4-hour course on plasma physics and plasma diagnostics</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">January 8-13, Winter Plasma Conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Tucson, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">08.01.2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">13.01.2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>PLasma physics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma diagnostics</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>38774</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Modeling chemical reactions in laser induced plasmas</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Under the assumption of local thermal equilibrium, a numerical algorithm is proposed to find the equation of state for laser-induced plasmas (LIPs) in which chemical reactions are permitted in addition to ionization processes. The Coulomb interaction in plasma is accounted for by the Debye–Hückel method. The algorithm is used to calculate the equation of state for LIPs containing carbon, silicon, calcium, chlorine, nitrogen, and argon. The equilibrium reaction constants are calculated using the latest experimental and ab initio data of spectroscopic constants for the molecules N2, C2, Si2, CN, Cl2, SiN, SiC, CaCl, CaCl2 and their positive and (if existed) negative ions. The algorithm is incorporated into a fluid dynamic numerical model based on the Navier–Stokes equations describing an expansion of LIP plumes into an ambient gas. The dynamics of LIP plumes obtained by the ablation of SiC, CaCl2, solid silicon, or solid carbon in an ambient gas containing N2 and Ar is simulated to study formation of molecules and molecular ions. A particular attention is paid to formation of anions Cl−, Cl2−, Si2−, C2−, CN−, and SiN− in LIPs.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Winter Plasma Conference, January 8-13 2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Tucson, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">08.01.2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>44497</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Plasma Fundamentals and Diagnostics</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This course will provide an introduction to plasma diagnostic techniques. The major focus of the course will be on the discussions of the practical procedures as well as the underlying physical principles for the measurements of plasma fundamental characteristics (e.g., temperatures, thermodynamic properties, and electron number density). Particular emphasis will be placed on inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry, but other analytical plasmas will also be used as examples when appropriate. Selected examples on how one can manipulate the operating conditions of the plasma source, based on the results of plasma diagnostic measurements, to improve its performance used for spectrochemical analysis will also be covered. Topics to be covered include thermal equilibrium, line profiles, temperatures, electron densities, excitation processes, microreactions, pump and probe diagnostics, tomography, temporal and spatial resolution. Basis of plasma computer modeling will be presented.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Winter Plasma Conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Amelia Island, FL, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">08.01.2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">13.01.2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma diagnostics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma physics</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>44499</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Modeling chemical reactions in laser-induced plasmas at local thermodynamic equilibrium</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Laser induced plasma (LIP) is a dynamic, short living event which presents significant difficulty for modeling. In this report, a collisional-dominated chemical model developed earlier* is expanded by the inclusion of a new method for calculation of chemical reactions. The model consists of the coupled Navier-Stokes, state, radiative transfer, material transport, and chemical equations. The latter are written in terms of atomic and molecular partition functions rather than reaction rates. Typically, a solution of such the system of chemical equations is difficult for the entire range of plasma temperatures and densities because reaction constants may vary by hundreds orders of magnitude owing to extreme plasma conditions. No numerical solver of non-linear systems of equations handles this situation with ease. We resolve the problem by using a hierarchical approach.  First, we rank the reactions according to their ascendancy. Second, we exploit either the contraction or Newton-Raphson algorithms to solve the system of chemical equations. We illustrate the approach by performing a series of calculations for reacting species Si, C, N, Ca, Cl and their molecules in laser induced plasmas.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Winter Plasma Conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Amelia Island, FL, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">08.01.2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">13.01.2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma physics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma diagnostics</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>44274</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>127</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>129</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>415</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Cascade generation in Al laser induced plasma</title>
    <abstract language="eng">We found cascade IR generation in Al laser induced plasma. This generation includes doublet transitions 3s25s 2S1∕2→ 3s24p 2P1∕2,3∕2 → 3s24s 2S1∕2; corresponding to strong lines at 2110 and 2117 nm, and much weaker lines at 1312–1315 nm. The 3s25s2S 1∕2 starting IR generation level is directly pumped from the 3s23p 2P3∕2 ground level. The starting level for UV generation at 396.2 nm (transitions 3s24s 2S1∕2 → 4p 2P3∕2) is populated due to the fast collisional processes in the plasma plume. These differences led to different time and special dependences on the lasing in the IR and UV spectral range within the aluminum laser induced plasma.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Optics Communications</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.optcom.2018.01.041</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">15.03.2018</enrichment>
    <author>L. Nagli</author>
    <author>M. Gaft</author>
    <author>Y. Raichlin</author>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma diagnostics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>42287</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>190</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>205</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>204</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>New York, NY</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Geometrical effects in data collection and processing for calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Data processing in the calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is usually based on the solution of the radiative transfer equation along a particular line of sight through a plasma plume. The LIBS data processing is generalized to the case when the spectral data are collected from large portions of the plume. It is shown that by adjusting the optical depth and width of the lines the spectra obtained by collecting light from an entire spherical homogeneous plasma plume can be leastsquare fitted to a spectrum obtained by collecting the radiation just along a plume diameter with a relative error of 10−11 or smaller (for the optical depth not exceeding 0.3) so that a mismatch of geometries of data processing and data collection cannot be detected by fitting. Despite the existence of such a perfect least-square fit, the errors in the line optical depth and width found by a data processing with an inappropriate geometry can be large. It is shown with analytic and numerical examples that the corresponding relative errors in the found elemental number densities and concentrations may be as high as 50% and 20%, respectively. Safe for a few found exceptions, these errors are impossible to eliminate from LIBS data processing unless a proper solution of the radiative transfer equation corresponding to the ray tracing in the spectral data collection is used.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of quantitative spectroscopy and radiative transfer</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jqsrt.2017.09.018</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0022-4073</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1879-1352</identifier>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <author>Sergej V. Shabanov</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>42294</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Hydrodynamic model of laser induced plasma including equilibrium chemistry</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrodynamic model of laser induced plasma including plasma chemistry</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">6.07.2017, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">5.07.2017</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">10.07.2017</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>42295</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Predicting molecules in laser induced plasma based on equilibrium plasma model</title>
    <abstract language="eng">New development in modeling reactive flows in laser induced plasma</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">09.10.2017, SciX, Reno, NV, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Reno, NV, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">08.10.2017</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">14.10.2017</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>43131</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>190</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>205</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>204</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Geometrical effects in data collection and processing for calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Data processing in the calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is usually based on the solution of the radiative transfer equation along a particular line of sight through a plasma plume. The LIBS data processing is generalized to the case when the spectral data are collected from large portions of the plume. It is shown that by adjusting the optical depth and width of the lines the spectra obtained by collecting light from an entire spherical homogeneous plasma plume can be least-square fitted to a spectrum obtained by collecting the radiation just along a plume diameter with a relative error of 10 −11 or smaller (for the optical depth not exceeding 0.3) so that a mismatch of geometries of data processing and data collection cannot be detected by fitting. Despite the existence of such a perfect least-square fit, the errors in the line optical depth and width found by a data processing with an inappropriate geometry can be large. It is shown with analytic and numerical examples that the corresponding relative errors in the found elemental number densities and concentrations may be as high as 50% and 20%, respectively. Safe for a few found exceptions, these errors are impossible to eliminate from LIBS data processing unless a proper solution of the radiative transfer equation corresponding to the ray tracing in the spectral data collection is used.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy &amp; Radiative Transfer</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jqsrt.2017.09.018</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0022-4073</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1879-1352</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">01.12.2017</enrichment>
    <author>Sergej V. Shabanov</author>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma diagnostics</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>46930</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Improved algorithm for calibration-free laser induced breakdown spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">An improved algorithm for calibration-free laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF LIBS) will be presented which includes several novel features in comparison with previously proposed similar algorithms. In particular, it allows using spectral lines with arbitrary optical thickness for the construction of Saha-Boltzmann plots, retrieves the absorption path length (plasma diameter) directly from a spectrum, replaces the Lorentzian line profile function by the Voigt function, and allows for self-absorption correction using pre-calculated and tabulated data rather than approximating functions. The tabulated data embody the solutions of the radiative transfer equation for numerous combinations of optical thicknesses and line widths. The algorithm is thoroughly verified using synthetic spectra.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">LIBS 2018 at SciX 2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Atlanta, GA, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">21.10.2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.10.2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma diagnostics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>45219</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>15962</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15971</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>12</issue>
    <volume>26</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Laser-induced plasma imaging for low-pressure detection</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A novel technique based on laser induced plasma imaging is proposed to measure residual pressure in sealed containers with transparent walls, e.g. high voltage vacuum interrupter in this paper. The images of plasma plumes induced on a copper target at pressure of ambient air between 10−2Pa and 105Pa were acquired at delay times of 200ns, 400ns, 600ns and 800ns. All the plasma images at specific pressures and delay times showed a good repeatability. It was found that ambient gas pressure significantly affects plasma shape, plasma integral intensities and expansion dynamics. A subsection characteristic method was proposed to extract pressure values from plasma images. The method employed three metrics for identification of high, intermediate and low pressures: the distance between the target and plume center, the integral intensity of the plume, and the lateral size of the plume, correspondingly. The accuracy of the method was estimated to be within 15% of nominal values in the entire pressure range between 10−2Pa and 105Pa. The pressure values can be easily extracted from plasma images in the whole pressure range, thus making laser induced plasma imaging a promising technique for gauge-free pressure detection.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Optics Express</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1364/OE.26.015962</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1094-4087</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">03.07.2018</enrichment>
    <author>Huan Yuan</author>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <author>Ardian Gojani</author>
    <author>X. H. Wang</author>
    <author>Ming Zhe Rong</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma diagnostics</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>45340</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>149</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>163</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>147</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Extension and investigation by numerical simulations of algorithm for calibration-free laser induced breakdown spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Accuracy of calibration-free (CF) methods in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) depends on experimental conditions and instrumental parameters that must match a CF LIBS model. Here, the numerical study is performed to investigate effects of various factors, such as the optical density, plasma uniformity, line overlap, noise, spectral resolution, electron density and path length on the results of CF-LIBS analyses. The effects are examined one-by-one using synthetic spectra of steel slag samples that fully comply with the mathematical model of the method. Also, the algorithm includes several new features in comparison with previously proposed CF algorithms. In particular, it removes limits on the optical thickness of spectral lines that are used for the construction of the Saha-Boltzmann plot; it retrieves the absorption path length (Plasma diameter) directly from spectral lines; it uses the more realistic Voigt line profile function instead of the Lorentzian function; and it employs the pre-calculated and tabulated thin-to-thick line ratios instead of approximating functions for selfabsorption correction.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Spectrochimica Acta Part B</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.sab.2018.06.011</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0584-8547</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">04.10.2018</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <author>Alexander Ya. Kazakov</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma diagnostics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Calibration free LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>45343</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Improved algorithm for calibration-free laser induced breakdown spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">An improved algorithm for calibration-free laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF LIBS) is presented which includes several novel features in comparison with previously proposed similar algorithms. In particular, it allows using spectral lines with arbitrary optical thickness for the construction of Saha-Boltzmann plots, retrieves the absorption path length (plasma diameter) directly from a spectrum, replaces the Lorentzian line profile function by the Voigt function, and allows for self-absorption correction using pre-calculated and tabulated data rather than approximating functions. The tabulated data embody the solutions of the radiative transfer equation for numerous combinations of optical thicknesses and line widths. The algorithm is thoroughly verified with synthetic spectra.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">14TH European Workshop on Laser Ablation 2018 (EWLA2018)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Pau, France</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">June 26 - 29, 2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma diagnostics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Calibration free LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>45344</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Laser induced plasma: Modeling, diagnostics, and applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Laser-induced plasmas are widely used in many areas of science and technology; examples include spectrochemical analysis, thin film deposition, material processing, and even jet propulsion. Several topics will be addressed. First, general phenomenology of laser-induced plasmas will be discussed. Then, a chemical model will be presented based on a coupled solution of Navier-Stokes, state, radiative transfer, material transport, and chemical (Guldberg-Waage) equations. Results of computer simulations for several chemical systems will be shown and compared to experimental observations obtained by optical imaging, spectroscopy,  and tomography. The latter diagnostic tools will also be briefly discussed. Finally, a prospective application of laser-induced plasma and plasma modeling will be illustrated on the example of calibration-free MC LIBS (Monte Carlo Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy), in which concentrations of elements in materials are found by fitting model-generated and experimental spectra.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Invited talk at Yeshiva University, New York, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Yeshiva University, New York, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">4.24.2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma diagnostics</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>46207</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>33</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>37</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>150</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Investigation of laser-induced plasma at varying pressure and laser focusing</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Expansion dynamics of laser-induced plasma is studied for different focal positions of the ablation laser in the pressure range 10-2 - 105 Pa of the ambient air. The experimental results indicate that both the parameters significantly affect the plasma size, shape, intensity, reproducibility, and distance from the target surface. At pressures above 10 Pa, the plasma plume is confined by the ambient gas; the plumes are more compact and travel shorter distances from the target as compared to the analogous plume characteristics at pressures below 10 Pa. The pulse-to-pulse reproducibility of the integral emission intensity of the plasma is also different for different focal positions and pressures. It is found that the focal positions -1 cm and -2 cm below the target surface yield the most reproducible and intense emission signals as measured at the 600 ns delay time with the 100 ns gate. The information obtained can be of importance for pulsed laser deposition, laser welding, and analytical spectroscopy at reduced pressures. In general, a correct choice of the focal position and pressure of an ambient gas is very important for obtaining the strongest plasma emission, good reproducibility, and desired plasma plume shape.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Spectrochimica Acta Part B</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0584-8547</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.sab.2018.10.005</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">21.01.2019</enrichment>
    <author>Huan Yuan</author>
    <author>Ardian Gojani</author>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <author>X. Wang</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser-induced plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma expansion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Imaging</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>46108</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Plasma fundamentals and diagnostics</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This course will provide an introduction to plasma diagnostic techniques. The major focus of the course will be on the discussions of the practical procedures as well as the underlying physical principles for the measurements of plasma fundamental characteristics (e.g., temperatures, thermodynamic properties, and electron number density). Particular emphasis will be placed on inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry, but other analytical plasmas will also be used as examples when appropriate. Selected examples on how one can manipulate the operating conditions of the plasma source, based on the results of plasma diagnostic measurements, to improve its performance used for spectrochemical analysis will also be covered. Topics to be covered include thermal equilibrium, line profiles, temperatures, electron densities, excitation processes, microreactions, pump and probe diagnostics, tomography, temporal and spatial resolution. Basics of plasma computer modeling will be presented.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">03.-06. September 2018, 13 Symposium "Massenspektrometrische Verfahren der Elementspurenanalyze", BAM, Berlin, Adlershof</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">BAM, Berlin, Adlershof, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">03.09.2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal equilibrium</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma processes</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electron number density</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Temperatures</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Emission line profiles</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Spatial information</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>46111</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Dynamical chemical model of laser induced plasma</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Laser induced plasma (LIP) is a highly dynamic, short living event which presents significant difficulty for both diagnostics and modeling. The former requires precise spatially- and time-resolved measurements on a micron-nanosecond scale while the latter needs numerous descriptive parameters; many of them can only be obtained from experiment. Diagnostics and modeling should always complement each other for obtaining a truthful picture of LIP. &#13;
In this presentation, a newly developed collisional-dominated model will be presented. The model is based on the coupled Navier-Stokes, state, radiative transfer, material transport, and chemical equations. The model incorporates plasma chemistry through the equilibrium approach that relies on atomic and molecular partition functions. Several chemical systems are modeled including Si-C-Cl-N and B-H-Cl systems.&#13;
The model is used to study the equilibrium states of the systems as functions of the concentrations of plasma species and plasma temperature. The model also predicts the evolution of number densities of atomic and molecular species in the expanding plasma plume.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">18.09.2018, 9th International Conference on PLASMA PHYSICS AND PLASMA TECHNOLOGY (PPPT‐9)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Minsk, Belorussia</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">17.09.2018</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma diagnostics</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>46112</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>716, 1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>21</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>10</issue>
    <volume>124</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Chemistry in laser‑induced plasmas at local thermodynamic equilibrium</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The equation of state for plasmas containing negative and positive ions of elements and molecules formed by these elements is modeled under the assumption that all ionization processes and chemical reactions are at local thermal equilibrium and the Coulomb interaction in the plasma is described by the Debye–Hückel theory. The hierarchy problem for constants of molecular reactions is resolved by using three different algorithms for high, medium, and low temperatures: the contraction principle, the Newton–Raphson method, and a scaled Newton–Raphson method, respectively. These algorithms are shown to have overlapping temperature ranges in which they are stable. The latter allows one to use the developed method for calculating the equation of state in combination with numerical solvers of Navier–Stokes equations to simulate laser-induced Plasmas initiated in an atmosphere and to study formation of molecules and their ions in such plasmas. The method is applicable to a general chemical network. It is illustrated with examples of Ca–Cl and C–Si–N laser-induced plasmas.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Applied physics A</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s00339-018-2129-9</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1432-0630</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0947-8396</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">15.10.2018</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <author>Sergej V. Shabanov</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62142</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>22</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>181</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in space applications: Review  and prospects</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This review describes the principles and summarizes the challenges of analytical methods based on optical emission spectroscopy (OES) in space applications, with a particular focus on Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). Over the past decade, LIBS has emerged as a powerful analytical technique for space exploration and In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) of celestial bodies. Its implementation has been suggested for various segments of the Space Resources Value Chain, including prospecting, mining, and beneficiation. Current missions to Mars, including the ChemCam instrument on the Curiosity rover, the SuperCam on the Perseverance rover, and the MarSCoDe on the Zhurong rover, are considered flagship applications of LIBS. Despite neither the Pragyan rover nor the Vikram lander waking from the lunar night, the success of the Chandrayaan-3 mission marks another milestone in the development of LIBS instruments, with further missions, including commercial ones, anticipated.&#13;
This paper reviews the deployment of LIBS payloads on Mars rovers, upcoming missions prospecting the Moon and asteroids, and LIBS analysis of meteorites. Additionally, it highlights the importance of data processing specific to space applications, emphasizing recent trends in transfer learning. Furthermore, LIBS combined with other spectroscopic techniques (e.g., Raman Spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry, and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) represents an intriguing platform with comprehensive analytical capabilities. The review concludes by emphasizing the significance of LIBS-based contributions in advancing our understanding of celestial bodies and paving the way for future space exploration endeavors</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Trends in Analytical Chemistry</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.trac.2024.117991</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">12.12.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>H. Saeidfirozeh</author>
    <author>P. Kubelík</author>
    <author>V. Laitl</author>
    <author>A. Krivkova</author>
    <author>J. Vrabel</author>
    <author>K. Rammelkamp</author>
    <author>S. Schroder</author>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <author>E. Kepes</author>
    <author>J. Zabka</author>
    <author>M. Ferus</author>
    <author>P. Porízka</author>
    <author>J. Kaiser</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mars</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Moon</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Asteroids</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Meteorites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Machine learning</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Transfer learning</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Raman spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mass spectrometry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>32132</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2014</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Improvement of the limit of detection for chlorine by double-pulse and spark reheating</title>
    <parentTitle language="deu">LIBS 2014</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">35195</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">LIBS 2014</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Beijing, China</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">2014-09-09</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">2014-09-13</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Weder Datei noch physisches Exemplar vorhanden ("No Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>32124</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2014</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Plasma diagnostics</title>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Winter Plasma Conference 2014</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">35186</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Winter Plasma Conference 2014</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Amelia Island, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">2014-03-01</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">2014-08-01</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Weder Datei noch physisches Exemplar vorhanden ("No Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>32127</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2014</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Double pulse laser induced plasma plume model at earlier times of plasma formation: Fraunhofer-type absorption</title>
    <parentTitle language="deu">LIBS 2014</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">35189</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">LIBS 2014</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Beijing, China</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">2014-09-09</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">2014-09-13</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Weder Datei noch physisches Exemplar vorhanden ("No Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>32129</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2014</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">High speed sorting of scrap metal based on meta-modeling</title>
    <parentTitle language="deu">LIBS 2014</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">35191</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">LIBS 2014</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Beijing, China</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">2014-09-09</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">2014-09-13</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Weder Datei noch physisches Exemplar vorhanden ("No Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>31859</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2014</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>Chapter 41, 1419</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1438</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>3</volume>
    <type>bookpart</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley-VCH</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Trends in spectroscopic techniques for process control</title>
    <abstract language="eng">New developments in spectroscopic techniques for process control are, in general, driven by shortcomings of existing technology, for example, when sensitivity, selectivity, robustness, and so forth do not meet the demands. The perfect process analytical method would be based on a robust and easy to handle customized technique operating in real time, come without any need for calibration, that is, be an absolute method, have a professional support, and be compliant to increasing regulatory requirements. However, there are at least trends toward such an all-in-one device suitable for every purpose.&#13;
&#13;
Small, low-field NMR systems equipped with permanent magnet technology have been developed and allow for quantitative analysis as on-line instruments in a production environment. Quantitative high-resolution on-line NMR spectroscopy contributes to process understanding in pilot plant and research environments.&#13;
&#13;
Laser spectroscopy is a promising field in process analysis owing to its sensitivity and selectivity. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy LIBS is a promising field for direct in situ analysis and remote sensing. Applications of quantum-cascade lasers for process analytical applications are a promising technique. Techniques such as cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS), tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), and photothermal techniques are briefly introduced.&#13;
&#13;
Recent developments of new detectors have improved X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) for qualitative and quantitative on-line evaluation of the elementary composition of liquid or solid samples, regardless of whether compact or bulk material.&#13;
&#13;
The chapter also introduces miscellaneous techniques such as ion mobility spectroscopy (IMS), microwave and dielectric spectroscopy, terahertz spectroscopy, ultrasonic acoustic spectroscopy, and other methods.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Handbook of spectroscopy - 2nd Ed.</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">34914</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-527-32150-6</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/9783527654703.ch41</identifier>
    <author>Michael Maiwald</author>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <author>Markus Ostermann</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Process analytical technology (PAT)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NMR spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>IMS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>CRDS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TDLAS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Prozessanalytik</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>X-ray fluorescence</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Terahertz spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>32162</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2014</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>147</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>172</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>100</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Two-dimensional axisymmetric models of laser induced plasmas relevant to laser induced breakdown spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A dynamical model of a laser induced plasma with axial symmetry is developed to systematically study the effects of the plasma equation of state, radiation transfer, various transport phenomena (viscosity, thermal conductivity, diffusion), and the ablation surface on the observable quantities such as spectra emitted by LIBS plasmas containing multiple species. Theoretical and numerical foundations of the model are described in detail. It is shown that the plasma spectra simulated with the equation of state based on the energy balance that includes the kinetic (thermal) energy, ionization energy, and energy of electronic excitations in atoms and ions differ significantly from the spectra obtained for plasmas modeled in the ideal gas approximation (where only the kinetic energy is included into the energy balance). Various transport phenomena, such as viscosity, diffusion, and thermal conductivity, are shown to have a little effect on the spectra. Radiation losses are proved to have noticeable effects. The effects of various interactions (adhesion, heat exchange, mass inflows) of the evolving plasma with the ablation surface are also illustrated by numerical simulations for typical LIBS plasmas. The model provides a numerical tool to assess various settings for LIBS plasma experiments as well as to interpret experimental data.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Spectrochimica acta B</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">35225</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.sab.2014.08.026</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0584-8547</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0038-6987</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">08.12.2014</enrichment>
    <author>Sergej V. Shabanov</author>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Collision dominated model</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>40134</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>3699</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>3702</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>13</issue>
    <volume>56</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Optical Society of America</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Washington, DC, USA</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Stimulated emission in aluminum laser-induced plasma: an experimental study</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The stimulated emission (SE) in aluminum laser-induced plasma pumped in resonance with the 3s23p − 3s24s aluminum transition at 266.04 nm is investigated experimentally. It is shown that the population Inversion between the 3s23p and 3s24s states can be created by weak pumping at several microjoule to millijoule pulse energies and result in high gain. The intensity of the SE at 396.15 nm is related to the number density of Al Atoms via absorption measurements. It is found that the SE in forward and backward directions with respect to the pumping laser is different in terms of the line shape and intensity that is attributed to inhomogeneity in a gain coefficient across the plasma plume.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Applied Optics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1364/AO.56.003699</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1559-128X</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0003-6935</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1539-4522</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">29.05.2017</enrichment>
    <author>Reto Glaus</author>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <author>L. Nagli</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lasers</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced breakdown</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>39427</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>695</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>701</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>56</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Optical Society of America</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Stimulated emission in aluminum laser-induced</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The stimulated emission (SE) in aluminum laser-induced plasma pumped in resonance with the 3s²3p-3s²4s aluminum transition at 266.04 nm is modeled. A collisional-radiative plasma model based on kinetic equations is proposed to explain the creation of the population inversion and lasing. The model predicts fast depopulation of the ground 3s²3p state by the absorption of resonant laser light at 266 nm and very fast population of the excited 3s²4s state by the cascade transitions from the laser-pumped level, which is driven optically and by collisions. The SE of the 3s²3p-3s²4s transition at 396.15 nm is studied and possible SE at 1.3 and 2.1 μm is predicted. It is confirmed by calculations that the population inversion between the 3s²3p and 3s²4s states can be created by weak pumping at several microjoule–millijoule pulse energies and results in high gain.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Applied Optics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1364/AO.56.000695</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">21.03.2017</enrichment>
    <author>Reto Glaus</author>
    <author>L. Nagli</author>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lasers</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Atomic</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced breakdown</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>40693</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>213303-1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>213303-11</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>21</issue>
    <volume>121</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Kinetic model of stimulated emission created by resonance pumping of aluminum laser-induced plasma</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Stimulated emission observed experimentally in an aluminum laser induced plasma is modeled via a kinetic approach. The simulated emission at several cascade transitions is created by a pump laser guided through the plasma at several microseconds after its creation and tuned in resonance with the strong 3s²3p-3s²4s transition at 266 nm. A two-dimensional space-time collisional radiative plasma model explains the creation of the Population inversion and lasing at wavelengths of 2100 nm and 396.1 nm. The population inversion for lasing at 2100 nm is created by depopulation of the ground 3s²3p state and population of the 3s²5s state via the absorption of the resonant radiation at 266 nm. The population inversion for lasing at 396.1 nm occurs during the laser pulse via the decay of the population of the pumped 3s²5s state to the excited 3s²4s state via cascade transitions driven optically and by collisions. In particular, efficient are the mixing transitions between neighboring states separated by small gaps on the order of kT at Plasma temperatures of 5000–10 000 K. The model predicts that the population inversion and corresponding gain may reach high values even at very moderate pump energy of several lJ per pulse. The efficiency of lasing at 2100 nm and 396.1 nm is estimated to be ~3% and 0.05%, correspondingly with respect to the pump laser intensity. The gain for lasing at 396.1 nm can reach as high as ~40 cm⁻¹.&#13;
The polarization effect that the pump radiation at 266 nm imposes on the stimulated emission at 396.1 nm is discussed. The calculated results are favorably compared to experimental data.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Applied Physics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0021-8979</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1063/1.4984912</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1089-7550</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">25.08.2017</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <author>Alexander Ya. Kazakov</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser induced plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma diagnostics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lasers</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>18529</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2008</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Laser induced plasmas: prediction of plasma composition</title>
    <parentTitle language="deu">FACSS 2008</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">20678</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">FACSS 2008</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Reno, NV, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">2008-10-27</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">2008-10-31</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Weder Datei noch physisches Exemplar vorhanden ("No Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
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