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    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2006</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>149</pageLast>
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    <edition/>
    <issue>8</issue>
    <volume/>
    <type>report</type>
    <publisherName>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Report on experimentally determined explosion limits, explosion pressures and rates of explosion pressure rise - Part 1: methane, hydrogen and propylene; Contract No. EVG1-CT-2002-00072</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Project SAFEKINEX - SAFe and Efficient hydrocarbon oxidation processes by KINetics and Explosion eXpertise</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">14159</identifier>
    <identifier type="url">http://www.morechemistry.com/SAFEKINEX/deliverables/44.Del.%20No.%208.pdf</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Hg 992/1</enrichment>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <author>Christian Liebner</author>
    <author>Volkmar Schröder</author>
    <author>H.-P. Schildberg</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion indices</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dependence of pressure</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition energy and fuel content</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>64706</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
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    <edition/>
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    <type>lecture</type>
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    <title language="eng">Prediction of Explosion Characteristics of Hydrogen Mixtures using Machine Learning Models</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Explosion characteristics of hydrogen mixtures have been extensively investigated at different conditions. Due to the intensiveness of the explosion characteristics experimental determination, empirical and semi-empirical models are commonly used to predict explosion limits in dependance of conditions: temperature, pressure, and mixture composition. However, unevenly distributed, and limited empirical data and the complex non-linear relationship of these explosion characteristics’ present significant challenges to empirical explosion limits prediction methods under various mixture conditions. Moreover, some empirical models and semi-empirical models are not comprehensive and limited in scope of application. To address these issues, the present study adapts a machine learning approach for improving the hydrogen mixtures explosion characteristics prediction at different conditions, offering a fast, flexible, and comprehensive accurate prediction approach. A Multi-Layer Perceptron model was trained, validated, and tested using key input features such as flammability state, initial mixture temperature, inert gas concentration, adiabatic flame temperature, and Lewis numbers. Data augmentation techniques were conducted to supplement and improve the predictive capability of the model. The model’s performance was compared with a separate experimental dataset. This machine learning approach offers a cost-effective and robust alternative to existing empirical explosion limit prediction method, thus also reducing the experimental effort for explosion limits determination.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">BAM Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">06.11.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">06.11.2025</enrichment>
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    <author>Josua Kondja Junias</author>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <author>Christian Liebner</author>
    <author>Erasmus Shaanika</author>
    <author>Max Thewis</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Machine Learning</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flammability Limits</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>5976</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2004</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>52</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>report</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Report on the experimental factors influencing explosion indices determination</title>
    <identifier type="old">6345</identifier>
    <identifier type="url">http://www.morechemistry.com/SAFEKINEX/deliverables/02.Del.%20No.%202%20Exp.%20Factors%20Expl.%20Indices%20Det.pdf</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <author>Christian Liebner</author>
    <author>Volkmar Schröder</author>
    <author>H. Pasman</author>
    <author>A. Pekalski</author>
    <author>D. Carson</author>
    <author>C. Proust</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SAFEKINEX</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionskenngrößen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Experimentelle Einflüsse</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nicht-atmosphärische Bedingungen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64624</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1389</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1401</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>International Association for Hydrogen Safety (HySafe)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Hydrogen Mixtures Flammability Limits Prediction using Machine Learning Models</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Flammability characteristics of hydrogen mixtures have been extensively investigated at different initial conditions(temperature and pressure). Based on the available experimental datasets, empirical and semi-empirical models are commonly used to calculate flammability limits in dependance to initial conditions and mixture composition to reduce the experimental effort. However, unevenly distributed empirical data and the complex non-linear relationship characteristics of these data present significant challenges to empirical flammability limits prediction methods under various mixture initial conditions. Moreover,  the empirical models and semi-empirical models only cover some influencing parameters, respectively. To address these issues, the present study adapts a machine learning (ML) approach for improving the hydrogen-air/oxygen-inert gas mixture flammability limits prediction at different conditions with a holistic approach. A Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) model was trained, validated, and tested using key input features such as flammability state, initial mixture temperature, equivalence ratio, inert gas concentration, adiabatic flame temperature, and Lewis numbers. Data augmentation techniques were conducted on experimental datasets to improve the predictive capability of the model. The models’  performance was compared with empirical flammability limit prediction methods. The goal is to deliver fast, reliable, and more accurate predictions across different scenarios with a single prediction model. Most importantly, the machine learning approach offers a cost-effective and robust alternative to existing empirical flammability limit prediction methods, thus also reducing the experimental effort for explosion limits determination.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS) 2025</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">979 -12 -243 -0274 - 2</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS) 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Seoul, South Korea</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.09.2025</enrichment>
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    <author>Josua Kondja Junias</author>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <author>Christian Liebner</author>
    <author>Max Thewis</author>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <author>Erasmus Shaanika</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Machine Learning</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flammability Limits</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>12508</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2013</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>7 pages (Ref 638)</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>International Association for Hydrogen Energy</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Lyon</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Safety characteristics of hydrogen at super ambient conditions: Lubricant contamination influencing the Auto Ignition Temperature</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">WHEC 2006 - 16th World Hydrogen Energy Conference (Proceedings)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">14236</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-62276-540-9</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventName">WHEC 2006 - 16th World Hydrogen Energy Conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Lyon, France</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">2006-06-13</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">2006-06-16</enrichment>
    <author>Christian Liebner</author>
    <author>Volkmar Schröder</author>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety Characteristics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auto Ignition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lubricant</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Motor Oil</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>11886</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2005</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>1125</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1126</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>8</issue>
    <volume>77</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley-VCH Verl.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Weinheim</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Verein Deutscher Ingenieure</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Untersuchungsmethoden für Selbstentzündungsprozesse von Brenngasen</title>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Chemie - Ingenieur - Technik</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">13575</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/cite.200590361</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0009-286X</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1522-2640</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">ZC 5</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">17.01.2006</enrichment>
    <author>Christian Liebner</author>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <author>Volkmar Schröder</author>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>5218</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2004</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>VDI-Verl.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Halle</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Selbstentzündungsprozesse bei nichtatmosphärischen Bedingungen - Die Identifizierung unerwarteter Risiken</title>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Tagungsunterlagen, CD mit Manuskripten und PowerPoint-Präsentationen / 7. Fachtagung Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">5519</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">7. Fachtagung Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Köthen, Deutschland</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">2004-11-04</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">2004-11-05</enrichment>
    <author>Christian Liebner</author>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <author>Volkmar Schröder</author>
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    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>5975</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2005</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>74 pages</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>report</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Report on experimentally determined self-ignition temperature and the ignition delay time</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Project SAFEKINEX: SAFe and Efficient hydrocarbon oxidation processes by KINetics and Explosion eXpertise (Deliverable No. 5)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">6344</identifier>
    <identifier type="url">http://www.morechemistry.com/SAFEKINEX/deliverables/26.Del.%20No.%205%20SIT+IDT%20steel+quartz.pdf</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <author>Christian Liebner</author>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <author>Volkmar Schröder</author>
    <author>H. Pasman</author>
    <author>A. Pekalski</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Autoignition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pressure Dependency</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition Temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cool Flame</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Slow Combustion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gases</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>n-Butane</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ethylene</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Methane</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>10857</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2005</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>1141</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1142</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>8</issue>
    <volume>77</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley-VCH Verl.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Weinheim</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Verein Deutscher Ingenieure</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Volumeneinfluss auf die Explosionskenngrößen von Wasserstoff und Methan bei nicht-atmosphärischen Bedingungen</title>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Chemie - Ingenieur - Technik</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">12474</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/cite.200590143</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0009-286X</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1522-2640</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">ZC 5</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">15.09.2005</enrichment>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <author>Christian Liebner</author>
    <author>Marc Scheid</author>
    <author>Volkmar Schröder</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SAFEKINEX</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionsgrenzen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionsdrücke</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Raten des Druckanstiegs</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>5783</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2004</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1(?)</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10(?)</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>bookpartcollection</type>
    <publisherName>European Safety Management Group</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Hamm</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Hydrocarbon oxidation processes at non-atmospheric conditions - EC-project SAFEKINEX</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The project will develop test methodology for explosion indices al non-ambient conditions, a validated data base on them and on many other explosion indices as a function of pressure and temperature. Further, models will be developed, enabling prediction of behaviour of reactive systems and predicting explosion parameters.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Process safety and industrial explosion protection</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">6133</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">3-9807567-3-4</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventName">3rd International ESMG Symposium: Process Safety and Industrial Explosion Protection</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Nuremberg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">2004-03-16</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">2004-03-18</enrichment>
    <author>Volkmar Schröder</author>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <author>Christian Liebner</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas explosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety characteristics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Oxidation kinetics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion limits</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Self ignition</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
