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    <id>65328</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>8</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>112</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Activation of Toll-like receptor 2 reveals microbial contamination beyond endotoxins on micro- and nanoplastics</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Current literature on health hazards associated with micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) is largely influenced by studies that insufficiently account for potential microbial contamination of their test materials. This may lead to misinterpretation of outcomes, as the test materials may be incorrectly considered pristine MNPs. The present study screened eight MNP test materials for microbial contaminants using Toll-like receptor (TLR) reporter cells for TLR2 and TLR4 and the commonly used Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. Our results show that MNPs testing negative for endotoxins, based on the absence of TLR4 activation and negative LAL results, may still contain microbial ligands that selectively activate TLR2. Moreover, five of the eight MNP test materials contained microbial ligands capable of activating TLR2 and/or TLR4. Compared to the LAL assay, TLR4-based screening effectively detected endotoxin contamination. Overall, we found that the TLR reporter cell assay provides broader coverage than the LAL assay in detecting microbial ligands, which appear to be highly prevalent in MNP test materials.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Toxicology in Vitro</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0887-2333</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.tiv.2025.106190</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-653286</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">12.01.2026</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Øyvind P. Haugen</author>
    <author>Itziar Polanco-Garriz</author>
    <author>Victor Alcolea-Rodriguez</author>
    <author>Raquel Portela</author>
    <author>Rita Bæra</author>
    <author>Hamed Sadeghiankaffash</author>
    <author>Jana Hildebrandt</author>
    <author>Dmitri Ciornii</author>
    <author>Korinna Altmann</author>
    <author>Francesco Barbero</author>
    <author>Ivana Fenoglio</author>
    <author>Julián J. Reinosa</author>
    <author>José F. Fernández</author>
    <author>Alberto Katsumiti</author>
    <author>Laura M.A. Camassa</author>
    <author>Håkan Wallin</author>
    <author>Shan Zienolddiny-Narui</author>
    <author>Anani K. Afanou</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nanoplastics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microplastics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microbial contamination</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.5 Synthese und Streuverfahren nanostrukturierter Materialien</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/65328/1-s2.0-S0887233325001845-main.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59724</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2112</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2126</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>5</issue>
    <volume>11</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
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    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Estrogenic activity of plastic nanoparticles mixture under in vitro settings</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The plastic value chain, central part of modern living, caused environmental pollution and bioaccumulation of plastic nanoparticles (PNPs). Their ubiquitous presence in different environmental and biological compartments has become a serious threat to human health and ecosystems. Frequently used plastic materials such as polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE) have been detected in the form of PNPs in the food chain, soil, water and air, as well as in human feces and blood. In this study, we aimed to provide novel insights in endocrine disrupting properties of PNPs using in vitro estrogen receptor (ER) transactivation assay. The effects of PP-NPs, PE-NPs and PS-NPs and their mixture on T47D-KBluc cell line stably transfected with luciferase as reporter enzyme was evaluated by means of cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and ER activation. Tested dose range for PNPs was 0.001 – 10 mg/L. Both cellular uptake and cytotoxicity for all PNPs was found to be dose-dependent. Only the highest dose of PP-NPs and PE-NPs induced apoptosis and cell death, while PS-NPs were not cytotoxic in tested dose range. For tested concentrations, PP-NPs and PE-NPs showed significant agonistic activity on ER, while PS-NPs cannot be considered ER active. When, applied as mixture, PNP demonstrated additive toxicity effects compared to the effect of each individual PNPs. Additivity was also observed for ER agonistic effect of PNPs mixture according to the benchmark dose-addition modelling approach. This study provides missing science-based evidence on endocrine disrupting effects of PE-NPs, PP-NPs, PS-NPs and their mixtures and highlights the importance of considering unintentional, aggregate and combined exposure to different PNPs in risk management.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Environmental Science: Nano</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1039/D3EN00883E</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2051-8153</identifier>
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    <author>Lucija Božičević</author>
    <author>Korinna Altmann</author>
    <author>Jana Hildebrandt</author>
    <author>Xenia Knigge</author>
    <author>Valerije Vrček</author>
    <author>Nikolina Peranić</author>
    <author>Nikolina Kalcec</author>
    <author>Ivana Vinkovic Vrcek</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Risk assessment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nanoplastics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Estrogenic activity of plastic nanoparticles</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.5 Synthese und Streuverfahren nanostrukturierter Materialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.6 Digitale Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Advanced Materials</collection>
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