<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>50738</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>45</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>66</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>bookpart</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Natural Keratin and Coconut Fibres from Industrial Wastes in Flame Retarded Thermoplastic Starch Biocomposites</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Natural keratin fibres derived from Mexican tannery waste and coconut fibres from coconut processing waste were used as fillers in commercially available, biodegradable thermoplastic starch-polyester blend to obtain sustainable biocomposites. The morphology, rheological and mechanical properties as well as pyrolysis, flammability and forced flaming combustion behaviour of those biocomposites were investigated. In order to open up new application areas for these Kinds of biocomposites, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was added as a flame retardant. Extensive flammability and cone calorimeter studies revealed a good flame retardance effect with natural fibres alone and improved effectiveness with the addition of APP. In fact, it was shown that replacing 20 of 30 wt. % of APP with keratin fibres achieved the same effectiveness. In the case of coconut fibres, a synergistic effect led to an even lower heat release rate and total heat evolved due to reinforced char residue. This was confirmed via scanning electron microscopy of the char structure. All in all, these results constitute a good approach towards sustainable and biodegradable fibre reinforced biocomposites with improved flame retardant properties.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Advanced Flame Retardant Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-03928-350-7</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-03928-351-4</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Sebastian Rabe</author>
    <author>G. Sanchez-Olivares</author>
    <author>R. Pérez-Chávez</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biomaterials</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biodegradation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Calorimetry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Composites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardance</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53297</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>16</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>210</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Waste not, want not: The use of leather waste in flame retarded EVA</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Leather is among the most ancient, widely used materials worldwide. Industrial-scale leather production produces large quantities of organic waste attained during shaving and buffing steps during processing. In this study, leather wastes (LW) are used as fillers in flame retarded polymer composites. LW is investigated as a multifunctional bio-filler that enhances the fire performance of flame retarded poly(ethylene–vinyl acetate) (EVA) containing phosphorus flame retardants (P-FRs) ammonium polyphosphate (APP) or a melamine-encapsulated APP (eAPP). Using LW from tanneries as adjuvants to enhance P-FRs in EVA reduces industrial wastes that otherwise require costly waste management solutions. Materials are characterized multi-methodically via mechanical tests, electron microscopy, rheology, thermogravimetric analysis, evolved gas analysis, and condensed phase FTIR, also reaction-to-small-flames and cone calorimeter tests. EVA containing 10 wt-% LW and 20 wt-% P-FRs achieve 20% reductions in fire loads versus EVA, and up to 10% reduction in effective heats of combustion versus EVA with equal (30 wt-%) P-FR loadings. Enhanced char stabilization of EVA composites with LW and P-FRs lowered peaks of heat release rates up to 53% compared to EVA, and up to 40% compared to equal P-FRs loadings. Synergisms between LW and P-FRs in EVA are quantified. A chemical decomposition mechanism is proposed.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials and design</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0264-1275</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110100</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-532977</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">07.10.2021</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Alexander Battig</author>
    <author>G. Sanchez-Olivares</author>
    <author>Daniel Rockel</author>
    <author>M. Maldonado-Santoyo</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Leather waste</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tannery industry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>EVA</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire protection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Charring</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Circular Economy</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/53297/21materdesign.pdf</file>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/53297/21materdesign_supplementary_material.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>28513</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2013</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>395</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>402</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>5</issue>
    <volume>58</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Industrial chemistry research inst</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Warszawa, Poland</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Flame retardancy of starch-based biocomposites - aluminium hydroxide-coconut fiber synergy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The use of coconut fiber (CF) agricultural waste was considered as an environmentally friendly and inexpensive alternative in flame retarded biocomposites. To decrease the high content of aluminum trihydrate (ATH) required, the thermal decomposition (thermogravimetry), flammability [oxygen index (LOI) and UL 94 test] and fire behavior (cone calorimeter) of a combination of CF and ATH were investigated in a commercial blend of thermoplastic starch (TPS) and cellulose derivatives. CF induced some charring activity, slightly decreasing the fire load and burning propensity in cone calorimeter test. ATH decomposes endothermically into water and inorganic residue. Significant fuel dilution as well as a pronounced residual protection layer reduces the fire hazards. Replacing a part of ATH with coconut fibers resulted in improved flame retardancy in terms of ignition, reaction to small flame, and flame-spread characteristics [heat release rate (HRR), fire growth rate (FIGRA), etc.]. The observed ATH and CF synergy opens the door to significant reduction of the ATH contents and thus to interesting flame retarded biocomposites.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polimery</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">31365</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0032-2725</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">27.05.2013</enrichment>
    <author>Emanuela Gallo</author>
    <author>G. Sánchez-Olivares</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biocomposites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flammability</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Starch</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aluminium hydroxide</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Coconut fiber</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63400</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Fire Behaviour and Viscoelasticity of Sustainable Thermoplastic Polyurethane Multicomponent Systems</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Main message: An interesting influence of viscoelastic properties on fire behavior of multicomponent systems based on thermoplastic polyurethane using industrial-waste leather fibers was observed. A detailed investigation on rheological properties, morphology, pyrolysis, flammability and forced flaming combustion highlighted that fire retardancy is best achieved when the multicomponent systems exhibit a predominant elastic behavior.&#13;
Introduction: Multicomponent systems represent a sustainable alternative to traditional high-loaded flame retardant polymer materials, particularly in local areas where industrial-waste fibers are a problem.The final properties of those systems greatly depend on the melt blending process [1-2]. In this work,thermoplastic polyurethane multicomponent systems using industrial-waste leather fibers and a commercial flame-retardant additive were produced and investigated.&#13;
Results and Discussion: According to rheological measurements, the viscoelastic behavior of the TPU multicomponent systems depends on the melt blending process conditions. Systems produced under low blending temperature profile and high rotational speed (TPU/5LF/5APP_T1/V3) display a predominant viscous behavior, meanwhile TPU/5LF/5APP_T1/V1 and TPU/5LF/5APP_T2/V2 samples, exhibit a more elastic one. The combination of LF and APP at low loadings (5 phr each) results in an important reduction on the peak of heat release rate (pHRR), total heat evolved (THE) and total smoke production (TSP) regarding to pure TPU. The UL94 vertical test pointed out that multicomponent systems with predominant elastic behavior (TPU/5LF/5APP_T1/V1 and TPU/5LF/5APP_T2/V2 samples) reached the V-0 rating, meanwhile for the system with the most viscous tendency (TPU/5LF/5APP_T1/V3), non-rating is obtained.&#13;
Acknowledgement: Part of this work was funded by the Consejo Nacional de Humanidades Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCYT), Mexico, grant number CF-2023-I-865.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">20th European Meeting on Fire Retardant Polymeric Materials (FRPM2025)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Madrid, Spain</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">03.06.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">06.06.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>G. Sanchez-Olivares</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TPU</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire behavior</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Viscoelastic properties</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Leather fibers</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Industrial wastes</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>48777</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>107370</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>177</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Industrial-waste agave fibres in flame-retarded thermoplastic starch biocomposites</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Flame-retarded biocomposites of thermoplastic starch and natural fibres are successfully processed according to state-of-the-art extrusion and injection moulding. Using agave fibres and henequen fibres recovered from local industrial waste is a convincing contribution to sustainability. A systematically varied set of biocomposites is investigated comprehensively, e.g. electron microscopy is used for characterizing the morphology, rheology for the melt viscosity, tensile and impact resistance for the mechanical properties, thermal analysis for the pyrolysis, UL 94 burning chamber and oxygen index for the flammability, and cone calorimeter for the fire behaviour. Achieving sufficient mechanical properties was not the goal in our pre-competitive study but may be tackled by adding compatibilizer in future. The combination of well-dispersed natural fibres, aluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi) and a special silicone synergist (Si) is proposed as promising innovative route for V-classified biocomposites. The flame-retardancy modes of action in the gas phase (fuel dilution and flame inhibition) and in the condensed phase (charring, protective layer formation) are discussed in detail, as is the role of combining the ingredients. This work is a convincing proof of principle of how to prepare industrial-waste fibres biocomposites, to apply the synergistic combination of AlPi and Si for future flame-retarded technical polymer materials that are based on renewable resources and compostable.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Composites Part B</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1359-8368</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107370</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">27.11.2019</enrichment>
    <author>G. Sanchez-Olivares</author>
    <author>Sebastian Rabe</author>
    <author>R. Pérez-Chávez</author>
    <author>F. Calderas</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame-retardant biocomposites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Natural fibre</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biopolymer</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sustainability</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Industrial-waste fibres</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flammability</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>47251</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>344, 1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>24</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>12</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Natural keratin and coconut fibres from industrial wastes in flame retarded thermoplastic starch biocomposites</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Natural keratin fibres derived from Mexican tannery waste and coconut fibres from coconut processing waste were used as fillers in commercially available, biodegradable thermoplastic starch-polyester blend to obtain sustainable biocomposites. The morphology, rheological and mechanical properties as well as pyrolysis, flammability and forced flaming combustion behaviour of those biocomposites were investigated. In order to open up new application areas for these kinds of biocomposites, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was added as a flame retardant. Extensive flammability and cone calorimeter studies revealed a good flame retardance effect with natural fibres alone and improved effectiveness with the addition of APP. In fact, it was shown that replacing 20 of 30 wt. % of APP with keratin fibres achieved the same effectiveness. In the case of coconut fibres, a synergistic effect led to an even lower heat release rate&#13;
and total heat evolved due to reinforced char residue. This was confirmed via scanning electron microscopy of the char structure. All in all, these results constitute a good approach towards sustainable and biodegradable fibre reinforced biocomposites with improved flame retardant properties.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1996-1944</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/ma12030344</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-472518</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">01.02.2019</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Sebastian Rabe</author>
    <author>G. Sánchez-Olivares</author>
    <author>R. Pérez-Chávez</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biomaterials</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biodegradable</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Calorimetry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Composites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardance</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/47251/19materials.pdf</file>
  </doc>
</export-example>
