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    <issue>9</issue>
    <volume>22</volume>
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    <title language="eng">Multi–sensory Monitoring and Non–destructive Testing of New Materials for Concrete Engineered Barrier Systems</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The crucial part of nuclear waste storage is the construction of sealing structures made of reliable, safe and well–understood materials. We present an extended analysis of long-term multi–sensory monitoring and non–destructive testing (NDT) inspection of two laboratory specimens aiming at potential materials for sealing structures for nuclear waste repositories. Specimens with a volume of 340 litres made from newly developed alkali–activated materials (AAM) and established salt concrete (SC) were analysed using embedded acoustic emission and wireless radio-frequency identification (RFID) sensors, ultrasonic echo imaging, active thermography, and X–ray computed tomography. The monitoring analysis showed lower heat of reaction and 50% less acoustic emission events in AAM compared to SC. However, due to the surface effects of the AAM material, the number of acoustic emission events increased significantly after approximately two months of monitoring. Subsequently performed NDT inspections reliably located embedded sensors and confirmed the absence of major cracks or impurities. The presented laboratory results show the feasibility and potential of comprehensive NDT monitoring and inspection to characterise cementitious and alternative materials as well as the need for multi–parameter long–term monitoring. Thus, our study demonstrates that tailored NDT investigations will help to develop safe sealing structures for nuclear waste repositories.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1347-3913</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3151/jact.22.516</identifier>
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V."},{"key":"50","unstructured":"50) Simo, E., Herold, P., Keller, A., Lommerzheim, A., Matteo, E., Hadgu, T., Jayne, R., Kuhlman, K. and Mills, M., (2022). \u201c&lt;i&gt;Rangers: State of the art and science on engineered barrier systems in salt formations&lt;\/i&gt;.\u201d Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA: Sandia National Laboratories."},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"51) Strangfeld, C., Johann, S. and Bartholmai, M., (2019). \u201cSmart RFID sensors embedded in building structures for early damage detection and long-term monitoring.\u201d &lt;i&gt;Sensors&lt;\/i&gt;,&lt;i&gt; &lt;\/i&gt;19(24), 5514.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245514"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"52) Sturm, P., Moye, J., Gluth, G. J., Vogler, N., Taffe, A. and K\u00fchne, H. C., (2021). \u201cProperties of alkali-activated mortars with salt aggregate for sealing structures in evaporite rock.\u201d &lt;i&gt;Open Ceramics&lt;\/i&gt;,&lt;i&gt; &lt;\/i&gt;5, 100041.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceram.2020.100041"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"53) Thiede, T., Mishurova, T., Evsevleev, S., Serrano-Munoz, I., Gollwitzer, C. and Bruno, G., (2019). \u201c3D shape analysis of powder for laser beam melting by synchrotron x-ray CT.\u201d &lt;i&gt;Quantum Beam Science&lt;\/i&gt;,&lt;i&gt; &lt;\/i&gt;3(1), 0003.","DOI":"10.3390\/qubs3010003"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"54) Toscano, C., Meola, C. and Carlomagno. G. M., (2013). \u201cPorosity distribution in composite structures with infrared thermography.\u201d &lt;i&gt;Journal of Composites&lt;\/i&gt;,&lt;i&gt; &lt;\/i&gt;2013, 140127.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/140127"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"55) Van Den Abeele, K., Desadeleer, W., De Schutter, G. and Wevers, M., (2009). \u201cActive and passive monitoring of the early hydration process in concrete using linear and nonlinear acoustics.\u201d &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Research&lt;\/i&gt;, 39(5), 426-432.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2009.01.016"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"56) Wiecek, B., (2006). \u201cReview on thermal image processing for passive and active thermography.\u201d In: &lt;i&gt;Proc.&lt;\/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;27th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology&lt;\/i&gt;, Shanghai, China 17-18 January 2006. New Jersey, USA: IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp;amp; Biology Society, 686-689.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2005.1616506"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"57) Wiggenhauser, H., (2008). \u201cAdvanced NDT methods for the assessment of concrete structures.\u201d In: H. Wiggenhauser, Ed. &lt;i&gt;Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting II&lt;\/i&gt;. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 37-48.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439828403-7"}],"container-title":["Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jact\/22\/9\/22_516\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T04:41:24Z","timestamp":1725684084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jact\/22\/9\/22_516\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3151\/jact.22.516","relation":{},"ISSN":["1346-8014","1347-3913"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1346-8014"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1347-3913"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]}}}</enrichment>
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    <author>Vera Lay</author>
    <author>Franziska Baensch</author>
    <author>Anna Skłodowska</author>
    <author>Tobias Fritsch</author>
    <author>Michael Stamm</author>
    <author>Prathik Prabhakara</author>
    <author>Sergej Johann</author>
    <author>Patrick Sturm</author>
    <author>Hans-Carsten Kühne</author>
    <author>Ernst Niederleithinger</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Radioactive waste</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Barrier</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Concrete</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>AAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Non-destructive testing</value>
    </subject>
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    <id>56928</id>
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    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Multi-sensory monitoring and ultrasound for quality assurance at underground sealing structures</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Within the safety concepts of underground disposal sites of nuclear waste, engineered barriers play an important role. As these sealing structures have high demands concerning integrity, we aim at advancing the available construction materials, monitoring, and inspection techniques within the project SealWasteSafe. A specifically developed alkali-activated material is compared to classical salt concrete. A comprehensive multi-sensory monitoring scheme is used at 150-340 l specimens to monitor setting and hardening of both materials. All sensors are demonstrated to resist the highly alkaline environments. Besides cabled and wireless temperature and humidity of the materials, strain variations using fibre optic sensors and acoustic emissions are recorded over periods of at least 28 days, partly for more than eight months. After hardening of the specimens, further nondestructive evaluations using ultrasonic echo and thermographic measurements are conducted.&#13;
Preliminary results proof the suitability of the tested sensors and clearly highlight differences between the tested materials. Particularly, the newly developed alkali-activated material shows lower acoustic emission activity indicating less cracking activity. Additionally, unique ultrasonic methods will enable better images of potential internal objects and cracks at in-situ sealing structures. A largescale ultrasonic system is optimised to reliably detect objects at a depth exceeding 9 m while still obtaining a good resolution. Modelling studies show the potential of further increasing the distance between individual transducer arrays. Additionally, a new ultrasonic borehole probe using phased arrays allowing for beam focussing is constructed and tested. Laboratory measurements at a halfcylindrical concrete specimen coincide well with the previous modelling. In total, the presented safe materials, detailed monitoring approaches and ultrasonic quality assurance methods will help to obtain safe sealing structures within salt as a host rock. The concepts can partly be transferred to sealing structures in alternative host rocks and will also be valuable for non-nuclear waste repositories.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the International Conference on Non-destructive Evaluation of Concrete in Nuclear Applications</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">NDE NucCon</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Espoo, Finland</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">25.01.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Vera Lay</author>
    <author>Frank Mielentz</author>
    <author>Prathik Prabhakara</author>
    <author>Franziska Baensch</author>
    <author>Sergej Johann</author>
    <author>Detlef Hofmann</author>
    <author>Patrick Sturm</author>
    <author>Michael Stamm</author>
    <author>Ernst Niederleithinger</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SealWasteSafe</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Engineered barriers</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Embedded sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasonic imaging</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.4 Baustofftechnologie</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.6 Faseroptische Sensorik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
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    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60469</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
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    <title language="eng">Acoustic emission monitoring for engineered barriers in nuclear waste disposal</title>
    <abstract language="eng">To safely dispose of nuclear waste in underground facilities, engineered barrier systems are needed to seal shafts and galleries. The material used in these barriers must be adapted to the host rock parameters. Shrinking and cracking must be avoided to provide a barrier with almost zero permeability. For repositories in salt rock environments, several types of salt concrete (SC) are possible construction materials. Within the project SealWasteSafe, we compared the behavior of an innovative alkali-activated material (AAM) with standard SC in their hydration and hardening phase. To monitor the microstructural changes within the two materials SC and AAM, acoustic emission (AE) signals have been recorded for up to ~250 days on 340-litercubic specimens. The phenomenon of AE is defined as the emission of elastic waves in materials due to the release of localized internal energy. Such energy release can be caused by the nucleation of micro-fracture, e.g., in concrete while curing or when exposed to load. The occurrence of AE events gives first rough indications of microstructural changes and potentially occurring cracking and thus, provides insights for structural health monitoring (SHM). The results show, that for the first 28 days after casting, less AE activity was detected in the AAM compared to SC. After 61 days, in the AAM material, the number of AE events exceeded those observed in the SC. However, the majority of the AE detected and located in AAM was related to surface effects, and not to microstructural changes or occurring cracks within the bulk volume. Additionally, the source location analysis indicated, that despite lower activity in SC, we observed some clustering of the events. In contrast, in AAM, the activity inside the specimen is randomly distributed over the whole volume. The monitoring results help to estimate the material’s sealing properties which are crucial to assess their applicability as sealing material for engineered barriers.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (EWSHM 2024)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.ndt.net/article/ewshm2024/papers/768_manuscript.pdf</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.58286/29834</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1435-4934</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-604699</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (EWSHM 2024)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Potsdam, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">11.06.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">13.06.2024</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Anna Skłodowska</author>
    <author>Franziska Baensch</author>
    <author>Vera Lay</author>
    <author>Ernst Niederleithinger</author>
    <author>Hans-Carsten Kühne</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Endlager</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Barriere</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>AAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Akustische Emission</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.4 Baustofftechnologie</collection>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/60469/Acoustic emission monitoring for engineered barriers.pdf</file>
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  <doc>
    <id>53397</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>116</pageFirst>
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    <title language="eng">HF RFID-based Measurement Comparison for Method Optimization in M2 Concrete and Alkali-Activated Mortars</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The internal project "SealWasteSafe" of the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing is dedicated to the further improvement in the construction of sealing systems for underground repositories of radioactive waste. Particularly, a multi-sensory concept is developed to ensure quality assurance and continuous long-term monitoring on the engineered barriers. Therefore, beside other measures, the temperature and equilibrium moisture of the construction shall be monitored and respective multi-sensoric monitoring concepts are tested first on the laboratory scale. One focus in this project is on embedded application in alkali-activated mortars (AAM), which results in special requirements for the resistance of the sensors to strongly alkaline environments with up to pH 14. In addition, the ingress of water along cables or at sensor positions is critical for sensors embedded in concrete, as the cable access of the sensor housing is a major weak point. It is therefore advisable to equip wireless high frequent radio frequency identification-based sensors, so called HF RFID sensors (short: RFID), that do not require cable access and thus have a stable and leak-proof sensor housing for long-term monitoring. In this contribution, the results from temperature, moisture and transmitted power monitoring of a AAM and a M2 specimens by means of HF RFID sensor systems are presented.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">35th Danubia - Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics: extendet abstracts</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-9504997-0-4</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">35th Danubia - Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Linz, Österreich</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">21.09.2021</enrichment>
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    <author>Sergej Johann</author>
    <author>Franziska Baensch</author>
    <author>Patrick Strurm</author>
    <author>Carlo Tiebe</author>
    <author>Samuel Pötschke</author>
    <author>Vera Lay</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Passive sensor interface</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>RFID</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Structural Health Monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Alkali-Activated Mortars</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.4 Baustofftechnologie</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.6 Faseroptische Sensorik</collection>
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    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
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