<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>14054</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2006</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>8495</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>8508</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>26</issue>
    <volume>47</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of the oxidation state of phosphorus on the decomposition and fire behaviour of flame-retarded epoxy resin composites</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A systematic and comparative evaluation of the pyrolysis of halogen-free flame-retarded epoxy resins containing phosphine oxide, phosphinate, phosphonate, and phosphate (phosphorus contents around 2.6 wt.%) and the fire behaviour of their carbon fibre composites is presented. Decomposition pathways are proposed based on the thermal analysis (TG), TG coupled with evolved gas analysis (TG-FTIR), kinetics and analysis of the residue with FTIR and XPS. All organophosphorus-modified hardeners containing phenoxy groups lead to a reduced decomposition temperature and mass loss step for the main decomposition of the cured epoxy resin. With increasing oxidation state of the phosphorus the thermally stable residue increases, whereas the release of phosphorus-containing volatiles decreases. The flammability of the composites was investigated with LOI and UL 94 and the fire behaviour for forced-flaming conditions with cone calorimeter tests performed using different irradiations. The flame retardancy mechanisms are discussed. With increasing oxidation state of the phosphorus additional charring is observed, whereas the flame inhibition, which plays the more important role for the performance of the composites, decreases. The processing and the mechanical performance (delamination resistance, flexural properties and interlaminar bonding strength) of the fibre-reinforced composites containing phosphorus were maintained at a high level and, in some cases, even improved. The potential for optimising flame retardancy while maintaining mechanical properties is highlighted in this study.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">15831</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.polymer.2006.10.022</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0032-3861</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-2291</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">07.12.2006</enrichment>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>Aliaksandr Balabanovich</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>Uta Knoll</author>
    <author>J. Artner</author>
    <author>M. Ciesielski</author>
    <author>M. Döring</author>
    <author>R. Perez</author>
    <author>J.K.W. Sandler</author>
    <author>V. Altstädt</author>
    <author>T. Hoffmann</author>
    <author>D. Pospiech</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire retardant</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Composites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Organophosphorus-containing epoxy resin</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>14112</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2006</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>8347</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>8351</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>24</issue>
    <volume>41</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Science + Business Media B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>New York, USA</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Effective halogen-free flame retardancy for a monocomponent polyfunctional epoxy using an oligomeric organophosphorus compound</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Oligomeric organo-phosphorus flame retardants are proposed for a monocomponent polyfunctional epoxy resin system (RTM6) without significantly deteriorating the overall performance of the resulting material.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of materials science</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">15889</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s10853-006-1079-3</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0022-2461</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1573-4803</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">11.12.2006</enrichment>
    <author>R.M. Perez</author>
    <author>J.K.W. Sandler</author>
    <author>V. Altstädt</author>
    <author>T. Hoffmann</author>
    <author>D. Pospiech</author>
    <author>J. Artner</author>
    <author>M. Ciesielski</author>
    <author>M. Döring</author>
    <author>Aliaksandr Balabanovich</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DOPO</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Epoxy resin</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LOI</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>14515</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2007</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>778</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>790</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>48</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Novel phosphorus-modified polysulfone as a combined flame retardant and toughness modifier for epoxy resins</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A novel phosphorus-modified polysulfone (P-PSu) was employed as a combined toughness modifier and a source of flame retardancy for a DGEBA/DDS thermosetting system. In comparison to the results of a commercially available polysulfone (PSu), commonly used as a toughness modifier, the chemorheological changes during curing measured by means of temperature-modulated DSC revealed an earlier occurrence of mobility restrictions in the P-PSu-modified epoxy. A higher viscosity and secondary epoxy-modifier reactions induced a sooner vitrification of the reacting mixture; effects that effectively prevented any phase separation and morphology development in the resulting material during cure. Thus, only about a 20% increase in fracture toughness was observed in the epoxy modified with 20 wt.% of P-PSu, cured under standard conditions at 180 °C for 2 h. Blends of the phosphorus-modified and the standard polysulfone (PSu) were also prepared in various mixing ratios and were used to modify the same thermosetting system. Again, no evidence for phase separation of the P-PSu was found in the epoxy modified with the P-PSu/PSu blends cured under the selected experimental conditions. The particular microstructures formed upon curing these novel materials are attributed to a separation of PSu from a miscible P-PSuepoxy mixture. Nevertheless, the blends of P-PSu/PSu were found to be effective toughness/flame retardancy enhancers owing to the simultaneous microstructure development and polymer interpenetration.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">16316</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0032-3861</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-2291</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">07.02.2007</enrichment>
    <author>R.M. Perez</author>
    <author>J.K.W. Sandler</author>
    <author>V. Altstädt</author>
    <author>T. Hoffmann</author>
    <author>D. Pospiech</author>
    <author>M. Ciesielski</author>
    <author>M. Döring</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>Aliaksandr Balabanovich</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardants</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phosphorus-modified polysulfone</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fracture toughness</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>14573</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2007</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2260</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2269</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>4</issue>
    <volume>104</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley InterScience</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Hoboken, NJ</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Pyrolysis of Epoxy Resins and Fire Behavior of Epoxy Resin Composites Flame-Retarded with 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide Additives</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The pyrolysis of an epoxy resin and the fire behavior of corresponding carbon fiber-reinforced composites, both flame-retarded with either 10-ethyl-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide or 1,3,5-tris[2-(9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide-10-)ethyl]1, 3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione, are investigated. The different fire retardancy mechanisms are discussed, and their influence on the fire properties assessed, in particular for flammability (limiting oxygen index, UL 94) and developing fires (cone calorimeter with different external heat fluxes of 35, 50, and 70 kW m-2). Adding the flame retardants containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide affects the fire behavior by both condensed phase and gas phase mechanisms. Interactions between the additives and the epoxy resin result in a change in the decomposition pathways and an increased char formation. The release of phosphorous products results in significant flame inhibition. The fire properties achieved are thus interesting with respect to industrial exploration.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of applied polymer science</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">16382</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0021-8995</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1097-4628</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">08.03.2007</enrichment>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>Aliaksandr Balabanovich</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>Uta Knoll</author>
    <author>J. Artner</author>
    <author>M. Ciesielski</author>
    <author>M. Döring</author>
    <author>R. Perez</author>
    <author>J.K.W. Sandler</author>
    <author>V. Altstädt</author>
    <author>T. Hoffmann</author>
    <author>D. Pospiech</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermosets</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Composites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pyrolysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High performance polymers</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Epoxy resin</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>15071</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2007</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2744</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2759</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>5</issue>
    <volume>105</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley InterScience</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Hoboken, NJ</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Novel Phosphorus-containing Hardeners with Tailored Chemical Structures for Epoxy Resins: Synthesis and Cured Resin Properties</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A comparative evaluation of systematically tailored chemical structures of various phosphorus-containing aminic hardeners for epoxy resins was carried out. In particular, the effect of the oxidation state of the phosphorus in the hardener molecule on the curing behavior, the mechanical, thermomechanical, and hot-wet properties of a cured bifunctional bisphenol-A based thermoset is discussed. Particular attention is paid to the comparative pyrolysis of neat cured epoxy resins containing phosphine oxide, phosphinate, phosphonate, and phosphate (with a phosphorus content of about 2.6 wt %) and of the fire behavior of their corresponding carbon fiber-reinforced composites. Comparatively faster curing thermosetting system with an enhanced flame retardancy and adequate processing behavior can be formulated by taking advantage of the higher reactivity of the phosphorus-modified hardeners. For example, a combination of the high reactivity and of induced secondary crosslinking reactions leads to a comparatively high Tg when curing the epoxy using a substoichiometric amount of the phosphinate-based hardener. The overall mechanical performance of the materials cured with the phosphorus-containing hardeners is comparable to that of a 4,4-DDS-cured reference system. While the various phosphorus-containing hardeners in general provide the epoxy-based matrix with enhanced flame retardancy properties, it is the flame inhibition in the gas phase especially that determines the improvement in fire retardancy of carbon fiber-reinforced composites. In summary, the present study provides an important contribution towards developing a better understanding of the potential use of such phosphorus-containing compounds to provide the composite matrix with sufficient flame retardancy while simultaneously maintaining its overall mechanical performance on a suitable level.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of applied polymer science</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">16925</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0021-8995</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1097-4628</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">19.07.2007</enrichment>
    <author>R.M. Perez</author>
    <author>J.K.W. Sandler</author>
    <author>V. Altstädt</author>
    <author>T. Hoffmann</author>
    <author>D. Pospiech</author>
    <author>J. Artner</author>
    <author>M. Ciesielski</author>
    <author>M. Döring</author>
    <author>Aliaksandr Balabanovich</author>
    <author>Uta Knoll</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Organo-phosphorus compounds</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fracture toughness</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
