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  <doc>
    <id>64047</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
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    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
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    <title language="eng">Measurement and Testing Methods for Sensors in Hydrogen Technologies</title>
    <abstract language="eng">To ensure accurate results, it is advisable to conduct sensor testing under controlled conditions, focusing on identifying specific properties and quantifying performance criteria. The necessity of these evaluations lies in determining if a potentially beneficial sensor is a good fit for a specific application. Devices are typically factory-calibrated in according to ISO/IEC 17025, followed by testing/validation prior to intended use. Subsequent inspections/validations performance tests and long-term stability should be repeated in appropriate intervals.&#13;
&#13;
We present the testing and calibration validation of a hydrogen sensor intended for safety applications, using dynamic dilution of hydrogen into clean, dry air.&#13;
• Sensor testing for the determination of non-explosive gas mixture composition, response time and characteristic curves of gas sensors, gas measuring devices.&#13;
• Hydrogen mole fraction: 100 μmol/mol to &gt; 4.0 cmol/mol – (approximately equal to 0.1 Vol-% to &gt; 4.0 Vol-%)&#13;
• Humidity: frost-point temperatures in the range of -85 °C to 15 °C (equal to 0.2 μmol/mol to 17000 μmol/mol humidity mole fraction) at ambient pressure&#13;
• Sensor output provided directly in hydrogen volume percent, as defined by the factory calibration.&#13;
&#13;
The results obtained from the device under test demonstrate the effectiveness of the evaluated gas sensor in detecting and quantifying hydrogen. Its responses to different amounts of hydrogen in air and reliably returns to zero. To quantify the generated hydrogen mole fractions in situ and in operando, a process-GC-TCD-TCD system calibrated against our primary gas standards was used, ensuring the highest accuracy as a designated institute for primary gas standards.&#13;
This procedure provides a foundation for modern and efficient quality assurance of gas sensors.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">2025 IARIA Annual Congress on Frontiers in Science, Technology, Services, and Applications</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Venice, Italy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">06.07.2025</enrichment>
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    <author>Carlo Tiebe</author>
    <author>Mehmet E. Bayat</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sensor</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Quality</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Validation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Data analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reference procedure</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.6 Anorganische Referenzmaterialien und Gasanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Sensorik</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65505</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Towards a sensor-based methodology to determine online calorific values of H2-enriched natural gases in the grid</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The German National Hydrogen Strategy (NWS) envisions a transition towards a hydrogen-based energy grid. However, due to the material incompatibility of existing pipeline infrastructure for amounts of hydrogen higher than 10 cmol/mol, many system components of the existing grid must be replaced with significant costs and considerable time investments. Given these constraints, the admixture of hydrogen into natural gas (NG) to create a hydrogen-enriched NG blend has been designated as a transitional technology. The NWS supports this approach on a regional and time-limited basis, but clearly states that it is not intended as a permanent solution.&#13;
Nevertheless, the conversion to a fully hydrogen-based grid is expected to take several decades. During this transitional phase, precise process analytical monitoring of hydrogen amounts in the NG blend is essential to ensure both energy efficiency via calorific value control and operational safety. These procedures require cost-effective, robust, and reliable sensor technologies capable of real-time, in situ/on-site quantification of hydrogen amounts in NG.&#13;
In response to this need, we have advanced a physical sensing approach utilizing an oscillating cantilever in collaboration with Truedyne Sensor AG. This sensor system enables quantification of hydrogen amounts, direct calorific value determination as well as display of beneficial gas properties, like density, viscosity, and thermal conductivity. Moreover, the enhanced cantilever system enables direct physical sensing and can also be operated in a quasi-binary mode.&#13;
We performed comparative evaluations against two benchmark sensor systems to validate the developed technology. One utilizes chemical sensing, and the other operates on thermal conductivity measurements for hydrogen quantification. Through standardized testing, we demonstrated that the cantilever-based sensor offers both high effectiveness and competitive performance compared to current state-of-the-art technologies for accurate hydrogen detection in natural gas and precise determination of its calorific value.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Gas Analysis 2026</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Paris, France</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">27.01.2026</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">29.01.2026</enrichment>
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    <author>Mehmet E. Bayat</author>
    <author>C. Huber</author>
    <author>Heinrich Kipphardt</author>
    <author>Carlo Tiebe</author>
    <author>Carsten Engelhard</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Natural Gas</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sensor</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Calorific Value</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Grid</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.6 Anorganische Referenzmaterialien und Gasanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65541</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Advancing Traceability of Humidity Sensors for CO2-Based Applications Using Optical-Feedback Cavity-Enhanced Spectroscopy and Chilled Mirror Hygrometers</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Advancing Traceability of Humidity Sensors for CO₂-Based Applications Using Optical Feedback Cavity Enhanced Spectroscopy and Chilled Dew Point Hygrometers&#13;
Content : The volume fraction of humidity in gaseous feedstocks, intermediates, products, and carrier gases plays a critical role in numerous industrial processes. Two emerging areas of application are particularly noteworthy. On the one hand, there is a strategic shift towards replacing fluorinated inert gases of gas-insulated switchgear systems, and on the other hand, cost-effective humidity measurements are gaining importance in the carbon capture and storage (CCUS) applications. The accuracy of applied sensor-based systems in these contexts must be assessed with respect to the specified threshold value of the application. However, the reliability and reproducibility of the reading have to be assessed to prevent errors. Generally, humidity measurement in gaseous carbon dioxide is feasible; however, the chemical reactivity of water with CO₂ can cause significant matrix effects. If the ITS-Sonntag equation is considered to be valid in carbon dioxide, chilled mirror hygrometers can be applied for reference measurements. Further, spectroscopic methods, like optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (OFCEAS), can be applied, offering another robust reference method for determining humidity volume fractions. Here, we applied OFCEAS and a chilled mirror hygrometer for reference value determination. We verified the traceability of both instruments to our in-house gravimetric gas standards containing (100.69 ± 1.564) µmol/mol water in carbon dioxide. We further applied dynamic dilution with our in-house designed humidification unit to create sample gases that contained a volume fraction of (10 to 500) µmol/mol. In these gases, verified by OFCEAS and chilled mirror hygrometer, we conducted a measurement campaign to identify and characterize matrix effects on coulometric and capacitive sensors.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Gas Analysis 2026</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Paris, France</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">27.01.2026</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">29.01.2026</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
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    <author>Carlo Tiebe</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hygrometry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Humidity Sensor</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>OF-CEAS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chilled Mirror</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Optical-Feedback Cavity-Enhanced Spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.6 Anorganische Referenzmaterialien und Gasanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59230</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Sensoren und Analytik für Sicherheit und Prozesskontrolle in Wasserstofftechnologien</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Nutzung von Sensortechnologien, insbesondere im Bereich der Gasdetektion mit einem Schwerpunkt auf Wasserstoff, spielt eine entscheidende Rolle in verschiedenen Anwendungsbereichen der Wasserstofftechnologie. Sicherheitsüberwachung, Leckdetektion und Prozesskontrolle gehören zu den prominenten Anwendungsgebieten dieser Sensortechnologien. Ein zentrales Ziel ist die Erkennung von freigesetztem Wasserstoff sowie die genaue Bestimmung des Wasserstoff-Luftverhältnisses mithilfe von Gassensoren. Dies ist von entscheidender Bedeutung, um potenzielle Gefahren frühzeitig zu erkennen und angemessene Maßnahmen zu ergreifen.&#13;
&#13;
Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt dieses Beitrags liegt auf der Analytik und der Verwendung zertifizierter Referenzmaterialien in Verbindung mit Metrologie für die Wasserstoffspeicherung. Dies gewährleistet eine präzise und zuverlässige Charakterisierung von Wasserstoff und unterstützt die Entwicklung sicherer Speichertechnologien. Im Rahmen des Euramet-Vorhabens Metrology for Advanced Hydrogen Storage Solutions (MefHySto) wird eine Kurzvorstellung präsentiert. &#13;
&#13;
Der Vortrag stellt zwei zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren zum strukturellen Zustandsüberwachung (Structural Health Monitoring, SHM) für Wasserstofftechnologien vor. Insbesondere die Fehlstellenerkennung mittels geführter Ultraschallwellen spielt eine bedeutende Rolle bei der Lebensdauerüberwachung von Wasserstoffspeichern. Ein weiterer Aspekt ist die Anwendung faseroptischer Sensorik zur Schadensfrüherkennung von Wasserstoffspeichern. Diese zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren ermöglichen eine präzise und frühzeitige Identifizierung von Schäden, was die Sicherheit und Effizienz von Wasserstoffspeichersystemen entscheidend verbessert.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DVGW Kongress H2 Sicherheit</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">15.11.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Carlo Tiebe</author>
    <author>Björn Mieller</author>
    <author>Michael Maiwald</author>
    <author>Heinrich Kipphardt</author>
    <author>Dirk Tuma</author>
    <author>Jens Prager</author>
    <author>Marcus Schukar</author>
    <author>J. Strohhäcker</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2Safety@BAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gassensorik</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Metrologie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>zertifizierte Referenzmaterialien</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultraschall</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Faseroptik</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.4 Non-Target-Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5 Werkstofftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5.4 Multimateriale Fertigungsprozesse</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.4 Akustische und elektromagnetische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.6 Faseroptische Sensorik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64362</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>American Chemical Society (ACS)</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Trace-Level Ammonia–Water Interactions in Hydrogen: Challenges in Gas Purity Analysis Using Optical-Feedback Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (OF-CEAS)</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Ammonia is a critical impurity in hydrogen fuel due to its irreversible poisoning effect on proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Therefore, international standards (e.g., ISO 14687) set a stringent threshold of 100 nmol/mol. Furthermore, with the growing potential use of ammonia as a hydrogen carrier, its accurate quantification is becoming increasingly important. However, the presence of trace humidity poses analytical challenges, as ammonia may interact with water or interfaces, thereby affecting its detectability. Therefore, the goal of this work is to enable accurate trace ammonia quantification for hydrogen purity measurements through fundamental studies of the methodological challenges. Here, low-pressure sampling (ultra)long-path Optical-Feedback Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (OF-CEAS) was applied with an effective optical path length of approximately 6.17 km. We studied three average amounts of ammonia: (38.2 ± 0.8) nmol/mol, (74.8 ± 0.7) nmol/mol, and (112.1 ± 1.2) nmol/mol. Furthermore, these amounts were investigated at trace-humidity levels ranging from 0.8 to 8.5 ppmV. We observed a systematic, nonlinear, and humidity-dependent positive measurement bias of up to + (1.0 ± 0.2) nmol/mol at the maximum investigated trace-humidity volume fraction of 8.5 ppmV. This bias was not caused by spectral interference but rather by water-induced accumulation of ammonia within the optical cavity. Moreover, time-resolved measurements in the presence of trace ammonia showed that water desorption follows first-order kinetics, whereas water adsorption followed mixed-order kinetics with an apparent reaction order of 1.57 ± 0.03. Distinct hydration states of surface-bound ammonia were identified, whereas under dry conditions and with increasing amounts of ammonia, enhanced surface adhesion through intermolecular clustering was observed. In addition, the presence of ammonium species within the sorption layer was indirectly confirmed by our experiments. In conclusion, we provide a deeper insight into trace-level ammonia–water interactions and establish a framework for optimizing methodologies, particularly for (ultra)long-path optical gas measurement systems.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">ACS Measurement Science Au</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2694-250X</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.5c00105</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-643627</identifier>
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Au"],"DOI":"10.1021\/acsmeasuresciau.5c00105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T17:46:55Z","timestamp":1760377615000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trace-Level Ammonia\u2013Water Interactions in Hydrogen: Challenges in Gas Purity Analysis Using Optical-Feedback Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (OF-CEAS)"],"prefix":"10.1021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6883-4315","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mehmet Emin","family":"Bayat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und -pr\u00fcfung (BAM), Richard-Willst\u00e4tter-Str. 11, 12200 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biology, and Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio-)Technology (C\u03bc), University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Heinrich","family":"Kipphardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundesanstalt 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    <publisherPlace>Essen</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Sensorvalidierungen für die Sicherheit und Prozesskontrolle entlang der Wasserstoffwertschöpfungskette</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Nutzung von Sensortechnologien, insbesondere zur Gasdetektion von Wasserstoff, ist essenziell für die Sicherheit und Prozesskontrolle von Wasserstofftechnologien. Anwendungen umfassen Sicherheitsüberwachung, Leckdetektion und Prozesskontrolle. Ziel ist die frühzeitige Erkennung freigesetzten Wasserstoffs und die Bestimmung des Wasserstoff-Luftverhältnisses. Dies dient der Gefahrenprävention und der Einleitung geeigneter Maßnahmen, z. B. Alarme. Als wichtiger Prozessschritt im Sicherheits- bzw. Qualitätsmanagement zählt auch eine präzise Charakterisierung von Wasserstoffanteilen in Luft bzw. im Prozessstrom. unterstützt die frühzeitige Schadensdetektion und erhöht die Systemsicherheit.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">gwf Gas + Energie</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Carlo Tiebe</author>
    <author>Mehmet E. Bayat</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sensor</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Validierung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Referenzmaterial</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Referenzverfahren</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sensoren</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gaschromatographie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>GC</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.6 Anorganische Referenzmaterialien und Gasanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Sensorik</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64046</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Effect of Trace Humidity on Trace Ammonia Quantification</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen is receiving growing attention as a promising medium for energy storage and transportation. Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are a key technology for energy conversion from hydrogen. However, high purity hydrogen is required for this technology, as described in standards such as ISO 14687:2019. A critical impurity that impairs PEM efficiency is ammonia, for which a limit value of 100 nmol/mol applies. In addition, the maximum amount of humidity is specified with 5 µmol/mol. The presence of humidity in hydrogen at levels up to 50 times higher than ammonia raises the critical question of whether ammonia can still be quantified accurately in the lower nmol/mol range without interference from water. In addition, the general question arises as to whether the critical analyte, ammonia, can still be detected at all, given the expected surface effects at such amounts of trace humidity. In this work, we describe the influence of trace humidity on the surface behavior of adsorbed ammonia on stainless steel. Samples with ammonia at approximately 100 nmol/mol in hydrogen, with trace humidity levels ranging from 3 µmol/mol to 10 µmol/mol, were carefully prepared using dynamic mixing. Humidification was conducted using an advanced saturation method. These samples were investigated under atmospheric conditions using low pressure sampling Optical Feedback Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (OFCEAS). From the observed time-dependent signals, kinetics were determined and analyzed, yielding insights on the strength of the adsorption behavior of the analytes.</abstract>
    <identifier type="url">https://veranstaltungen.gdch.de/microsite/index.cfm?l=11713&amp;sp_id=2&amp;selSiteID=vplanner</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">ANAKON 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Leipzig, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.03.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">13.03.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Mehmet Bayat</author>
    <author>Heinrich Kipphardt</author>
    <author>Carlo Tiebe</author>
    <author>Carsten Engelhard</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>OF-CEAS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ammonia</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Water</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Humidity</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Kinetics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Adsorption</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.6 Anorganische Referenzmaterialien und Gasanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54136</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Prüf- und Messverfahren mit verschiedenen Sensortechnologien und Ultraschallwellen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Vortrag zum Mess- und Prüfverfahren mit verschiedenen Sensortechnologien und Ultraschallwellen beinhaltet die Themen:&#13;
Metrologie zur Wasserstoffspeicherung - Euramet-Vorhaben "MefHySto", &#13;
Erkennung von freigesetztem Wasserstoff sowie die Bestimmung des Wasserstoff-Luftverhälntisses mit Gassensoren, zerstörungsfreie Fehlstellenerkennung mit integriertem Zustandsüberwachungssystem basierend auf geführten Ultraschallwellen zur Lebensdauerüberwachung von Composite-Behältern (Wasserstoffspeicher) sowie faseroptische Sensorik zur Schadenfrüherkennung von Wasserstoffspeichern aufgrund erkennbarer Dehnungsänderungen an Druckbehältern.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DVGW Kongress H2 Sicherheit</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">28.09.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Carlo Tiebe</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Leckdetektion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Metrologie zur Wasserstoffspeicherung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gassensorik</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geführte Ultraschallwellen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Faseroptische Sensorik</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.4 Non-Target-Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.4 Akustische und elektromagnetische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.6 Faseroptische Sensorik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Sensorik</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63280</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Error prevention, damage prevention, and safety management in hydrogen technologies</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This tutorial presents requirements and properties of sensor systems and shows application examples of these technologies for safety and process control for hydrogen technologies. Sensor systems are widely used in hydrogen technologies. The focus is on gas sensors as well as sensors for pressure, temperature, and gas flow. These systems are applied, among other things, for monitoring and control of operating conditions, indication of hazardous conditions and triggering of alarms. To integrate the error avoidance and loss prevention strategy into hydrogen technologies. This includes the implementation of preventive measures as elements of safety management to identify and eliminate potential sources of error. In addition, training should be specifically focused on avoiding errors and the safe use of hydrogen technologies. A well-thought-out strategy for error prevention makes a significant contribution to preventing accidents and increasing overall safety when using hydrogen.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Sensor and Measurement Science International (SMSI)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Nuremberg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">06.05.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">08.05.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Carlo Tiebe</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety Management</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas Sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Performance Testing</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.4 Non-Target-Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Sensorik</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54138</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Beiträge der Prozessanalytik und Sensorik zur Sicherheit in Wasserstofftechnologien</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Intelligent sensor systems, certified reference materials and instrumental analytical-chemical methods contribute to safety and functionality in hydrogen technologies. &#13;
This article gives a brief overview of SensRef activities in the Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM on the issues: Analytical methods for the determination of hydrogen purity, certified reference materials as measurement standards with regard to gas quality (primary calibrators) of BAM, test methods for gas sensor systems to detect hydrogen in air as well as the application of fibre-optic sensor systems to monitor the expansion and ageing behaviour of composite containers in hydrogen technologies.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Berlin Brandenburger Optik-Tag "Einsatz von Sensorik und Mikroelektronik in der Wasserstoffwirtschaft"</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">29.11.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Carlo Tiebe</author>
    <author>Michael Maiwald</author>
    <author>Marcus Schukar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2Safety@BAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SensRef</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas purity</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fibre-optic sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sensor response</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Certified reference materials</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.4 Non-Target-Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.6 Faseroptische Sensorik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Sensorik</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65757</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>researchdata</type>
    <publisherName>Zenodo</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Geneva</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Raw data from: "An operando spectroscopic examination of the influence of trace humidity on interdigital back contact metal halide perovskite solar cells"</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Controlling trace humidity is vital for both the fabrication and long-term stability of metal halide perovskite (MHP) solar cells. Relevant humidity levels are typically below 10 ppmV, especially in glovebox-based processing and in well-encapsulated devices. Even minute amounts during fabrication can influence crystallization, introducing defects and lowering efficiency. Over time, humidity accelerates degradation of the perovskite layer and internal interfaces, ultimately reducing operational lifetime. Probing these effects at low concentrations under operando conditions is therefore essential for advancing device performance and durability. In this work, we employed a high-precision transfer standard dew point hygrometer to investigate humidity levels between 5 and 35 ppmV in non-encapsulated MHP solar cells. To permit unobstructed water migration during operation, we fabricated interdigital back contact devices. Operando measurements revealed water transport through the perovskite layer and enabled quantification of outgassing. Under trace-humidified conditions, devices exhibited initial charge-carrier quenching, followed by gradual recovery. Notably, the photocurrent response to humidified nitrogen demonstrated that the MHP layer behaves fully reversibly within the explored timescale and across the investigated humidity levels and conditions. These findings establish a systematic operando framework for examining extrinsic stressors in perovskites and highlight opportunities for assessing passivation strategies.</abstract>
    <identifier type="doi">10.5281/zenodo.18600851</identifier>
    <enrichment key="ScientificResourceTypeGeneral">Datensatz</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="ScientificGeolocation">Berlin</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="ScientificNote">Raw data of Figure 3 (https://doi.org/10.1039/D6TA01295G).</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="RelatedIdentifier">https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657560</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Mehmet Emin Bayat</author>
    <author>Edgar R. Nandayapa</author>
    <author>Carlo Tiebe</author>
    <author>Eva L. Unger</author>
    <author>Emil J. W. List-Kratochvil</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Metal halide perovskite</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.6 Anorganische Referenzmaterialien und Gasanalytik</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Forschungsdatensätze der BAM</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65756</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>16</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>The Royal Society of Chemistry</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>London</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">An operando spectroscopic examination of the influence of trace humidity on interdigital back contact metal halide perovskite solar cells</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Controlling trace humidity is vital for both the fabrication and long-term stability of metal halide perovskite (MHP) solar cells. Relevant humidity levels are typically below 10 ppmV, especially in glovebox-based processing and in well-encapsulated devices. Even minute amounts during fabrication can influence crystallization, introducing defects and lowering efficiency. Over time, humidity accelerates degradation of the perovskite layer and internal interfaces, ultimately reducing operational lifetime. Probing these effects at low concentrations under operando conditions is therefore essential for advancing device performance and durability. In this work, we employed a high-precision transfer standard dew point hygrometer to investigate humidity levels between 5 and 35 ppmV in non-encapsulated MHP solar cells. To permit unobstructed water migration during operation, we fabricated interdigital back contact devices. Operando measurements revealed water transport through the perovskite layer and enabled quantification of outgassing. Under trace-humidified conditions, devices exhibited initial charge-carrier quenching, followed by gradual recovery. Notably, the photocurrent response to humidified nitrogen demonstrated that the MHP layer behaves fully reversibly within the explored timescale and across the investigated humidity levels and conditions. These findings establish a systematic operando framework for examining extrinsic stressors in perovskites and highlight opportunities for assessing passivation strategies.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Materials Chemistry A</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1039/D6TA01295G</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657560</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2050-7496</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">07.04.2026</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Mehmet Emin Bayat</author>
    <author>Edgar R. Nandayapa</author>
    <author>Carlo Tiebe</author>
    <author>Eva L. Unger</author>
    <author>Emil J. W. List-Kratochvil</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Metal halide perovskite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>IBC solar cells</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>In operando</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Extrinsic stressors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fabrication and encapsulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Trace humidity</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Two-site Stern-Volmer</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Charge-carrier quenching</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.6 Anorganische Referenzmaterialien und Gasanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/65756/An_operando_spectroscopic_examination_IBC.pdf</file>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/65756/SI_An_operando_spectroscopic_examination.pdf</file>
  </doc>
</export-example>
