<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>59556</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>148</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>160</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>132</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Utilizing leather fibers from industrial wastes as bio-filler to improve flame retardancy in polypropylene</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Combining buffing leather fibers from industrial waste streams with ammonium polyphosphate and bentonite clay is proposed as a flame-retardant additive for polypropylene. The paper addresses how they can be processed into attractive composites with the desired mechanical properties. Buffing leather fibers function as a multifunctional bio-filler and as a synergist for the flame retardant, resulting in fire retardancy successful enough to increase the oxygen index (LOI) by up to 7 vol.-% and to achieve a V0 UL 94 classification. Impressively reduced heat release rates are obtained in the cone calorimeter at 50 kW/m2 irradiation; for instance, the maximum average rate heat evolved (MARHE) drops from 765 to below 200 kW m􀀀 2. The synergistic effects are quantified and shown to be very strong for LOI and MARHE. This work opens the door to use waste buffing leather fibers as a promising multifunctional and synergistic bio-filler.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1226-086X</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1876-794X</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jiec.2023.11.008</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">22.04.2024</enrichment>
    <author>G. Sanchez Olivares</author>
    <author>Daniel Rockel</author>
    <author>F. Calderas</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polypropylene</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Industrial waste</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Leather fibers</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bio-filler</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
