<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>30648</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2014</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>193</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>208</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>14</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>De Gruyter</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>[S.l.]</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>European Polymer Federation</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Competition in aluminium phosphinate-based halogen-free flame retardancy of poly(butylene terephthalate) and its glass-fibre composites</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Aluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi-Et) and inorganic aluminium phosphinate with resorcinol-bis(di-2,6-xylyl phosphate) (AlPi-H+RXP) were compared with each other as commercially available halogen-free flame retardants in poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) as well as in glass-fibre-reinforced PBT (PBT/GF). Pyrolysis behaviour and flame retardancy performance are reported in detail. AlPi-H+RXP released phosphine at very low temperatures, which can become a problem during processing. AlPi-Et provided better limiting oxygen index (LOI) values and UL 94 ratings for bulk and PBT/GF than AlPi-H+RXP. Both flame retardants acted via three different flame-retardancy mechanisms in bulk as well as in PBT/GF, namely, flame inhibition, increased amount of char, and a protection effect of the char. AlPi-Et was more efficient in decreasing the total heat evolved of PBT in the cone calorimeter test. AlPi-H+RXP reduced the peak heat release rate of PBT more efficiently than AlPi-Et. An optimum loading of AlPi-Et in PBT/GF was found, which was below the supplier's recommendation. This loading provides a maximum increase in LOI and a maximum decrease in total heat evolved.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">e-Polymers</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">33624</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1515/epoly-2014-0029</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1618-7229</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">08.05.2014</enrichment>
    <author>Sven Brehme</author>
    <author>T. Köppl</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>V. Altstädt</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aluminium phosphinate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Glass-fibre composite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Poly(butylene terephthalate)</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>23469</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2011</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>875</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>884</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>5</issue>
    <volume>96</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Applied Science Publ.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>London</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Phosphorus polyester versus aluminium phosphinate in poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT): Flame retardancy performance and mechanisms</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Pyrolysis and fire behaviour of a phosphorus polyester (PET-P-DOPO) have been investigated. The glycol ether of the hydroquinone derivative of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide was used as a reactive halogen-free flame retardant in PET-P-DOPO. PET-P-DOPO is proposed as an alternative to poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) with established halogen-free additives. It exhibits a high LOI (39.3%) and achieves V-0 classification in the UL 94 test. Three different mechanisms (flame inhibition, charring and a protection effect by the intumescent char) contribute to the flame retardancy in PET-P-DOPO and were quantified with respect to different fire risks. The fire load was reduced by 66% of the PBT characteristic. The reduction is the superposition of the relative reduction due to flame inhibition (factor 0.625) and charring (factor 0.545). The peak of heat release rate (pHRR) was reduced by 83% due to flame inhibition, charring and the protection properties of the char (factor 0.486). The strength of all three mechanisms is in the same order of magnitude. The intumescent multicellular structure enables the char to act as an efficient protection layer. PBT flame-retarded with aluminium diethylphosphinate was used as a benchmark to assess the performance of PET-P-DOPO absolutely, as well as versus the phosphorus content. PET-P-DOPO exhibits superior fire retardancy, in particular due to the additional prolongation of the time to ignition and increase in char yield. PET-P-DOPO is a promising alternative material for creating halogen-free flame-retarded polyesters.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer Degradation and Stability</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">26048</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.01.035</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0141-3910</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-2321</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">07.04.2011</enrichment>
    <author>Sven Brehme</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>Jürgen Goebbels</author>
    <author>O. Fischer</author>
    <author>D. Pospiech</author>
    <author>Y. Bykov</author>
    <author>M. Döring</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aluminium phosphinate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>26982</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2012</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2386</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2397</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>22</issue>
    <volume>213</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley-VCH Verl.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Weinheim</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Phosphorus polyester - an alternative to low-molecular-weight flame retardants in poly(butylene terephthalate)?</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Pyrolysis, fire behaviour and mechanical properties of a blend of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) with a phosphorus polyester (PET-P-DOPO) are investigated and compared with PBT/aluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi-Et) composites. The PBT/PET-P-DOPO is immiscible and exhibits gas-phase and condensed-phase activity, whereas AlPi-Et in PBT results mainly in flame inhibition. Only higher loadings of AlPi-Et yield significant condensed-phase activity. Using the same phosphorus content, PBT/PET-P-DOPO and PBT/AlPi-Et exhibit similar reductions in fire load (22%) and flame spread (17% assessed by fire growth rate, FIGRA), compared with PBT. In contrast to AlPi-Et, the addition of PET-P-DOPO does not decrease the tensile strength of PBT. Thus, PET-P-DOPO is an interesting alternative to low-molecular-weight flame retardants.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Macromolecular chemistry and physics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">29769</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/macp.201200072</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1022-1352</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1521-3935</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">15.11.2012</enrichment>
    <author>Sven Brehme</author>
    <author>T. Köppl</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>O. Fischer</author>
    <author>V. Altstädt</author>
    <author>D. Pospiech</author>
    <author>M. Döring</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aluminium phosphinate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Blends</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polyesters</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
