<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>33619</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2015</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1230</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1241</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>7</issue>
    <volume>36</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Society of Plastics Engineers</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Manchester, NH</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">The influence of layered, spherical, and tubular carbon nanomaterials' concentration on the flame retardancy of polypropylene</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The characteristic influences of increasing concentrations of graphene, expanded graphite (EG), carbon black (CB), and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) are investigated on pyrolysis, reaction to small flame, burning behavior, and on electrical, thermal, and rheological properties of flame retarded polypropylene (PP-FR). The property-concentration dependency is different for the various material properties, as threshold, linear, and leveling off functions were observed. Increasing concentrations of carbon nanoparticles resulted in a decrease in the electrical resistivity of the polymer by crossing the percolation threshold. The developing nanoparticle network changes melt flow behavior for small shear rates, increases thermal conductivity and therefore, affects the UL 94 classification and oxygen index. The onset temperature of PP decomposition is shifted to temperatures up to 37°C higher; the peak heat release rate is reduced by up to 74% compared to PP-FR. Both effects leveled off with increasing particle concentration. Among the four carbon nanomaterials tested, graphene presents superior influence on composite properties over the tested concentration range and outperforms commercial CB, MWNT, and EG. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:12301241, 2015.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer composites</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">36729</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/pc.23027</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0272-8397</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1548-0569</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">09.07.2015</enrichment>
    <author>Bettina Dittrich</author>
    <author>K.-A. Wartig</author>
    <author>D. Hofmann</author>
    <author>R. Mülhaupt</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Graphene</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Concentration dependency</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nanocomposite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Carbon nanomaterial</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>28637</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2013</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>9</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace>Wellesley, MA, USA</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>BCC Research</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Carbon black, multiwall nanotubes and graphene - promising approach to flame retarded nanocomposites?</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Carbon black (CB), multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT), expanded graphite, multilayer graphene and graphene were used and compared as adjuvant and flame retardants in nanocomposites with respect to different fire scenarios. During the anaerobic pyrolysis feeding the flame, the investigated carbon additives acted as inert fillers. They formed residual protective layers, reducing the peak heat release rate in particular. The efficiency of the protection layer was dependent on the particle dispersion within the nanocomposite. However, other nanocomposite properties also influence the complex fire behavior crucially, including viscosity, thermal conductivity and the depth of heat absorption. Induced flow limits influence the melt flow, dripping behavior and thus the flammability (reaction to small flame) monitored by OI and UL 94. Increased thermal conductivity and depth of heat absorption change the time to ignition. Structure-property relationships are described as a basis for deducing guidelines for future flame retarded carbon particle nanocomposites.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">24th Annual conference on recent advances in flame retardancy of polymeric materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">31505</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">1-56965-218-X</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">24th Annual conference on recent advances in flame retardancy of polymeric materials</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Stamford, NY, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.05.2013</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">22.05.2013</enrichment>
    <author>Bettina Dittrich</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>D. Hofmann</author>
    <author>K.-A. Wartig</author>
    <author>R. Mülhaupt</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Graphene</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Carbon nanoparticle</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nanocomposite</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>29817</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2013</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1322</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1334</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>12</issue>
    <volume>298</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley-VCH Verl.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Weinheim</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Functionalized graphene and carbon materials as additives for melt-extruded flame retardant polypropylene</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Functionalized graphene nanosheets TRGO and MLG 250, prepared from thermally reduced graphite oxide, represent attractive carbon additives for improving the performance of flame retardant polypropylene (PP-FR). The influence of carbon nanofiller type and content on morphology, thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties as well as the fire behavior of melt-extruded PP-FR is investigated. In contrast to conventional nano- and micron-sized carbon fillers such as expanded graphite (EG 40), nano-scaled carbon black (CB), and multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNT), only TRGO and MLG 250 afford uniform dispersion combined with simultaneously improved stiffness (+80%), electrical conductivity (3 × 10-5 S · cm-1) and enhanced flame retardancy of PP-FR, as expressed by lower peak heat release rate (-76%).</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Macromolecular materials and engineering</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">32751</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/mame.201200433</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1438-7492</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1439-2054</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">06.01.2014</enrichment>
    <author>D. Hofmann</author>
    <author>K.-A. Wartig</author>
    <author>R. Thomann</author>
    <author>Bettina Dittrich</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>R. Mülhaupt</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Extrusion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Graphene</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nanocomposite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polypropylene</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
