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    <title language="eng">Knowing the spectral directional emissivity of 316L and AlSi10Mg PBF-LB/M surfaces: Gamechanger for quantitative in situ monitoring</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For a deep process understanding of the laser powder bed fusion process (PBF-LB/M), recording of the occurring surface temperatures is of utmost interest and would help to pave the way for reliable process monitoring and quality assurance. A notable number of approaches for in-process monitoring of the PBF-LB/M process focus on the monitoring of thermal process signatures. However, due to the elaborate calibration effort and the lack of knowledge about the occurring spectral directional emissivity, only a few approaches attempt to measure real temperatures. In this study, to gain initial insights into occurring in the PBF-LB/M process, measurements on PBF-LB/M specimens and metal powder specimens were performed for higher temperatures up to T = 1290 °C by means of the emissivity measurement apparatus (EMMA) of the Center for Applied Energy Research (CAE, Wuerzburg, Germany). Also, measurements at ambient temperatures were performed with a suitable measurement setup. Two different materials—stainless steel 316L and aluminum AlSi10Mg—were examined. The investigated wavelength λ ranges from the visible range (λ-VIS= 0.40–0.75 µm) up to the infrared, λ = 20 µm. The influence of the following factors were investigated: azimuth angle φ, specimen temperature TS, surface texture as for PBF-LB/M surfaces with different scan angles α, and powder surfaces with different layer thicknesses t.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Progress in additive manufacturing</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40964-024-00665-2</identifier>
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A notable number of approaches for in-process monitoring of the PBF-LB\/M process focus on the monitoring of thermal process signatures. However, due to the elaborate calibration effort and the lack of knowledge about the occurring spectral directional emissivity &lt;jats:inline-formula&gt;&lt;jats:alternatives&gt;&lt;jats:tex-math&gt;$${{\\varepsilon }^{\\prime}}_{\\lambda }$$&lt;\/jats:tex-math&gt;&lt;mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"&gt;\n                &lt;mml:msub&gt;\n                  &lt;mml:mrow&gt;\n                    &lt;mml:msup&gt;\n                      &lt;mml:mrow&gt;\n                        &lt;mml:mi&gt;\u03b5&lt;\/mml:mi&gt;\n                      &lt;\/mml:mrow&gt;\n                      &lt;mml:mo&gt;\u2032&lt;\/mml:mo&gt;\n                    &lt;\/mml:msup&gt;\n                  &lt;\/mml:mrow&gt;\n                  &lt;mml:mi&gt;\u03bb&lt;\/mml:mi&gt;\n                &lt;\/mml:msub&gt;\n              &lt;\/mml:math&gt;&lt;\/jats:alternatives&gt;&lt;\/jats:inline-formula&gt;, only a few approaches attempt to measure real temperatures. In this study, to gain initial insights into &lt;jats:inline-formula&gt;&lt;jats:alternatives&gt;&lt;jats:tex-math&gt;$${{\\varepsilon }^{\\prime}}_{\\lambda }$$&lt;\/jats:tex-math&gt;&lt;mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"&gt;\n                &lt;mml:msub&gt;\n                  &lt;mml:mrow&gt;\n                    &lt;mml:msup&gt;\n                      &lt;mml:mrow&gt;\n                        &lt;mml:mi&gt;\u03b5&lt;\/mml:mi&gt;\n                      &lt;\/mml:mrow&gt;\n                      &lt;mml:mo&gt;\u2032&lt;\/mml:mo&gt;\n                    &lt;\/mml:msup&gt;\n                  &lt;\/mml:mrow&gt;\n                  &lt;mml:mi&gt;\u03bb&lt;\/mml:mi&gt;\n                &lt;\/mml:msub&gt;\n              &lt;\/mml:math&gt;&lt;\/jats:alternatives&gt;&lt;\/jats:inline-formula&gt; occurring in the PBF-LB\/M process, measurements on PBF-LB\/M specimens and metal powder specimens were performed for higher temperatures up to &lt;jats:italic&gt;T&lt;\/jats:italic&gt;\u2009=\u20091290\u00a0\u00b0C by means of the emissivity measurement apparatus (EMMA) of the Center for Applied Energy Research (CAE, Wuerzburg, Germany). Also, measurements at ambient temperatures were performed with a suitable measurement setup. Two different materials\u2014stainless steel 316L and aluminum AlSi10Mg\u2014were examined. The investigated wavelength &lt;jats:italic&gt;\u03bb&lt;\/jats:italic&gt; ranges from the visible range (&lt;jats:inline-formula&gt;&lt;jats:alternatives&gt;&lt;jats:tex-math&gt;$${\\lambda }_{VIS}$$&lt;\/jats:tex-math&gt;&lt;mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"&gt;\n                &lt;mml:msub&gt;\n                  &lt;mml:mi&gt;\u03bb&lt;\/mml:mi&gt;\n                  &lt;mml:mrow&gt;\n                    &lt;mml:mi&gt;VIS&lt;\/mml:mi&gt;\n                  &lt;\/mml:mrow&gt;\n                &lt;\/mml:msub&gt;\n              &lt;\/mml:math&gt;&lt;\/jats:alternatives&gt;&lt;\/jats:inline-formula&gt; = 0.40\u20130.75\u00a0\u00b5m) up to the infrared, &lt;jats:italic&gt;\u03bb&lt;\/jats:italic&gt;\u2009=\u200920\u00a0\u00b5m. 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    <author>Tina Becker</author>
    <author>T. Stark</author>
    <author>M. Arduini</author>
    <author>J. Manara</author>
    <author>Simon Altenburg</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>PBF-LB/M</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>In situ monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Emissivity</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
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