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    <title language="deu">A New Approach: Passive Smart Dust for Detection of Hazardous Substances</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Remote sensing of hazardous substances is a key task that can be achieved with the help of remotely operated platforms equipped with specific sensors. A huge variety of methods and used vehicles have been developed for different purposes in recent years. The term smart dust refers to a science fiction novel and develop shortly after into a research proposal at UC Berkley funded by DARPA. Subsequently, the topic gained attraction but was overall considered as to complex for the technologies available at that time. In the launched passive smart dust project, we shift to a simple “chemical intelligent” passive sensor particle on the ground combined a read-out active sensor attached to an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The reactive particle surface can be preadjusted in the lab for exact desired properties regarding certain reactions to hazardous substances.&#13;
Moreover, the aimed interaction with the active sensor can be modified. Planed applications allow for different materials e.g., for short time measurement, being ecologically degradable, or weather stable for long time monitoring.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">38th Danubia-Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics - Extended abstracts</parentTitle>
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    <author>Tino Nerger</author>
    <author>Patrick P. Neumann</author>
    <author>Michael G. Weller</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Smart Dust</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Drone</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Remote Detection</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hazardous substances</value>
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  <doc>
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    <title language="eng">Drone-Based Localization of Hazardous Chemicals by Passive Smart Dust</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The distribution of tiny sensors over a specific area was first proposed in the late 1990s as a concept known as Smart Dust. Several efforts focused primarily on computing and networking capabilities but quickly ran into problems related to power supply, cost, data transmission, and environmental pollution. To overcome these limitations, we propose using paper-based (confetti-like) chemosensors that exploit the inherent selectivity of chemical reagents, such as colorimetric indicators. In this work, cheap and biodegradable passive sensors made from cellulose could successfully indicate the presence of hazardous chemicals, e.g., strong acids, by a significant color change. A conventional color digital camera attached to a drone could easily detect this from a safe distance. The collected data was processed to define the hazardous area. Our work presents a combination of the smart dust concept, chemosensing, paper-based sensor technology, and low-cost drones for flexible, sensitive, economical, and rapid detection of hazardous chemicals in high-risk scenarios.</abstract>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Verteilung winziger Sensoren über ein bestimmtes Gebiet wurde erstmals Ende der 1990er Jahre als Konzept namens „Smart Dust“ vorgeschlagen. Mehrere Bemühungen konzentrierten sich hauptsächlich auf Rechen- und Netzwerkfähigkeiten, stießen jedoch schnell auf Probleme im Zusammenhang mit der Stromversorgung, den Kosten, der Datenübertragung und der Umweltverschmutzung. Um diese Einschränkungen zu überwinden, schlagen wir die Verwendung von papierbasierten (konfettiartigen) Chemosensoren vor, die die inhärente Selektivität chemischer Reagenzien, wie z. B. kolorimetrischer Indikatoren, nutzen. In dieser Arbeit konnten günstige und biologisch abbaubare passive Sensoren aus Zellulose erfolgreich das Vorhandensein gefährlicher Chemikalien, z.B. starker Säuren, durch eine deutliche Farbänderung anzeigen. Eine herkömmliche Farb-Digitalkamera, die an einer Drohne befestigt ist, konnte dies aus sicherer Entfernung leicht erkennen. Die gesammelten Daten wurden verarbeitet, um den Gefahrenbereich zu abzugrenzen. Unsere Arbeit stellt eine Kombination aus dem Smart-Dust-Konzept, Chemosensorik, papierbasierter Sensortechnologie und kostengünstigen Drohnen für eine flexible, empfindliche, wirtschaftliche und schnelle Erkennung gefährlicher Chemikalien in Hochrisikoszenarien dar.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Preprints.org</parentTitle>
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    <author>Tino Nerger</author>
    <author>Patrick P. Neumann</author>
    <author>Michael G. Weller</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Confetti</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Remote sensing</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Optical detection</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Chemosensor</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>pH indicator</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Paper-based sensors</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Harmful chemicals</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chemical desaster</value>
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    <title language="eng">Passive Smart Dust For Detection Of Hazardous Substances</title>
    <abstract language="eng">High demand for remote sensing of hazardous substances. Possible solution: Use of distributed, low cost, and environmentally safe particles as passive sensors that can be read out remotely&#13;
Chemical intelligence on the particle surface can be easily modified Particles enable optically quantifiable response and inference of target substances (also no maintenance or power supply required</abstract>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Remote Detection</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Colorchanging Particles</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Drone-based Localization of Hazardous Chemicals by Passive Smart Dust</title>
    <abstract language="eng">We introduce a passive smart dust concept as a novel solution for environmental monitoring. Utilizing chemical reagents like colorimetric indicators and other chemosensors, these particles detect varying environmental conditions. We developed paper-based sensors that are both cost-effective and eco-friendly. In practical tests, these sensors, dispersed over a designated area, successfully identified hazardous substances by changing their color when exposed to acids or bases. This color change was remotely detectable using a drone-mounted color camera. The data thus obtained was processed through specialized software, accurately pinpointing areas of contamination. This method proves the efficacy and scalability of passive smart dust technology for real-time, environmentally sustainable remote sensing of hazardous materials</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">2024 IEEE International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose (ISOEN) Proceedings</parentTitle>
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    <author>Tino Nerger</author>
    <author>Patrick P. Neumann</author>
    <author>Michael G. Weller</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Indicator</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Passive Smart Dust</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Colorimetric Sensor</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Drone</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cellulose</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Environmental Monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Confetti</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hazard Detection</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
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    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
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    <title language="eng">Passive Smart Dust a versatile low-cost sensor platform</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Coated cellulose particles as colourimetric passive sensors that are detected by the optical camera system of a drone. In this way, hazardous substances, e.g. acids, can be detected from a safe distance in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way.</abstract>
    <abstract language="deu">Beschichtete Zellulose Partikel als kolorimetrische passive Sensoren, die mittels optische Kamerasystem einer Drohne erfasst werden. Somit können Gefahrenstoffe, in ersten Versuchen zB Säuren aus sicherer Entfernung, kostengünstig und umweltverträglich detektiert werden.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">SMSI-2023-Proceedings</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.5162/SMSI2023/C5.3</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">SMSI 2023 Sensor and Measurement Science International</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Nuremberg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">08.05.2023</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Tino Nerger</author>
    <author>Patrick P. Neumann</author>
    <author>Michael G. Weller</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Passive Smart Dust</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Drone</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Colorimetric sensor particles</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Remote detection</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
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    <id>64109</id>
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    <pageFirst>26</pageFirst>
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    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>8</issue>
    <volume>2025</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>ecomed-Storck GmbH, Storck Verlag Hamburg</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Hamburg</publisherPlace>
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    <title language="deu">Aus sicherer Entfernung</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Da chemische Gefahrstoffe im Boden eine ernsthafte Bedrohung für Leben und Gesundheit darstellen, das Grundwasser kontaminieren und langfristige Umweltschäden verursachen können, ist ihre frühzeitige Erkennung von großer Bedeutung. Um solche Gefahrstoffe aus sicherer Entfernung detektieren zu können, wurde bei der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) im Rahmen eines Forschungsvorhabens seit Anfang 2022 an einem neuen Ansatz zur Erkennung und Überwachung chemischer Gefahrstoffe gearbeitet.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Gefährliche Ladung</parentTitle>
    <subTitle language="deu">das Magazin für die Gefahrgut-Logistik</subTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0016-5808</identifier>
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    <author>O. Sauter</author>
    <author>Patrick P. Neumann</author>
    <author>Tino Nerger</author>
    <author>Michael G. Weller</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cellulose</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Drohne</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Kolorimetrische Sensoren</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Passive Smart Dust</value>
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    <title language="eng">Drone-Based Localization of Hazardous Chemicals by Passive Smart Dust</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Rapid detection and localization of hazardous chemicals is crucial for environmental monitoring, occupational safety, and emergency response. This study presents a novel approach that combines drone technology with passive smart dust – biodegradable, paper-based chemical sensors – to remotely identify and map hazardous substances. In contrast to conventional smart dust concepts based on electronic microsensors with significant limitations in power supply, cost and environmental impact, this method uses cellulose-based, confetti-like sensors impregnated with colorimetric or fluorescent indicators. These sensors change color in response to chemical exposure, enabling simple optical detection from a distance.&#13;
&#13;
A drone equipped with a conventional digital camera takes pictures of the deployed sensors, which are then analyzed by automated image processing. The system converts images from the red-green-blue color model (RGB) into hue-saturation-value space (HSV) and applies threshold filters and clustering algorithms to increase the accuracy of identifying hazardous zones. Field tests using thymol blue as a pH-sensitive indicator have successfully demonstrated the system's ability to detect and locate acid spills in an outdoor environment. The results confirmed that low-cost, off-the-shelf drones can effectively monitor affected areas by providing real-time data for responders while minimizing human exposure to hazardous chemicals.&#13;
&#13;
This approach offers a fast, scalable, cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional hazard detection technologies. Other important advantages are the close proximity of the sensors to the contamination, the avoidance of downwash problems by the drone propellers and the generation of a dense mesh of data points. Since no complex electronic sensors are required and simple, biodegradable materials are used, the system is well suited for large-scale deployment in industrial accidents, environmental pollution and chemical disaster scenarios. Future research will investigate additional chemical indicators to expand detection capabilities, optimize sensor deployment, and refine data processing for greater accuracy. The passive smart dust system represents a new concept in remote chemical hazard monitoring and may have broad implications for accident response, environmental crime, facility security, and attacks with chemical weapons.</abstract>
    <abstract language="deu">Die schnelle Erkennung und Lokalisierung gefährlicher Chemikalien ist für die Umweltüberwachung, den Arbeitsschutz und den Katastrophenschutz von entscheidender Bedeutung. Diese Studie stellt einen neuartigen Ansatz vor, der Drohnen-Technologie mit Passivem Smart Dust – biologisch abbaubaren, papierbasierten chemischen Sensoren – kombiniert, um gefährliche Substanzen aus der Ferne zu identifizieren und zu kartieren. Im Gegensatz zu herkömmlichen Smart-Dust-Konzepten, die auf elektronischen Mikrosensoren mit erheblichen Einschränkungen bei der Stromversorgung, den Kosten und der Umweltbelastung basieren, verwendet diese Methode zellulosebasierte, konfetti-artige Sensoren, die mit kolorimetrischen oder fluoreszierenden Indikatoren imprägniert sind. Diese Sensoren ändern ihre Farbe bei Kontakt mit Chemikalien, sodass eine einfache optische Erkennung aus der Ferne möglich ist.&#13;
&#13;
Eine Drohne, die mit einer herkömmlichen Digitalkamera ausgestattet ist, nimmt Bilder der eingesetzten Sensoren auf, die dann durch automatisierte Bildverarbeitung analysiert werden. Das System konvertiert Bilder vom Rot-Grün-Blau-Farbmodell (RGB) in den Farbton-Sättigungs-Wert-Raum (HSV) und wendet Schwellenwertfilter und Clustering-Algorithmen an, um die Genauigkeit bei der Identifizierung gefährlicher Zonen zu erhöhen. Feldtests mit Thymolblau als pH-empfindlichem Indikator haben erfolgreich die Fähigkeit des Systems nachgewiesen, ausgelaufene Säure in Außenbereichen zu erkennen und zu lokalisieren. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen, dass kostengünstige, handelsübliche Drohnen betroffene Bereiche effektiv überwachen können, indem sie Einsatzkräften Echtzeitdaten liefern und gleichzeitig die Exposition von Menschen gegenüber gefährlichen Chemikalien minimieren.&#13;
&#13;
Dieser Ansatz bietet eine schnelle, skalierbare, kostengünstige und umweltfreundliche Alternative zu herkömmlichen Technologien zur Gefahrenerkennung. Weitere wichtige Vorteile sind die räumliche Nähe der Sensoren zur Kontamination, die Vermeidung von Abwindproblemen durch die Drohnenpropeller und die Erzeugung eines dichten Netzes von Datenpunkten. Da keine komplexen elektronischen Sensoren erforderlich sind und einfache, biologisch abbaubare Materialien verwendet werden, eignet sich das System gut für den großflächigen Einsatz bei Industrieunfällen, Umweltverschmutzung und chemischen Katastrophenszenarien. In zukünftigen Forschungsarbeiten sollen weitere chemische Indikatoren untersucht werden, um die Erkennungsmöglichkeiten zu erweitern, den Sensoreinsatz zu optimieren und die Datenverarbeitung für eine höhere Genauigkeit zu verfeinern. Das passive Smart-Dust-System stellt ein neues Konzept für die Fernüberwachung chemischer Gefahren dar und könnte weitreichende Auswirkungen auf die Unfallbekämpfung, Umweltkriminalität, Anlagensicherheit und Angriffe mit Chemiewaffen haben.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">39th Session of the Scientific Advisory Board of the OPCW</enrichment>
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    <author>Michael G. Weller</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Imaging</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Remote Sensing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chemosensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>CBRN Defence</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.5 Proteinanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Drone-Based Localization of Hazardous Chemicals by Passive Smart Dust</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The distribution of tiny sensors over a specific area was first proposed in the late 1990s as a concept known as smart dust. Several efforts focused primarily on computing and networking capabilities, but quickly ran into problems related to power supply, cost, data transmission, and environmental pollution. To overcome these limitations, we propose using paper-based (confetti-like) chemosensors that exploit the inherent selectivity of chemical reagents, such as colorimetric indicators. In this work, cheap and biodegradable passive sensors made from cellulose could successfully indicate the presence of hazardous chemicals, e.g., strong acids, by a significant color change. A conventional color digital camera attached to a drone could easily detect this from a safe distance. The collected data were processed to define the hazardous area. Our work presents a combination of the smart dust concept, chemosensing, paper-based sensor technology, and low-cost drones for flexible, sensitive, economical, and rapid detection of hazardous chemicals in high-risk scenarios.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Sensors</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/s24196195</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-614641</identifier>
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