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    <title language="eng">Laser-based building material sorting for the processing of construction and demolition waste for the circular economy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A joint project of partners from industry and research institutions for the research and construction of an analysis system for an automated, sensor-supported sorting of construction and demolition waste will be presented. This is intended to supplement or replace the previously practiced manual sorting, which harbors many risks and dangers for the staff and only enables obvious, visually detectable differences for separation. The method of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is to be used in combination with hyperspectral sensors. Due to the jointly processed information (data fusion), this should lead to a significant improvement in the separation of types. In addition to the sorting of different materials (concrete, main masonry building materials, organic components, glass, etc.), impurities such as SO3-containing building materials (gypsum, aerated concrete, etc.) could also be detected and separated. &#13;
&#13;
The subsequent recycling and sales opportunities are examined, such as the use of recycled aggregates in concrete, the recycling of building materials containing sulphate as a gypsum substitute for the cement industry or the agglomeration of synthetic lightweight aggregates for lightweight concrete or as a substrate for green roofs. At the same time, it is investigated whether soluble components (sulfates, heavy metals, etc.) can be detected by LIBS without a wet chemical analysis and what impact the recycling materials have on the environment.&#13;
&#13;
The entire value chain is examined using the example of the Berlin location in order to minimize economic / technological barriers and obstacles on a cluster level and to sustainably increase the recovery and recycling rates.</abstract>
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    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
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      <value>Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Building waste</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Circular economy</value>
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      <value>Material sorting</value>
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    <title language="eng">Application of LIBS to identify construction and demolition waste for circular economy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Responsible treatment of the environment and resources is a key element of sustainability. The building and construction industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources. Consequently, there is a particular need for regulations and technologies that help to create closed material cycles. From the technological point of view, such efforts are complicated by the growing material diversity and the amount of composites contained in present and future construction and demolition waste (CDW). Nowadays, simple but proven techniques like manual sorting are mainly used. However, this practice not only poses health risks and dangers to the staff performing the work, but also relies on merely obvious, visually striking differences. Automated, sensor-based sorting of these building materials could complement or replace this practice to improve processing speed, recycling rates, sorting quality, and prevailing health conditions. The preliminary results for the identification of a wide variety of building materials with LIBS are presented.</abstract>
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    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
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    <title language="eng">Sorting of construction and demolition waste by combining LIBS with NIR spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In a joint project of partners from industry and research, the automated recycling of construction and demolition waste (CDW) is investigated and tested by combing laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Joint processing of information (data fusion) is expected to significantly improve the sorting quality of various materials like concrete, main masonry building materials, organic components, etc., and may enable the detection and separation of impurities such as SO3-cotaining building materials (gypsum, aerated concrete, etc.). The project focuses primarily on the Berlin site to analyze the entire value chain, minimize economic/technological barriers and obstacles at the cluster level, and sustainably increase recovery and recycling rates. First measurements with LIBS and NIR spectroscopy show promising results in distinguishing various material types and indicate the potential for a successful combination. In addition, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy is being performed to obtain more information about the quantitative elemental composition of the different building materials. Future work will apply the developed sorting methodology in a fully automated measurement setup with CDW on a conveyor belt.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International Symposium Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering (NDTCE 2022)</parentTitle>
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    <author>Tim Klewe</author>
    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <author>J. Götz</author>
    <author>M. Landmann</author>
    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <author>Sabine Kruschwitz</author>
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      <value>LIBS</value>
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      <value>Circular economy</value>
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      <value>Recycling</value>
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    <title language="eng">Laser-based sorting of construction and demolition waste for the circular economy</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Closed material cycles and unmixed material fractions are required to achieve high recovery and recycling rates in the building industry. The growing diversity of construction and demolition waste is leading to increasing difficulties in separating the individual materials. Manual sorting involves many risks and dangers for the executing staff and is merely based on obvious, visually detectable differences for separation. An automated, sensor-based sorting of these building materials could complement or replace this practice to improve processing speed, recycling rates, sorting quality, and prevailing health conditions.&#13;
A joint project of partners from industry and research institutions approaches this task by investigating and testing the combination of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and visual (VIS)/ near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Joint processing of information (data fusion) is expected to significantly improve the sorting quality of various materials like concrete, main masonry building materials, organic components, etc., and may enable the detection and separation of impurities such as SO3-containing building materials (gypsum, aerated concrete, etc.). Focusing on Berlin as an example, the entire value chain will be analyzed to minimize economic/technological barriers and obstacles at the cluster level and to sustainably increase recovery and recycling rates.&#13;
First LIBS measurements show promising results in distinguishing various material types. A meaningful validation shall be achieved with further practical samples. Future works will investigate the combination of LIBS and VIS/NIR spectroscopy in a fully automated measurement setup with conveyor belt speeds of 3 m/s.</abstract>
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      <value>Circular economy</value>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Recycling</value>
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      <language>deu</language>
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    <title language="deu">Laserbasierte Baustoffsortierung zur Aufbereitung von Bau und Abbruchabfällen für die Kreislaufwirtschaft (LIBS ConSort)</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Geschlossene Materialkreisläufe und sortenreine Materialfraktionen sind erforderlich, um hohe Verwertungs und Recyclingquoten in der Bauindustrie zu erreichen Beim Recycling von Bau und Abbruchabfällen wurden bisher bevorzugt einfache, aber bewährte Techniken eingesetzt, um große Mengen Bauschutt in kurzer Zeit zu verarbeiten Dies steht im Gegensatz zu den immer komplexer werdenden Verbundwerkstoffen in der Mineralbaustoffindustrie Die aktuell oft praktizierte händische Klaubung bürgt viele Risiken und Gefahren für das ausführende Personal und basiert lediglich auf offensichtlichen, visuell erkennbaren Unterschieden zur Trennung Eine automatisierte, sensorgestützte Sortierung dieser Baustoffe könnte diese Praxis ergänzen oder ersetzen, um die Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit, die Recyclingraten, die Sortierqualität und die vorherrschenden Gesundheitsbedingungen zu verbessern.</abstract>
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    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
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    <title language="deu">LIBS ConSort Laserbasierte Baustoffsortierung zur Aufbereitung von Bau und Abbruchabfällen für die Kreislaufwirtschaft</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Geschlossene Materialkreisläufe und sortenreine Materialfraktionen sind erforderlich, um hohe Verwertungs und Recyclingquoten in der Bauindustrie zu erreichen Beim Recycling von Bau und Abbruchabfällen wurden bisher bevorzugt einfache, aber bewährte Techniken eingesetzt, um große Mengen Bauschutt in kurzer Zeit zu verarbeiten Dies steht im Gegensatz zu den immer komplexer werdenden Verbundwerkstoffen in der Mineralbaustoffindustrie Die aktuell oft praktizierte händische Klaubung bürgt viele Risiken und Gefahren für das ausführende Personal und basiert lediglich auf offensichtlichen, visuell erkennbaren Unterschieden zur Trennung Eine automatisierte, sensorgestützte Sortierung dieser Baustoffe könnte diese Praxis ergänzen oder ersetzen, um die Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit, die Recyclingraten, die Sortierqualität und die vorherrschenden Gesundheitsbedingungen zu verbessern.</abstract>
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    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
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    <title language="eng">Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy A Tool for Imaging the Chemical Composition of Concrete</title>
    <abstract language="deu">One of the most common causes of damage is the ingress of harmful ions into the concrete, which can lead to deterioration processes and affect structural performance. Therefore, the increasingly aging infrastructure is regularly inspected to assess durability. Regular chemical analysis can be useful to determine the extent and evolution of ion ingress and to intervene in a timely manner. This could prove more economical than extensive repairs for major damage, particularly for critical infrastructure. In addition to already established elemental analysis techniques in civil engineering such as potentiometric titration or X-ray fluorescence analysis, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) can provide further important complementary information and benefits. The possibilities of LIBS are demonstrated using the example of a drill core taken from a parking garage.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy – A Tool for Imaging the Chemical Composition of Concrete</title>
    <abstract language="eng">One of the most common causes of damage is the ingress of harmful ions into the concrete, which can lead to deterioration processes and affect structural performance. Therefore, the increasingly aging infrastructure is regularly inspected to assess durability. Regular chemical analysis can be useful to determine the extent and evolution of ion ingress and to intervene in a timely manner. This could prove more economical than extensive repairs for major damage, particularly for critical infrastructure. In addition to already established elemental analysis techniques in civil engineering such as potentiometric titration or X-ray fluorescence analysis, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) can provide further important complementary information and benefits. The possibilities of LIBS are demonstrated using the example of a drill core taken from a parking garage.</abstract>
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    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
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      <value>Concrete</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Chlorine</value>
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    <title language="eng">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to investigate the chemical composition of concrete</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a spectroscopic method for the analysis of the chemical composition of sample materials. Generally, the measurement of all elements of the periodic table is possible. In particular, light elements such as H, Li, Be, S, C, O, N and halogens can be measured. Calibration with matrix-matching standards allows the quantification of element concentrations. In combination with scanner systems, the two-dimensional element distribution can be determined. Even rough surfaces can be measured by online adjustment of the laser focus. LIBS can also be used on-site with mobile systems. Hand-held systems are available for point measurements.&#13;
Common applications include the investigation of material deterioration due to the ingress of harmful ions and their interaction in porous building materials. Due to the high spatial resolution of LIBS and the consideration of the heterogeneity of concrete, the determination of precise input parameters for simulation and modelling of the remaining lifetime of a structure is possible. In addition to the identification of materials, it is also possible to assess the composition for example of hardened concrete, which involves the cement or aggregate type used. Other important fields of application are the detection of environmentally hazardous elements or the material classification for sorting heterogeneous material waste streams during dismantling. Non-contact NDT for “difficult to assess” structures as an example application through safety glass or in combination with robotics and automation are also possible. &#13;
In this work, an overview of LIBS investigations on concrete is given based on exemplary laboratory and on-site applications.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the International Conference on Non-destructive Evaluation of Concrete in Nuclear Applications</parentTitle>
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    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <author>Tim Klewe</author>
    <author>Sabine Kruschwitz</author>
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      <value>Concrete</value>
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    <title language="eng">LIBS‐ConSort: Development of a sensor‐based sorting method for construction and demolition waste</title>
    <abstract language="eng">AbstractA joint project of partners from industry and research institutions approaches the challenge of construction and demolition waste (CDW) sorting by investigating and testing the combination of laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and visual imaging. Joint processing of information (data fusion) is expected to significantly improve the sorting quality of various materials like concrete, main masonry building materials, organic components, etc., and may enable the detection and separation of impurities such as SO3‐cotaining building materials (gypsum, aerated concrete, etc.)Focusing on Berlin as an example, the entire value chain will be analyzed to minimize economic / technological barriers and obstacles at the cluster level and to sustainably increase recovery and recycling rates.The objective of this paper is to present current progress and results of the test stand development combining LIBS with NIR spectroscopy and visual imaging. In the future, this laboratory prototype will serve as a fully automated measurement setup to allow real‐time classification of CDW on a conveyor belt.</abstract>
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    <author>Tim Klewe</author>
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    <title language="eng">Estimation of cement content in concrete by spatially resolved laser induced breakdown spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The cement content in concrete significantly influences critical properties such as durability, permeability, strength, and workability. Traditional methods for estimating the cement content face limitations. These include the need for comprehensive chemical and solubility knowledge, extensive sample preparation, and their time-consuming and destructive nature. This study investigates the application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as an alternative method. It involves probing concrete samples with high spatial resolution and analyzing the resultant spectra. The methodology is first tested on mesoscale concrete models to assess limitations and inherent errors. Subsequently, the methodology is applied to actual concrete samples with varying cement content and aggregate size distributions. The results demonstrate a promising accuracy, with an average relative error of approximately 8%. This paper offers a comprehensive evaluation of the method's advantages, limitations, and factors influencing its practical applicability in field conditions.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Cement and Concrete Research</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107714</identifier>
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    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <author>Friedrich Mensing</author>
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    <title language="eng">Estimation of cement content in concrete by spatially resolved laser induced breakdown spectroscopy – Dataset</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This dataset includes both simulated and raw measurement data as detailed in the journal paper [1]. File names follow the format SampleNo_Type, where SampleNo corresponds to the sample identifier listed in Table 1, and Type specifies the data type: either syn (synthetic) or exp (experimental). For experimental data, a slice index is appended to the file name in the format SampleNo_Type_Slice, identifying the specific subsample.&#13;
[1] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107714</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Concrete Analysis: Applications and Practical Benefits</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Reinforced concrete structures are exposed not only to mechanical loads but also to chemical degradation, which can significantly impact their longevity and performance. Effective assessment and maintenance require a detailed understanding of the ingress of harmful species, such as chlorides or sulfates. Traditional analysis methods, like wet chemical analysis of drill dust or ground core samples, often require homogenization leading to the loss of crucial spatial information in sub-millimeter regions such as localized high concentrations of elements, e.g. in cracks.&#13;
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) offers a cutting-edge solution, providing rapid, multi-element analysis with high spatial resolution from micrometer to millimeter scales. LIBS is capable of detecting both light and heavy elements, making it a powerful tool for detailed concrete analysis. Despite its clear advantages, LIBS is not commonly used in civil engineering.&#13;
This presentation will showcase practical examples demonstrating the effectiveness and advantages of LIBS in concrete analysis, highlighting real-world applications provided by members of the “LIBS” subcommittee of the technical committee “Civil-Engineering” of the German Society for Non-Destructive Testing (DGZfP). Key examples will be discussed, including measurements from car parks or bridges, alongside an introduction to the newly released DGZfP leaflet B14 providing guidelines for the quantitative determination of chlorine content in concrete by LIBS. Furthermore, prospective applications of LIBS including material identification and classification for concrete recycling, and other emerging uses in civil engineering, will also be presented, showcasing the versatility and future potential of this technology.</abstract>
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    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <subject>
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      <value>LIBS</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Concrete</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for the Chemical Investigation of Concrete—Status of Practical Application</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The assessment and maintenance of reinforced concrete structures depends largely on knowledge of the chloride content and chloride ingress. Common methods are the wet chemical analysis of drill dust or powder from ground drill core segments. However, due to the homogenization process, this approach often fails to detect locally elevated chloride levels. A state-of-the-art alternative method is laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), which offers rapid analysis and the possibility of detecting several chemical elements simultaneously. This method is particularly characterized by its ability to measure light elements such as hydrogen, carbon or sodium. The spatial resolution of LIBS is usually 0.25 mm but can be increased to 0.1 mm or less if required. BARG, is the first commercial building materials laboratory in Germany to use LIBS in practice. The current LIBS setup enables rapid, spatial quantification of the chlorine content and at the same time the creation of element maps that visually represent the distribution of essential elements in the concrete. This method can be used to localize areas of elevated chlorine content, particularly in cracks or near reinforcing bars. With the ability to analyze several elements simultaneously, LIBS can determine measurement points associated with the cement phase and, taking into account the water content, relate the measured contents directly to the cement mass. The detailed ingress profiles determined by LIBS provide essential data for the estimation of accurate chlorine diffusion coefficients, which are crucial for probabilistic lifetime predictions. The estimation of the carbon distribution enables the localization of carbonated regions and their effect on the chloride distribution. The possibility of quantitatively determining the sulfur distribution also indicates areas that are affected by a possible sulfate attack. The presentation uses practical examples to demonstrate the possibilities and advantages of the LIBS method. In addition, the newly published leaflet B14 of the German Society for Non-Destructive Testing (DGZfP) will be presented, which describes the use of LIBS for the quantitative determination of chloride content in concrete.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/978-3-031-75507-1_40</identifier>
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    <author>Dirk Dalichow</author>
    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Concrete</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chloride</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Repair</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Maintenance</value>
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    <title language="eng">Revolutionizing Concrete Analysis and Maintenance with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a valuable complement to established methods for the chemical analysis of concrete. Compared to conventional techniques, LIBS enables spatially resolved imaging of harmful ion distributions within the cementitious matrix. It allows the simultaneous detection of all relevant ions and degradation mechanisms, facilitating a better understanding of interacting processes. The benefits of multi-element analysis are illustrated through selected examples that highlight the method’s superior information content. Ion penetration profiles are recorded at a resolution of 0.25 mm, providing high-quality input data for service life modelling. Instead of drill dust, a 50 mm core sample is used. The measurement is automated, requires no chemical reagents or elaborate sample preparation, and is completed within minutes.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">e-Journal of Nondestructive Testing</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1435-4934</identifier>
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    <author>Dirk Dalichow</author>
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    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Durability</value>
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      <value>Ion transport profiling</value>
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      <value>Service life assessment</value>
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    <title language="eng">Test methods for chloride diffusivity of blended cement pastes: a review by RILEM TC 298-EBD</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) is an important part of the roadmap for reducing CO2 emissions and extending the service life of reinforced concrete structures. To accelerate the adoption of SCMs, the RILEM Technical Committee 298-EBD evaluates scaled-down cement paste test methods to assess the effect of SCM on resistance to chloride and sulfate ingress and reactivity, which are critical to concrete durability. This review focuses on methods for measuring chloride diffusivity and is divided into four sections: diffusivity models and parameters, diffusion test methods (including NMR and chloride measurements), migration test methods and implications for future research. Key insights highlight the complexities of multi-species ionic and molecular diffusion/migration, including various binding interactions, and compares the different measurement methodologies. The review also addresses the test scale and aggregate effects, noting the pros and cons of testing at the paste, mortar, and concrete scales. The review underscores the need for further investigation into testing protocols and the influence of SCM on chloride diffusion, emphasizing that comprehensive testing across different scales provides complementary information for assessing durability performance.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials and Structures</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1359-5997</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1617/s11527-025-02809-4</identifier>
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    <author>Neven Ukrainczyk</author>
    <author>Thomas Bernard</author>
    <author>Arezou Babaahmadi</author>
    <author>Liming Huang</author>
    <author>Christoph Zausinger</author>
    <author>Anthony Soive</author>
    <author>Stéphanie Bonnet</author>
    <author>Fabien Georget</author>
    <author>Maruša Mrak</author>
    <author>Sabina Dolenec</author>
    <author>Tobias Völker</author>
    <author>Prannoy Suraneni</author>
    <author>William Wilson</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chloride ingress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Diffusion tests</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Migration test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cement paste</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Concrete</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM)</value>
    </subject>
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    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>13</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
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    <title language="deu">Aktuelle Anwendungsbeispiele der laserinduzierten Plasmaspektroskopie in der Bauwerksdiagnostik</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Zustandsbewertung und Instandhaltung von Betonbauwerken erfordert zuverlässige und effiziente Analysemethoden, um komplexe Schadensmechanismen frühzeitig erkennen und fundiert bewerten zu können. Klassische chemisch-analytische Verfahren in der Betonanalytik liefern zwar präzise Ergebnisse bezogen auf die Probenmasse, sind jedoch mit erheblichem Laboraufwand verbunden, in ihrer räumlichen Auflösung durch die Probenahme begrenzt und hinsichtlich der Ergebnisinterpretation mit Unsicherheiten behaftet. Die laserinduzierte Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS) bietet hier ein hohes Potenzial als schnelle, bildgebende und weitgehend zerstörungsarme Alternative. In den vergangenen Jahren hat sich das Verfahren zunehmend in der Bauwerksdiagnostik etabliert und wird heute für ein breites Spektrum an Anwendungen eingesetzt. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der LIBS-Anwendungen und zeigt anhand ausgewählter Praxisbeispiele die Leistungsfähigkeit, den Mehrwert, die Grenzen und die zukünftigen Entwicklungsperspektiven des Verfahrens auf.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Beton- und Stahlbetonbau</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/best.70078</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1437-1006</identifier>
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    <author>Gerd Wilsch</author>
    <author>Dirk Dalichow</author>
    <author>Philipp Truffer</author>
    <author>Sabine Kruschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Spektroskopie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chemische Analyse</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Infrastruktur</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Bauwerksdiagnostik</value>
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