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    <title language="eng">Shear Band Formation with Split Hopkinson Bar Experiments</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The essence of dynamic failure is closely linked to dramatic shear deformations which often lead to the formation of adiabatic shear bands (ASB). Under high loading velocities and the subsequent rapid temperature increase, the localization of shear strain is crucial in view of safety issues of systems in mechanical and aircraft engineering, especially with respect to fast rotating components and diverse crash scenarios. In this research, we perform high speed impact tests at the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) setup and use particular hat-shaped specimen geometries that resemble the stresses and failure conditions at the component level.&#13;
In the first step, we specify a notched specimen geometry using finite element (FE) simulations to ensure pure shear. Further, quasi-static compressive tests and a series of impact tests at high strain rates of 10^3-10^4 s^-1 are conducted on specimens manufactured from a fine-grain structural steel with the properties of S355. Optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) of the sheared zones unveil significant localization to maximal shear strains of about 0.9 accompanied by grain refinement by factors 5 to 14. The displacements across the surface of the specimens are captured with subset-based local digital image correlation (DIC) during the impact time, and serve as an objective to validate a viscoplastic constitutive relationship. More precisely, the deformation distribution is accurately reproduced by the widely recognized Johnson-Cook (JC) model, which features an enhanced description of damage evolution. Thus, combining experimental and characterization techniques, continuum mechanics and reasonable optimization strategies for the identification of model parameters provides an efficient approach for comprehensive insights into the strain localization behaviour and its impact on the mechanical performance of S355 under extreme strain rates and deformations.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International Journal of Mechanical Sciences</parentTitle>
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    <author>Stefan Jentzsch</author>
    <author>Daniel Stock</author>
    <author>Ralf Häcker</author>
    <author>Birgit Skrotzki</author>
    <author>Reza Darvishi Kamachali</author>
    <author>Dietmar Klingbeil</author>
    <author>Vitaliy Kindrachuk</author>
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      <value>Viscoplastic material modelling</value>
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      <value>Split Hopkinson pressure bar</value>
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      <value>Hat-shaped specimen</value>
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    <title language="eng">Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) investigations of steel S355 specimens and complementary characterization methods</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The workbook SHPB_S355.xlsx contains in the main spreadsheet S355_TestOverview an overview on the S355 specimens, which were tested in Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) and complementary quasi-static (QS) tests. The tests were conducted with notched hat-shaped specimens without a notch offset (S355_TestOverview/column geometry: “no offset”) and a small notch offset of x=0.35 mm (S355_TestOverview/column geometry: “offset”), cf. Fig. 1 [1].  Furthermore, for selected specimens, links are provided to DIC and bar strain measurement files as well as to evaluations from further characterization methods (microhardness, EBSD). For the boundary conditions at the SHPB projectile impact, the pressures of the compressor p, driving the projectile, and the associated projectile impact velocities are provided in SHPB_S355.xlsx.&#13;
&#13;
The DIC displacement measurements are provided in FurtherMeasurements/DIC with frame output times in the file labels, which are associated with an imaginary trigger at the left end of the shortened incident bar (length 300 mm), which is considered within the SHPB simulation setup, see [1]. Furthermore, the DIC reference coordinate systems are provided as COS.jpg files in the respective DIC folders. &#13;
&#13;
Starting from the strain signals at the bars, captured by strain gauges at the incident (file name BC_Inc) and transmission bar (BC_Trans), displacement boundary conditions (which are provided for the tests in FurtherMeasurements/BarDisplBCs) are calculated by eq. (12) in [1], incorporating the acoustic velocity equal to 4639 m/s at the bars and a correction factor. Fig. 1 shows the shear specimen geometry (lengths in mm) with the offset of the notches x.&#13;
&#13;
For the quasi-static tests force(displacements)-values are directly provided in FurtherMeasurements/Fu_curves, which are considered from the relative displacements of the specimens, evaluated by DIC.&#13;
&#13;
The Vickers microhardness (HV 0.01) distribution across the shear localization zone was assessed by QNESS 60A+ EVO (DIN EN ISO 6507-1) for quasi-statically and dynamically tested specimens, applying the small notch offset, such that the specimens did not fail in the localization region. Therefore, raw data is provided in FurtherMeasurements/Microhardness. For fitting the microhardness distribution perpendicularly to the shear bands (as i.e. provided for the SHPB specimen in [1]), representative microhardness profiles were considered. Similarly for specimens with the small notch offset, EBSD data on dynamic and quasi-static tests is provided in FurtherMeasurements/EBSD. The grain size distributions for positions at the notch and the undeformed region are included in the subdirectory ./GrainLists_Shortened and EBSD images in the PowerPoint Presentations. Further information as the sizes and misorientations of the single grains, is incorporated in the subfolders  ./GrainLists_FurtherInf.</abstract>
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    <author>Stefan Jentzsch</author>
    <author>Daniel Stock</author>
    <author>Ralf Häcker</author>
    <author>Birgit Skrotzki</author>
    <author>Reza Darvishi Kamachali</author>
    <author>Dietmar Klingbeil</author>
    <author>Vitaliy Kindrachuk</author>
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