<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>25253</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2012</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>9</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>18</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <volume>124</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley InterScience</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Hoboken, NJ</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Structure-property relationships of halogen-free flame-retarded poly(butylene terephthalate) and glass fiber reinforced PBT</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Flame retardancy for thermoplastics is a challenging task where chemists and engineers work together to find solutions to improve the burning behavior without strongly influencing other key properties of the material. In this work, the halogen-free additives aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi-Et) and a mixture of aluminum phosphinate (AlPi) and resorcinol-bis(di-2,6-xylyl phosphate) (AlPi-H + RXP) are employed in neat and reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), and the morphology, mechanical performance, rheological behavior, and flammability of these materials are compared. Both additives show submicron dimensions but differ in terms of particle and agglomerate sizes und shapes. The overall mechanical performance of the PBT flame-retarded with AlPi-Et is lower than that with AlPi-H-RXP, due to the presence of larger agglomerates. Moreover, the flow behavior of the AlPi-Et/PBT materials is dramatically changed as the larger rod-like primary particles build a percolation threshold. In terms of flammability, both additives perform similar in the UL 94 test and under forced-flaming combustion. Nevertheless, AlPi-Et performs better than AlPi-H + RXP in the LOI test. The concentration required to achieve acceptable flame retardancy ranges above 15 wt %.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of applied polymer science</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">27961</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/app.34910</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0021-8995</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1097-4628</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.01.2012</enrichment>
    <author>T. Köppl</author>
    <author>Sven Brehme</author>
    <author>F. Wolff-Fabris</author>
    <author>V. Altstädt</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>M. Döring</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polyesters</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fibers</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Morphology</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Structureproperty relations</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardance</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>26982</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2012</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2386</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2397</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>22</issue>
    <volume>213</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley-VCH Verl.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Weinheim</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Phosphorus polyester - an alternative to low-molecular-weight flame retardants in poly(butylene terephthalate)?</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Pyrolysis, fire behaviour and mechanical properties of a blend of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) with a phosphorus polyester (PET-P-DOPO) are investigated and compared with PBT/aluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi-Et) composites. The PBT/PET-P-DOPO is immiscible and exhibits gas-phase and condensed-phase activity, whereas AlPi-Et in PBT results mainly in flame inhibition. Only higher loadings of AlPi-Et yield significant condensed-phase activity. Using the same phosphorus content, PBT/PET-P-DOPO and PBT/AlPi-Et exhibit similar reductions in fire load (22%) and flame spread (17% assessed by fire growth rate, FIGRA), compared with PBT. In contrast to AlPi-Et, the addition of PET-P-DOPO does not decrease the tensile strength of PBT. Thus, PET-P-DOPO is an interesting alternative to low-molecular-weight flame retardants.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Macromolecular chemistry and physics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">29769</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/macp.201200072</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1022-1352</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1521-3935</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">15.11.2012</enrichment>
    <author>Sven Brehme</author>
    <author>T. Köppl</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>O. Fischer</author>
    <author>V. Altstädt</author>
    <author>D. Pospiech</author>
    <author>M. Döring</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aluminium phosphinate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Blends</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polyesters</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>27957</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2013</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>3315</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>3324</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>5</issue>
    <volume>128</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley InterScience</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Hoboken, NJ</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of polymeric flame retardants based on phosphorus-containing polyesters on morphology and material characteristics of poly(butylene terephthalate)</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Flame retarded poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) is required for electronic applications and is mostly achieved by low molar mass additives so far. Three phosphorus-containing polyesters are suggested as halogen-free and polymeric flame retardants for PBT. Flame retardancy was achieved according to cone calorimeter experiments showing that the peak heat release rate and total heat evolved were reduced because of flame inhibition and condensed-phase activity. The presented polymers containing derivatives of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide form immiscible blend systems with PBT. Shear-rheology shows an increase in storage moduli at low frequencies. This is proposed as quantitative measure for the degree of phase interaction. The phase structure of the blends depends on the chemical structure of the phosphorus polyester and was quite different, depending also on the viscosity ratio between matrix and second phase. A lower viscosity ratio leads to two types of phases with spherical and additionally continuous droplets. Addition of the flame retardants showed no influence on the dielectric properties but on the mechanical behavior. The polymeric flame retardants significantly diminish the impact strength because of several reasons: (1) high brittleness of the phosphorus polyesters themselves, (2) thermodynamic immiscibility, and (3) weak phase adhesion. By adding a copolymer consisting of the two base polymers to the blend, an improvement of impact strength was obtained. The copolymer particularly acts as compatibilizer between the phases and therefore leads to a smaller phase size and to a stronger phase adhesion due to the formation of fibrils.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of applied polymer science</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">30799</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/app.38520</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0021-8995</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1097-4628</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">08.04.2013</enrichment>
    <author>T. Köppl</author>
    <author>Sven Brehme</author>
    <author>D. Pospiech</author>
    <author>O. Fischer</author>
    <author>F. Wolff-Fabris</author>
    <author>V. Altstädt</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>M. Döring</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polyesters</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Blends</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Miscibility</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rheology</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardance</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65673</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>410</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>430</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>32</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley Periodicals LLC.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Flame Retardant Polyolefins Using Fibers From Leather Waste: Adjusting Extrusion Variables to Balance the Property Profile</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The extrusion processing variables represent a key to the optimal use of additives and thus the development of flame-retardant polymer composites. Adjusting the property profile, for example, finding a balance between flame retardancy and mechanical properties is the main challenge. In this work, the effect of blending temperature and rotational speed on physico-mechanical properties and fire behavior of polyolefin composites was investigated. High-density polyethylene or polypropylene was used as polymer matrices; the polymers were compounded by the extrusion process using industrial-waste leather fibers as flame retardant adjuvant and commercial flame-retardant additives. A detailed rheological analysis highlighted different viscoelastic behavior, that is, a predominant elastic or viscous one. The effect of the extrusion processing variables was also investigated on the morphology, mechanical properties, thermal decomposition, fire behavior under forced flaming combustion and flammability. Important improvements were revealed with respect to using only high loading of flame retardants. For high-density polyethylene-based composites, impact resistance and elongation at break increased 8 and 7.5 times, respectively. The total heat evolved (87MJ/m2), effective heat of combustion (31.6MJ/kg), flame retardancy (UL 94 rating) results were comparable with the reference sample. Meanwhile for polypropylene composites, the impact resistance increased 2.2 times and the flame retardancy was improved from no rating in the UL 94 vertical test to V-0 rating. Tailored processing was highlighted as an autonomous and powerful approach to achieve balanced and demanding properties.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Vinyl &amp; Additive Technology</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1548-0585</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1083-5601</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/vnl.70048</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656732</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">16.03.2026</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Guadalupe Sanchez-Olivares</author>
    <author>Sven Brehme</author>
    <author>F. Calderas</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biomaterials</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Composites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Extrusion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Leather waste</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polyolefins</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Circular Economy</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/65673/26vinyladditivetechnol.pdf</file>
  </doc>
</export-example>
