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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
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    <title language="eng">Implementation and validation of robot-enabled embedded sensors for structural health monitoring</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In the past decades, structural health monitoring (SHM) has matured into a viable supplement to regular inspections, facilitating the execution of repair and maintenance work in the early stages of structural damage. With the advent of wireless technologies and advancements in information and communication technologies, civil infrastructure has been increasingly instrumented with wireless sensor nodes to record, analyze, and communicate data relevant to SHM. A promising method for SHM is to embed sensors directly into concrete for recording SHM data from inside structural elements. In this paper, a sensor system for embedment into concrete is proposed, able to assess SHM data recorded from concrete. Power is supplied to the sensors on-demand by quadruped robots, which also collect the SHM data via radio-frequency identification (RFID), providing an automated and efficient SHM process. In laboratory experiments, the capability of the sensor system of automatically collecting the SHM data using quadruped robots is validated. In summary, the integration of RFID technology and robot-based inspection presented in this study demonstrates a vital approach to evolve current SHM practices towards more digitalized and automated SHM.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">11th European Workshop On Structural Health Monitoring</parentTitle>
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    <author>Sergej Johann</author>
    <author>Jan Stührenberg</author>
    <author>Aditya Tandon</author>
    <author>Kosmas Dragos</author>
    <author>Matthias Bartholmai</author>
    <author>Christoph Strangfeld</author>
    <author>Kay Smarsly</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Structural health monitoring</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
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      <value>Smart sensors</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Embedded sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Legged robots</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Quadruped robots</value>
    </subject>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
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    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">RFID sensor systems embedded in concrete – validation experiments for long-term monitoring</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is an important part of buildings surveillance and maintenance to detect material failure as early as possible and to contribute in protection of structures and their users. &#13;
The implementation of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensor systems without cable connection and battery into building components offers innovative possibilities to enable long-term in-situ SHM of addressed structures, bridges. The objectives of the presented study are complete embedding of RFID sensors systems in concrete, full passive communication with the systems, at best for the whole life span of structures. One challenge for this task is the highly alkaline environment in concrete, which requires non-degrading and robust encapsulation. Further Requirements are passive communication and energy supply, appropriate antenna design, placement and fixation in concrete, and the selection and implementation of sensors and connections. The concept is to develop and optimize a simple and robust system, which meets the requirements, as well as comprehensive validation in concrete specimen and real world applications. Two different systems were developed (HF and UHF RFID, respectively). &#13;
First tasks were the implementation of analog sensors using the superposition principle for the signal adaption. Investigation of suitable materials for robust encapsulation and sensor protection against basic environments. &#13;
Four materials were investigated in pH 13 solution for 14 days &#13;
 - 3D-Printer-Polymer was completely resolved &#13;
 - PVC has no noticeable decrease in weight &#13;
 - (VitaPro) glass filter for the sensor protector, has weight loss 2.7 % &#13;
 - The epoxy resin has increased by 1.8 % due to moisture expansion &#13;
Different concrete samples were prepared for the validation of the systems. &#13;
RFID sensors were embedded in different integration depths. Investigate the energy- and data transfer through concrete, also with varying moisture content. Additionally, signal strength data was used to optimize and validate the antenna characteristics in concrete. Next steps are to guarantee a sufficient energy supply for UHF RFID systems embedded in different concrete mixtures and further embedding the HF and UHF RFID systems in real bridges and buildings to validate the long term monitoring.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2017</enrichment>
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    <author>Matthias Bartholmai</author>
    <author>Sergej Johann</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>RFID sensors</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Long-term requirements</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Structural health monitoring</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Passive RFID</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sensor requirements</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sensors in concrete</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Smart structures</value>
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    <issue>9</issue>
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    <publisherPlace>Kirchwald</publisherPlace>
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    <title language="eng">RFID sensor systems embedded in concrete – validation experiments for long-term monitoring</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is an important part of buildings surveillance and maintenance to detect material failure as early as possible and to contribute in protection of structures and their users. &#13;
The implementation of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensor systems without cable connection and battery into building components offers innovative possibilities to enable long-term in-situ SHM of addressed structures, bridges. The objectives of the presented study are complete embedding of RFID sensors systems in concrete, full passive communication with the systems, at best for the whole life span of structures. One challenge for this task is the highly alkaline environment in concrete, which requires non-degrading and robust encapsulation. Further Requirements are passive communication and energy supply, appropriate antenna design, placement and fixation in concrete, and the selection and implementation of sensors and connections. The concept is to develop and optimize a simple and robust system, which meets the requirements, as well as comprehensive validation in concrete specimen and real world applications. Two different systems were developed (HF and UHF RFID, respectively). &#13;
First tasks were the implementation of analog sensors using the superposition principle for the signal adaption. Investigation of suitable materials for robust encapsulation and sensor protection against basic environments. &#13;
Four materials were investigated in pH 13 solution for 14 days &#13;
 - 3D-Printer-Polymer was completely resolved &#13;
 - PVC has no noticeable decrease in weight &#13;
 - (VitaPro) glass filter for the sensor protector, has weight loss 2.7 % &#13;
 - The epoxy resin has increased by 1.8 % due to moisture expansion &#13;
Different concrete samples were prepared for the validation of the systems. &#13;
RFID sensors were embedded in different integration depths. Investigate the energy- and data transfer through concrete, also with varying moisture content. Additionally, signal strength data was used to optimize and validate the antenna characteristics in concrete. Next steps are to guarantee a sufficient energy supply for UHF RFID systems embedded in different concrete mixtures and further embedding the HF and UHF RFID systems in real bridges and buildings to validate the long term monitoring.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">The e-journal of nondestructive testing &amp; ultrasonics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1435-4934</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-403496</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="eventName">DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2017</enrichment>
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    <author>Sergej Johann</author>
    <author>Christoph Strangfeld</author>
    <author>Maximilian Müller</author>
    <author>Björn Mieller</author>
    <author>Matthias Bartholmai</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Smart structures</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Long-term requirements</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Structural health monitoring</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Passive RFID</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sensor requirements</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sensors in concrete</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/40349/Manuskript_Johann_final.pdf</file>
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  <doc>
    <id>41833</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>Artikel 8, 1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>7</pageLast>
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    <edition/>
    <issue>9</issue>
    <volume>22</volume>
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    <publisherName>NDT.net</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Bad Breisig</publisherPlace>
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    <title language="eng">RFID sensor systems embedded in concrete  –  Validation experiments for long-term monitoring</title>
    <title language="deu">RFID Sensorsysteme eingebettet in Beton – Validierungsexperimente&#13;
zum Langzeitmonitoring</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is an important part of buildings surveillance and maintenance to detect material failure as early as possible and to contribute in protection of structures and their users. &#13;
The implementation of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensor systems without cable connection and battery into building components offers innovative possibilities to enable long-term in-situ SHM of addressed structures, bridges. The objectives of the presented study are complete embedding of RFID sensors systems in concrete, full passive communication with the systems, at best for the whole life span of structures. One challenge for this task is the highly alkaline environment in concrete, which requires non-degrading and robust encapsulation. Further Requirements are passive communication and energy supply, appropriate antenna design, placement and fixation in concrete, and the selection and implementation of sensors and connections. The concept is to develop and optimize a simple and robust system, which meets the requirements, as well as comprehensive validation in concrete specimen and real world applications. Two different systems were developed (HF and UHF RFID, respectively). &#13;
First tasks were the implementation of analog sensors using the superposition principle for the signal adaption. Investigation of suitable materials for robust encapsulation and sensor protection against basic environments.&#13;
Four materials were investigated in pH13 solution for 14 days - 3D-Printer-Polymer was completely resolved - PVC has no noticeable decrease in weight - (VitaPro) glass filter for the sensor protector, has weight loss 2.7% - The epoxy resin has increased by 1.8% due to moisture expansion Different concrete samples were prepared for the validation of the systems. RFID sensors were embedded in different integration depths. Investigate the energy- and data transfer through concrete, also with varying moisture content. Additionally, signal strength data was used to optimize and validate the antenna characteristics in concrete. Next steps are to guarantee a sufficient energy supply for UHF RFID systems embedded in different concrete mixtures and further embedding the HF and UHF RFID systems in real bridges and buildings to validate the long term monitoring.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">The e-journal of nondestructive testing &amp; ultrasonics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="url">http://www.ndt.net/?id=21499</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1435-4934</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-418331</identifier>
    <licence>Creative Commons - Namensnennung - Keine Bearbeitung 3.0</licence>
    <author>Sergej Johann</author>
    <author>Christoph Strangfeld</author>
    <author>Maximilian Müller</author>
    <author>Björn Mieller</author>
    <author>Matthias Bartholmai</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>RFID sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Structural health monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sensors in concrete</value>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Smart structures</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Sensor requirements</value>
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  <doc>
    <id>48790</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
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    <title language="eng">KonSens - RFID embedded² systems in concrete – validation experiments</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is an important part of buildings surveillance and maintenance to detect material failure as early as possible and to contribute in protection of structures and their users. &#13;
The implementation of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensor systems without cable connection and battery into building components offers innovative possibilities to enable long-term in-situ SHM of addressed structures, bridges. The objectives of the presented study are complete embedding of RFID sensors systems in concrete, full passive communication with the systems, at best for the whole life span of structures. One challenge for this task is the highly alkaline environment in concrete, which requires non-degrading and robust encapsulation. Further Requirements are passive communication and energy supply, appropriate antenna design, placement and fixation in concrete, and the selection and implementation of sensors and connections. The concept is to develop and optimize a simple and robust system, which meets the requirements, as well as comprehensive validation in concrete specimen and real world applications. Two different systems were developed (HF and UHF RFID, respectively). &#13;
First tasks were the implementation of analog sensors using the superposition principle for the signal adaption. Investigation of suitable materials for robust encapsulation and sensor protection against basic environments. &#13;
Four materials were investigated in pH 13 solution for 14 days &#13;
 - 3D-Printer-Polymer was completely resolved &#13;
 - PVC has no noticeable decrease in weight &#13;
 - (VitaPro) glass filter for the sensor protector, has weight loss 2.7 % &#13;
 - The epoxy resin has increased by 1.8 % due to moisture expansion &#13;
Different concrete samples were prepared for the validation of the systems. &#13;
RFID sensors were embedded in different integration depths. Investigate the energy- and data transfer through concrete, also with varying moisture content. Additionally, signal strength data was used to optimize and validate the antenna characteristics in concrete. Next steps are to guarantee a sufficient energy supply for UHF RFID systems embedded in different concrete mixtures and further embedding the HF and UHF RFID systems in real bridges and buildings to validate the long term monitoring.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">5th International Conference on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures (SMAR 2019)</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="eventStart">27.08.2019</enrichment>
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    <author>Matthias Bartholmai</author>
    <author>Sergej Johann</author>
    <author>Cheng-Chieh Wu</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Passive RFID</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>RFID sensors</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sensors in concrete</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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  <doc>
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    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>5827</pageFirst>
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    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>5, Part 1</issue>
    <volume>4</volume>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">RFID sensor systems embedded in concrete – requirements for long–term operation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is an important topic for Industry 4.0. More and more systems are embedded in different materials and are connected to each other. To embed sensors for a long time in concrete, an exact preparation is required. In this paper, we identify Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) as promising technology for monitoring of concrete structures. This paper present the concept for long term monitoring, defines the requirements and shows first development steps, for example, the system design, the possibilities of sensor connection, and an encapsulation for embedding in concrete.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials Today: Proceedings</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.matpr.2017.06.053</identifier>
    <identifier type="url">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785317308283</identifier>
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    <author>Sergej Johann</author>
    <author>Christoph Strangfeld</author>
    <author>Maximilian Müller</author>
    <author>Björn Mieller</author>
    <author>Matthias Bartholmai</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>RFID sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
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      <language>eng</language>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
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