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  <doc>
    <id>29477</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2013</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1 (Paper 1243)</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>Sociedade Portuguesa de Materiais</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Corrosion behavior and limitations of duplex steel 1.4462 in artificial fluids of different geothermal wells in Germany</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Within the last years the use of geothermal energy as feasible energy source has risen and is going to replace fossil fuel supply more and more. Nevertheless, Service conditions in geothermal facilities are due to the Chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion. Since the construction of geothermal power plants shall be economical with maximum life Service, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable Operation ofthose facilities.&#13;
The materials selection depends on the location of a power plant respectively on the Chemical composition of the produced aquifer fluid. The duplex Steel is often used as allround solution not only for the construction of geothermal power plants, because of its combination of good mechanical and corrosion properties and its lower costs compared to other highly alloyed materials. But there are limits for the use of the duplex-steel 1.4462 regarding its corrosion behavior, with which this contribution deals.&#13;
The limitations of suitability of duplex steel 1.4462 in the geothermal fluids of Molasse Basin and Upper Rhine Graben obtained by means of electrochemical measurements and exposure tests are presented below. While 1.4462 in the artificial Molasse Basin Fluid shows an excellent corrosion resistance against pitting and uniform corrosion it presents low corrosion resistance in the artificial Upper Rhine Graben Fluid due to the difference in salinity. Besides it shows a limited corrosion resistance concerning crevice corrosion.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">EUROCORR 2013 - The European corrosion congress (Proceedings)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">32403</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-989-8601-31-5</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">EUROCORR 2013 - The European corrosion congress</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Estoril, Portugal</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">01.09.2013</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">05.09.2013</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">11.11.2013</enrichment>
    <author>Joana Sobetzki</author>
    <author>Ralph Bäßler</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Localized corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Duplex steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geothermal energy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51976</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>NIL_75</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>NIL_85</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>91</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Effect of lead and copper containing brine on steel materials for geothermal applications – A corrosion study</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Geothermal brines often contain high amounts of lead and copper ions that can precipitate as native Cu and Pb as consequence of galvanic corrosion when brines react with carbon steel materials. This contribution evaluates which materials could overcome the problem of galvanic corrosion at geothermal environment.&#13;
The behavior of these materials in water containing high chloride concentration (&gt; 100 g/L NaCl) as well as various amounts of dissolved  bCl2 and/or CuCl2 was characterized by electrochemical and exposure measurements.&#13;
Both methods reveal carbon steel suffers corrosion susceptibility, accompanied by Cu◦ and/or Pb◦ precipitation on the surface. Electrochemical measurements on stainless steels result in significant difference in corrosion and repassivation potentials (Ecorr = -189 mV, Erep = 70 mV), indicating a good corrosion resistance.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Geothermics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.geothermics.2020.102024</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0375-6505</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">19.04.2021</enrichment>
    <author>A. Stoljarova</author>
    <author>S. Regenspurg</author>
    <author>Ralph Bäßler</author>
    <author>T. Mathiesen</author>
    <author>J. Braüner Nielsen</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Copper</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lead</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geothermal energy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.6 Korrosion und Korrosionsschutz</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>48759</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>182</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>189</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>11</issue>
    <volume>82</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Corrosion behaviour of different steel types in artificial geothermal fluids</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Geothermal energy is an interesting alternative to polluting fossil energy sources. Therefore, in Belgium, two wells have been drilled for a deep geothermal power plant. However, the environment to which the installations are exposed is challenging. The geothermal brine has 165 g/l total dissolved solids (of which 90% are sodium and chlorine) and the production temperature can be up to 130 °C. To assess their suitability to be used in a geothermal power plant, the corrosivity of the artificial brine to three common construction materials was investigated with exposure and electrochemical tests. The metals under consideration are a low-alloyed carbon steel (S235JR), an austenitic stainless steel (UNS S31603) and a duplex stainless steel (UNS S31803). The carbon steel, that was found to corrode uniformly, could be considered as a constructional material if a sufficient wall thickness is chosen. The austenitic stainless steel and the duplex stainless steel demonstrate very low uniform &#13;
corrosion rates. They are however susceptible to pitting and crevice corrosion. To guarantee safe operation of the geothermal power plant, the susceptibility of the alloys to stress corrosion cracking should be tested and in situ experiments should be performed.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Geothermics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.geothermics.2019.05.018</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0375-6505</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">07.10.2019</enrichment>
    <author>W. Faes</author>
    <author>S. Lecompte</author>
    <author>J. van Bael</author>
    <author>R. Salenbien</author>
    <author>Ralph Bäßler</author>
    <author>I. Bellemans</author>
    <author>P. Cools</author>
    <author>N. de Geyter</author>
    <author>R. Morent</author>
    <author>K. Verbeken</author>
    <author>M. de Paepe</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geothermal energy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Carbon dioxide</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Carbon steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stainless steel</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>30775</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2014</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>Paper 10, 1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>9</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Materials evaluation for geothermal applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The corrosion behavior of different high-alloyed metals including duplex and austenitic stainless steels as well as a nickel alloy have been evaluated in artificial geothermal fluids simulating the conditions in some locations with geothermal potential in Germany as well as two sites in Indonesia.&#13;
The suitability of low alloyed steel UNS G41300, stainless steels UNS S31603 UNS S31803, UNS S32760 and super austenitic steel UNS N08031 in these geothermal fluids, investigated by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests, is limited. The nickel based alloy UNS N06059 shows excellent corrosion resistance against pitting corrosion. Excluding its high cost, it is a very good alternative to be used in the construction of geothermal facilities having highly saline brines. Stainless and duplex steels exhibit a limited corrosion resistance concerning pitting and crevice corrosion.&#13;
Beside of the higher alloyed materials, also the low-alloyed steel UNS G41300 could be employed as a constructional material for the geothermal power plant in non-saline environments, as long as the wall thickness of the material vs. corrosion rate is taken into account.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">ISCMD 2014 - International symposium on corrosion &amp; materials degradation 2014 (Proceedings) / IMTCE 2014 - 9th International materials technology conference &amp; exhibition</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">33755</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">ISCMD 2014 - International symposium on corrosion &amp; materials degradation 2014 / IMTCE 2014 - 9th International materials technology conference &amp; exhibition</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">13.05.2014</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">16.05.2014</enrichment>
    <author>Ralph Bäßler</author>
    <author>Amela Keserovic</author>
    <author>Joana Sobetzki</author>
    <author>Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Localized corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stainless steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ni-based alloy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geothermal energy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>37751</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Evaluation of metallic materials for geothermal applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion.&#13;
Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. The corrosion behavior of different high-alloyed metals including Duplex and austenitic stainless steels as well as a nickel alloy have been evaluated in artificial geothermal fluids simulating the conditions in some locations with geothermal potential in Germany as well as two sites in Indonesia. The suitability of carbon steel 25CrMo4, stainless steels X2CrNiMo17-12-2, X2CrNiMo-22-5, X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4 and super austenitic steel X1CrNiMoCu32-28-7 in these geothermal fluids obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests is limited. The nickel alloy NiCr23Mo16Al shows an excellent corrosion resistance against pitting corrosion. Excluding its high cost, it is a very good alternative to be used in the construction of geothermal facilities having highly saline brines. Stainless and Duplex steels exhibit a limited corrosion resistance concerning pitting and crevice corrosion. Beside of the higher alloyed materials, also the lowalloyed steel 25CrMo4 could be employed as a constructional material for the geothermal power plant in stagnant highly acidic non Saline environments, as long as the wall thickness of the material vs. corrosion rate is taken into account.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">European Geothermal Congress</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Strasbourg, France</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.09.2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">23.09.2016</enrichment>
    <author>Ralph Bäßler</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Localized corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stainless steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ni-based alloy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geothermal energy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52829</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of Precipitating Brine Components on Materials Selection for Geothermal Applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">By exposure and electrochemical tests in the laboratory the Cu- and Pb-effect on corrosion behavior and performance of carbon steel and a corrosion resistant alloy could be assessed. Critical material specific properties were determined by static exposure and electrochemical tests in artificial geothermal water with high salinity and low pH, containing Cu/Pb. &#13;
It could be shown that significant Cu- resp. Pb-deposition and  precipitation only occurred in combination with carbon steel. Corrosion resistant alloys (e. g. Cr- and Ni-dominated stainless steels) prevent the disturbing Cu-agglomeration resp. Pb-deposition. Therefore, they are suitable to be chosen for future design of geothermal piping system, either in massive or in cladded form. Regarding corrosion, formation of crevices with non-metallic materials shall be avoided.&#13;
So, in addition to its already known limited corrosion resistance, carbon steel shall not be used when copper or lead species are content of the geothermal brine. Otherwise precipitation and/or deposition of metallic copper resp. lead must be expected, increasing the susceptibility of clogging the piping system.&#13;
From the interactions and pitting corrosion point of view, corrosion resistant alloys (preferably Ni-rich) seem to be most favorable when selecting materials for applications in such geothermal brines.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">World Geothermal Congress</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">15.06.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Ralph Bäßler</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Copper</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lead</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geothermal energy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.6 Korrosion und Korrosionsschutz</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>30632</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2014</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>Paper 3826, 1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>8</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>NACE International</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Corrosion resistance of high-alloyed and alternative materials in an artificial geothermal water</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy, which became  a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are due to the chemical  composition of hydrothermal fluids and involved high temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities.&#13;
This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of two high-alloyed metallic materials and α-Al2O3 in an artificial geothermal fluid simulating the conditions in the Northern German Basin, a location with high geothermal potential. The suitability of the super austenitic stainless steel UNS N08031 and the nickel base alloy UNS N06059 in this geothermal fluid obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests is addressed. As an alternative to the suitable but costly UNS N06059 that showed excellent corrosion resistance against pitting corrosion, ceramic made of α-Al2O3 represents an interesting possibility for selected components to be used in the construction of geothermal facilities</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Corrosion 2014</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">33608</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Corrosion 2014</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">San Antonio, TX, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">09.03.2014</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">13.03.2014</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.05.2014</enrichment>
    <author>Ralph Bäßler</author>
    <author>Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper</author>
    <author>Michael Feigl</author>
    <author>Nico Hilker</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Localized corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stainless steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ni-based alloy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ceramic</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geothermal energy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>30631</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2014</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>Paper 3825, 1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>8</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>NACE International</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Corrosion resistance of high-alloyed materials in flowing artificial geothermal water</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal waters and temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities.&#13;
This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of different steels in flowing low saline, slightly alkaline, artificial geothermal water simulating the conditions in the Molasse-Basin, a location with geothermal potential in Germany.&#13;
Test results for steels UNS S31603 and UNS S31803 exposed to this geothermal water obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests are presented. Results obtained in static and flowing water condition show good performance of both alloys with a possible onset of localized corrosion at UNS S31603 in static conditions.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Corrosion 2014</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">33607</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Corrosion 2014</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">San Antonio, TX, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">09.03.2014</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">13.03.2014</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.05.2014</enrichment>
    <author>Ralph Bäßler</author>
    <author>Alicja Boduch</author>
    <author>Joana Sobetzki</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Localized corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Duplex steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flow</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sulfide</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geothermal energy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>32742</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2015</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>479</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>487</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>53</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Science</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam [u.a.]</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Suitability of UNS S31603 steel for geothermal brines in volcanic areas - Influence of different physiochemical conditions on its corrosion behavior</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Geothermal sources are found to be the most aggressive natural environments for construction materials in terms of corrosion. This study was focused on investigating the suitability of stainless steel UNS S31603 in volcanic areas of geothermal sites Sibayak and Lahendong (Indonesia). Influence of different factors (temperatures up to 175 °C, chloride content up to 1500 mg/L and pH down to 2) was assessed to determine a 'safe operating window' of a power plant and assure the system integrity. Investigations were performed by means of electrochemical methods and long-term exposure tests.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Geothermics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">35818</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.09.001</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0375-6505</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">12.03.2015</enrichment>
    <author>Amela Keserovic</author>
    <author>Ralph Bäßler</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stainless steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sibayak</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lahendong</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geothermal energy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>32744</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2014</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>DECHEMA e.V.</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">The effects of sulfide and flow rate on corrosion behavior of duplex steel 1.4462 in the artificial molasse basin fluid</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Within the last years the use of geothermal energy as feasible energy source has risen and is going to replace fossil fuel supply more and more. Nevertheless, Service conditions in geothermal facilities are due to the Chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion. Since the construction of geothermal power plants shall be economical with maximum life Service, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable Operation of those facilities.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">EUROCORR 2014 - European corrosion congress</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">35820</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-89746-159-8</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">EUROCORR 2014 - European corrosion congress</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Pisa, Italy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">08.09.2014</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">12.09.2014</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">12.03.2015</enrichment>
    <author>Joana Sobetzki</author>
    <author>Ralph Bäßler</author>
    <author>Alicja Boduch</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Locallized corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Duplex steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geothermal energy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>32743</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2014</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>18</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>22</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Suitability of high-alloyed or alternative non-metallic materials in high saline artificial geothermal waters</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy, which became a feasible energy source to replace fossil fliel supply. Nevertheless, Service conditions in geothermal facilities are due to the Chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and involved high temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable Operation ofthe facilities.&#13;
This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of two high-alloyed metallic materials and a-A1203 in an artificial geothermal fluid simulating the conditions in the Northern German Basin, a location with high geothermal potential. The suitability of the super austenitic stainless Steel, alloy 31, and the nickel base alloy 59 in this geothermal fluid obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests is addressed. As an alternative to the suitable but costly alloy 59 that showed excelient corrosion resistance against pitting corrosion, ceramic made of a-A1203 represents an interesting possibility for selected components to be used in the construction of geothermal facilities.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Corrosion-2014 - XIIth International conference "Problems of corrosion and corrosion protection of structural materials" (Proceedings)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">35819</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Corrosion-2014 - XIIth International conference "Problems of corrosion and corrosion protection of structural materials"</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Lviv, Ukraine</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">11.06.2014</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">13.06.2014</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">12.03.2015</enrichment>
    <author>Ralph Bäßler</author>
    <author>Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper</author>
    <author>Michael Feigl</author>
    <author>Nico Hilker</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Localized corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ni-alloy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ceramic</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geothermal energy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>36986</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>7361-1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>7361-8</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>NACE International</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Houston TX, USA</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>NACE International</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Corrosion behavior of duplex stainless steel S31803 in artificial geothermal waters</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. &#13;
This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of duplex steel S31803 (318LN, X2CrNiMoN22-5-3, 1.4462) conducted by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests in artificial geothermal waters simulating the conditions in different locations with geothermal potential in Germany. &#13;
The duplex steel S31803 shows limited suitability for applications in artificial geothermal waters due to its susceptibility to pitting and crevice corrosion. &#13;
For low saline geothermal waters it can be considered suitable at moderate temperatures. Slight crevice corrosion susceptibility needs to be considered. &#13;
Results are being incorporated into a materials catalogue for geothermal applications which shall provide basic information for designers and users of geothermal facilities.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of NACE International Corrosion Conference 2016</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">NACE International Corrosion Conference 2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Vancouver, BC, Canada</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">6.3.2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">10.3.2016</enrichment>
    <author>Ralph Bäßler</author>
    <author>Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper</author>
    <author>Matthias Dimper</author>
    <author>Amela Keserović</author>
    <author>Joana Sobetzki</author>
    <author>Sebastian Zimmer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>S31803</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Crevice corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Duplex steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geothermal energy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>37750</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>paper THP-248, 1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>7</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>EGEC</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Evaluation of Metallic Materials for Geothermal Applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. &#13;
The corrosion behavior of different high-alloyed metals including duplex and austenitic stainless steels as well as a nickel alloy have been evaluated in artificial geothermal fluids simulating the conditions in some locations with geothermal potential in Germany as well as two sites in Indonesia.&#13;
The suitability of carbon steel 25CrMo4, stainless steels X2CrNiMo17-12-2, X2CrNiMo-22-5, X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4 and super austenitic steel X1CrNiMoCu32-28-7 in these geothermal fluids obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests is limited. The nickel alloy NiCr23Mo16Al shows an excellent corrosion resistance against pitting corrosion. Excluding its high cost, it is a very good alternative to be used in the construction of geothermal facilities having highly saline brines. Stainless and duplex steels exhibit a limited corrosion resistance concerning pitting and crevice corrosion.&#13;
Beside of the higher alloyed materials, also the low-alloyed steel 25CrMo4 could be employed as a constructional material for the geothermal power plant in stagnant highly acidic non saline environments, as long as the wall thickness of the material vs. corrosion rate is taken into account.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings EGC 2016</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">European Geothermal Congress 2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Starsbourg, France</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.09.2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">23.09.2016</enrichment>
    <author>Ralph Bäßler</author>
    <author>Amela Keserović</author>
    <author>Joana Sobetzki</author>
    <author>Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper</author>
    <author>Matthias Dimper</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Localized corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stainless steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ni-based alloy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geothermal energy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>36987</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Corrosion behavior of duplex stainless steel S31803 in artificial geothermal waters</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. &#13;
This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of duplex steel S31803 (318LN, X2CrNiMoN22-5-3, 1.4462) conducted by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests in artificial geothermal waters simulating the conditions in different locations with geothermal potential in Germany. &#13;
The duplex steel S31803 shows limited suitability for applications in artificial geothermal waters due to its susceptibility to pitting and crevice corrosion. &#13;
For low saline geothermal waters it can be considered suitable at moderate temperatures. Slight crevice corrosion susceptibility needs to be considered. &#13;
Results are being incorporated into a materials catalogue for geothermal applications which shall provide basic information for designers and users of geothermal facilities.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">NACE International Annual Corrosion Conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Vancouver, BC, Canada</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">06.03.2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">10.03.2016</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Ralph Bäßler</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>S31803</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Crevice corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Duplex steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geothermal energy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>39830</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>Paper 8825, 1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>11</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>NACE</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Houston TX, USA</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>NACE</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Corrosion Resistance of the Super-Austenitic Stainless Steel UNS S31266 for Geothermal Applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Super-austenitic stainless steels cover grades with high chromium (20 to 27 %), high nickel (18 to 31 %) and high molybdenum (4 to 6 %) contents. Within this family, the 6%Mo high nitrogen grade S31266 was developed to combine the beneficial influence of chromium, tungsten, molybdenum and nitrogen on its mechanical and corrosion properties. Due to 22 % nickel, 24 % chromium and 0.4 % nitrogen additions, this alloy exhibits a very stable microstructure, being less prone to intermetallic phase precipitation than the other highly alloyed super-austenitic stainless steels. &#13;
This paper deals with the corrosion resistance of S31266 in artificial geothermal water with moderate salinity and low pH. Long-term static exposures and electrochemical tests were conducted at various temperatures to evaluate the pitting, crevice and stress corrosion cracking resistance of this material.  &#13;
The results show that S31266 is resistant up to 220 °C. As a consequence, it can be a good candidate material for geothermal applications involving a highly corrosive environment, especially salinity and low pH.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings NACE International Corrosion Conference</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">NACE International Corrosion Conference 2107</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">New Orleans LA, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">26.03.2017</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">30.03.2017</enrichment>
    <author>Joana Sobetzki</author>
    <author>S. Le Manchet</author>
    <author>Ralph Bäßler</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geothermal energy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>S31266</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Crevice corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Super-austenitic stainless steel</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>39832</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Corrosion Resistance of the Super-Austenitic Stainless Steel UNS S31266 for Geothermal Applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Super-austenitic stainless steels cover grades with high chromium (20 to 27 %), high nickel (18 to 31 %) and high molybdenum (4 to 6 %) contents. Within this family, the 6%Mo high nitrogen grade S31266 was developed to combine the beneficial influence of chromium, tungsten, molybdenum and nitrogen on its mechanical and corrosion properties. Due to 22 % nickel, 24 % chromium and 0.4 % nitrogen additions, this alloy exhibits a very stable microstructure, being less prone to intermetallic phase precipitation than the other highly alloyed super-austenitic stainless steels. &#13;
This paper deals with the corrosion resistance of S31266 in artificial geothermal water with moderate salinity and low pH. Long-term static exposures and electrochemical tests were conducted at various temperatures to evaluate the pitting, crevice and stress corrosion cracking resistance of this material.  &#13;
The results show that S31266 is resistant up to 220 °C. As a consequence, it can be a good candidate material for geothermal applications involving a highly corrosive environment, especially salinity and low pH.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">NACE International Corrosion Conference 2107</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">New Orleans LA, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">26.03.2017</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">30.03.2017</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Ralph Bäßler</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geothermal energy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Crevice corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>S31266</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Super-austenitic stainless steel</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>47911</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>11</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>NACE International</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Houston</publisherPlace>
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    <title language="eng">Material qualification in Saline, copper containing geothermal water</title>
    <abstract language="eng">By exposure and electrochemical tests in the laboratory the Cu-effect on corrosion behavior of carbon steel, high-alloyed steels and Ti-alloy can be assessed.&#13;
Critical materials specific properties were determined by static exposure and electrochemical tests in an artificial geothermal water with high salinity and low pH, containing Cu. Conclusions were drawn using characteristic potential values.&#13;
It could be shown that significant Cu-deposition and -precipitation only occurred in combination with carbon steel. High-alloyed materials (S31603, S31653, S31700, S31703, S31803 and N08904) prevent the disturbing Cu-agglomeration. Therefore, they are suitable to be chosen for future design of the piping system, either in massive or in cladded form, if formation of crevices with non-metallic materials can be excluded.&#13;
From the interactions and pitting corrosion point of view, R50400 seems to be most favorable.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings NACE International Corrosion Conference 2019</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">NACE International Corrosion Conference 2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Nashville, TN, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">24.03.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">28.03.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Ralph Bäßler</author>
    <author>A. Stoljarova</author>
    <author>S. Regenspurg</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Copper</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geothermal energy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>34750</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2015</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>paper 27011, S. 1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>7</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Materials evaluation for geothermal applications in different geothermal waters</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The corrosion behavior of carbon Steel and different high-alloyed metals including duplex and austenitic stainless steels as well as a nickel alloy have been evaluated in artificial geothermal fluids simulating the conditions in some locations with geothermal potential in Germany, as well as two sites in Indonesia.&#13;
The suitability of low alloyed Steel UNS G41300, stainless steels UNS S31603 UNS S31803, UNS S32760 and super austenitic Steel UNSN08031 in these geothermal waters, investigated by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests, is limited. The nickel based alloy UNS N06059 shows excellent corrosion resistance against pitting corrosion. Excluding its high cost, it is a very good alternative to be used in the construction of geothermal facilities having highly sahne brines. Stainless and duplex steels exhibit a limited corrosion resistance concerning pitting and crevice corrosion.&#13;
Besides the higher alloyed materials, also the low-alloyed Steel UNS G41300 could be employed as a constructional material for the geothermal power plant in non-saline environments with moderate pH, as long as the wall thickness of the material vs. corrosion rate is taken into account.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Proceedings of the world geothermal congress 2015</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">37897</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-877040-02-3</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">World Geothermal Congress 2015</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Melbourne, Australia</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.04.2015</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">25.04.2015</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">10.11.2015</enrichment>
    <author>Ralph Bäßler</author>
    <author>Amela Keserovic</author>
    <author>Joana Sobetzki</author>
    <author>Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper</author>
    <author>Matthias Dimper</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Localized corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stainless steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ni-based alloy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geothermal energy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52828</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>11</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>International Geothermal Association (IGA)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of Precipitating Brine Components on Materials Selection for Geothermal Applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are in many cases extreme in terms of corrosion due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. During operation of a geothermal research facility in Groß Schönebeck copper and lead effects have been found downhole. Occurring mechanisms and measures to prevent precipitation or scaling needed to be investigated as well as potential influences of such precipitates on corrosion resistance of metallic materials used for equipment.&#13;
This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of carbon steel and corrosion resistant alloys in copper and/or lead containing artificial geothermal water, simulating the conditions in the Northern German Basin.&#13;
The behavior of these materials in an artificial geothermal water obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests are presented. While carbon steel exhibits precipitation and deposition, higher alloyed material shows different response to such species and a higher resistance in saline geothermal water. &#13;
Basing on these results the suitability of the investigated corrosion resistant alloy is given for use in such conditions, whereas carbon steel creates difficulties due to its susceptibility to Cu- and Pb-precipitation.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2020+1</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">World Geothermal Congress</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">30.03.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">27.10.2021</enrichment>
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    <author>Ralph Bäßler</author>
    <author>A. Stoljarova</author>
    <author>S. Regenspurg</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Copper</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lead</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geothermal energy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.6 Korrosion und Korrosionsschutz</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
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