<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>35676</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>022404-1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>022404-9</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>28</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>AIP Publishing</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Finite element modeling of an alternating current electromagnetic weld pool support in full penetration laser beam welding of thick duplex stainless steel plates</title>
    <abstract language="eng">An electromagnetic weld pool support system for 20 mm thick duplex stainless steel AISI 2205 was investigated numerically and compared to experiments. In our former publications, it was shown how an alternating current (AC) magnetic ﬁeld below the process zone directed perpendicular to the welding direction can induce vertically directed Lorentz forces. These can counteract the gravitational forces and allow for a suppression of material drop-out for austenitic stainless steels and aluminum alloys. In this investigation, we additionally adopted a steady-state complex magnetic permeability model for the consideration of the magnetic hysteresis behavior due to the ferritic characteristics of the material. The model was calibrated against the Jiles–Atherton model. The material model was also successfully tested against an experimental conﬁguration before welding with a 30 mm diameter cylinder of austenitic stainless steel sur-rounded by duplex stainless steel. Thereby, the effects of the Curie temperature on the magnetic characteristics in the vicinity of the later welding zone were simulated. The welding process was modeled with a three-dimensional turbulent steady-state model including heat transfer and ﬂuid dy-namics as well as the electromagnetic ﬁeld equations. Main physical effects, the thermo-capillary (Marangoni) convection at the weld pool boundaries, the natural convection due to gravity as well as latent heat of solid–liquid phase transitions at the phase boundaries were accounted for in the model. The feedback of the electromagnetic forces on the weld pool was described in terms of the electromagnetic-induced pressure. The ﬁnite element software COMSOL Multiphysics 4.2 was used in this investigation. It is shown that the gravity drop-out associated with the welding of 20 mm thick duplex stainless steel plates due to the hydrostatic pressure can be prevented by the application of AC magnetic ﬁelds between around 70 and 90 mT. The corresponding oscillation frequencies were between 1 and 10 kHz and the electromagnetic AC powers were between 1 and 2.3 kW. In the experiments, values of the electromagnetic AC power between 1.6 and 2.4 kW at os-cillation frequencies between 1.2 and 2.5 kHz were found to be optimal to avoid melt sagging or drop-out of melt in single pass full-penetration laser beam welding of 15 and 20 mm thick AISI 2205.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">AIP Journal of Laser Applications</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.2351/1.4943906</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">12.05.2016</enrichment>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>R. Kunze</author>
    <author>Vjaceslav Avilov</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Numerical simulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electromagnetic weld pool support</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Duplex stainless steel</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>35036</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2015</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>650</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>659</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>Laser Institute of America (LIA)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Finite element modelling of an AC electromagnetic weld pool support in full penetration laser beam welding of thick duplex stainless steel plates</title>
    <abstract language="eng">An electromagnetic weld pool support system for 20 mm thick duplex stainless steel AISI 2205 was investigated numerically and compared to experiments. In our former publications, it was shown how an AC magnetic field below the process zone directed perpendicular to the welding direction can induce vertically directed Lorentz forces. These can counteract the gravitational forces and allow for a suppression of material drop-out for austenitic stainless steels and aluminum alloys. In this investigation, we additionally adopted a steady-state complex magnetic permeability model for the consideration of the magnetic hysteresis behavior due to the ferritic characteristics of the material. The model was calibrated against the Jiles-Atherton model. The material model was also successfully tested against an experimental configuration before welding with a 30 mm diameter cylinder of austenitic stainless steel surrounded by duplex stainless steel. Thereby, the effects of the Curie temperature on the magnetic characteristics in the vicinity of the later welding zone were simulated. The welding process was modelled with a 3D turbulent steady-state model including heat transfer and fluid dynamics as well as the electromagnetic field equations. Main physical effects, the thermo-capillary (Marangoni) convection at the weld pool boundaries, the natural convection due to gravity as well as latent heat of solid–liquid phase transitions at the phase boundaries were accounted for in the model. The feedback of the electromagnetic forces on the weld pool was described in terms of the electromagneticinduced pressure. The FE software COMSOL Multiphysics 4.2 was used in this investigation. It is shown that the gravity drop-out associated with the welding of 20 mm thick duplex stainless steel plates due to the hydrostatic pressure can be prevented by the application of AC magnetic fields between around 70 mT and 90 mT. The corresponding oscillation frequencies were between 1 kHz and 10 kHz and the electromagnetic AC powers were between 1 kW and 2.3 kW. In the experiments, values of the electromagnetic AC power between 1.6 kW and 2.4 kW at oscillation frequencies between 1.2 kHz and 2.5 kHz were found to be optimal to avoid melt sagging or drop-out of melt in single pass fullpenetration laser beam welding of 15 mm and 20 mm thick AISI 2205.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">ICALEO 2015 - 34th International congress on applications of lasers &amp; electro-optics (Proceedings)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">38188</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-940168-05-0</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">ICALEO 2015 - 34th International congress on applications of lasers &amp; electro-optics</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Atlanta, GA, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">2015-10-18</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">2015-10-22</enrichment>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>R. Kunze</author>
    <author>Vjaceslav Avilov</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electromagnetic weld pool support</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>FE simulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Duplex stainless steel</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>24845</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2011</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>7</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>11122 / 8567_bachmann_paper</issue>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace>Stuttgart</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>COMSOL Multiphysics GmbH</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Multiphysics process simulation of the electromagnetic-supported laser beam welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A three-dimensional laminar steady
state numerical model was used to investigate
the influence of an alternating current (ac)
magnetic field during high power laser beam
keyhole welding of 20 mm thick nonferromagnetic
aluminum. COMSOL
Multiphysics was used to calculate the threedimensional
heat transfer, fluid dynamics and
electromagnetic field equations. Most
important physical effects of the process were
taken into account: Thermo-capillary
(Marangoni) convection at the upper and lower
weld pool boundaries, natural convection due
to gravity and latent heat of solid-liquid phase
transition. It is shown that the gravity drop-out
associated with welding of thick plates due to
the hydrostatic pressure can be prevented by
the application of an ac magnetic field. The
application of an oscillating magnetic field of
70 mT was investigated to allow for singlepass
laser beam welding of thick aluminum
plates. The flow pattern in the molten zone and
the temperature distributions are significantly
changed.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">COMSOL Conference 2011 (Proceedings)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">27534</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-0-9839688-0-1</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventName">COMSOL Conference 2011</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Ludwigsburg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">2011-10-26</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">2011-10-28</enrichment>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Vjaceslav Avilov</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electromagnetic weld pool support</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lorentz force</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Marangoni stresses</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Natural convection</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>28655</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2013</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>30</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>32</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>Comsol, Inc.</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Magnets improve quality of high-power laser beam welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">High-power laser beam welding uses a localized heat source to achieve narrow deep welds and high welding rates. Engineers run into some difficulties because the use of a localized heat source often results in the distortion of metal components; spattering and the ejection of droplets from the weld pool results in underfills, undercuts, craters, blowholes, or blowouts.&#13;
&#13;
A stationary magnetic field is applied to the laser welding process to improve its quality and counteract effects such as spattering. BAM Federal Institute For Materials Research and Testing in Germany are working to improve the quality of high-power laser beam welding using COMSOL Multiphysics. To model and simulate the laser beam welding, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and electromagnetics were coupled and solved. This allowed BAM to accurately model the process by including Marangoni effects, gravity, latent heats of fusion, and Lorentz forces.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Comsol news</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">31530</identifier>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Vjaceslav Avilov</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electromagnetic weld pool control</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Marangoni effect</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>29466</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2013</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>50</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>59</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>Paper 401</issue>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>Laser Institute of America (LIA)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Numerical simulation of electromagnetic melt control systems in high power laser beam welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The availability of laser sources with a power of 20 kW upwards prepared the ground for laser beam welding of up to 20 mm thick metal parts. Challenges are the prevention of gravity-driven melt drop-out and the control of the dynamics mainly due to the Marangoni flow.&#13;
Coupled numerical turbulent fluid flow, thermal and electromagnetic simulations and experimental validation with aluminum AlMg3 and stainless steel AISI 304 were done for alternating and steady magnetic fields perpendicular to the process direction. The first can prevent melt sagging in full-penetration welding by Lorentz forces in the melt induced by an AC magnet located below the weld specimen counteracting gravitational forces. The latter controls the Marangoni flow by Lorentz braking forces in the melt by the so-called Hartmann effect.&#13;
The simulations show that the drop-out of aluminum and stainless steel can be avoided for 20 mm thick fullpenetration welds with moderate magnetic flux densities of 70 mT and 95 mT at oscillation frequencies of 450 Hz and 3 kHz, respectively. The experiments are in good agreement but show somewhat larger values for steel, whose weakly ferromagnetic properties are a possible reason. The investigations with steady magnetic fields reveal the possibility to mitigate the dynamics significantly beginning with around 500 mT at laser penetration depths of approximately 20 mm.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">ICALEO 2013 - 32nd International congress on applications of lasers &amp; electro-optics (Proceedings)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">32391</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-0-912035-98-7</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">ICALEO 2013 - 32nd International congress on applications of lasers &amp; electro-optics</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Miami, FL, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">06.10.2013</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">10.10.2013</enrichment>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Vjaceslav Avilov</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electromagnetic weld pool support</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hartmann effect</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>25286</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2012</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>035201-1 -</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>035201-13</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>45</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>IOP Publ.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Bristol</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Institute of Physics</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Numerical simulation of full-penetration laser beam welding of thick aluminium plates with inductive support</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A three-dimensional laminar steady-state numerical model was developed to investigate the influence of an alternating current (ac) magnetic field during high-power full-penetration laser welding on the weld pool dynamics and weld cross section of a 20 mm thick aluminium plate in flat position. Three-dimensional heat transfer, fluid dynamics including phase transition and electromagnetic field partial differential equations were solved iteratively with the commercial finite element software COMSOL Multiphysics using temperature-dependent material properties up to evaporation temperature. Thermocapillary convection at the weld pool surfaces, natural convection and latent heat of solid–liquid phase transition were taken into account in this model. Solidification was modelled by the Carman–Kozeny equation for porous media morphology. The ac magnet was mounted on the root side of the weld specimen. The magnetic field was aligned perpendicular to the welding direction. The flow pattern in the melt and thus also the temperature distribution were significantly changed by the application of oscillating magnetic fields. It was shown that the application of an ac magnetic field to laser beam welding allows for a prevention of the gravity drop-out. The simulation results are in good qualitative agreement with the experimental observations.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Physics D</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">27995</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1088/0022-3727/45/3/035201</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0022-3727</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1361-6463</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">09.01.2012</enrichment>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Vjaceslav Avilov</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electromagnetic weld pool support</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lorentz force</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Marangoni stresses</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Natural convection</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>27655</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2013</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>309</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>321</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>60</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">About the influence of a steady magnetic field on weld pool dynamics in partial penetration high power laser beam welding of thick aluminium parts</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A multi-physics numerical model was developed to investigate the influence of a steady magnetic field aligned perpendicular to the welding direction during partial penetration high power laser beam welding of aluminium in downhand position. Three-dimensional heat transfer, fluid dynamics including phase transition and electromagnetic field partial differential equations were successfully solved with the finite element differential equation solver COMSOL Multiphysics 4.2. The implemented material model used temperature-dependent properties up to evaporation temperature. Marangoni convection in the surface region of the weld pool, natural convection due to the gravitational field and latent heat of solidliquid phase transition were taken into account. Solidification was modelled by the CarmanKozeny equation for porous media morphology. The flow pattern in the melt as well as the weld bead geometry were significantly changed by the induced Lorentz force distribution in the liquid metal. It reveals that the application of a steady magnetic field to laser beam welding with corresponding Hartmann numbers Ha2 ≈ 104 allows for a suppression of the characteristic wineglass-shape of the weld cross section caused by thermocapillary flow. The numerical results are in good agreement with experimental results obtained with welding of AlMg3 with a 16 kW disc laser. The steady magnetic field was delivered by permanent magnets mounted on both lateral sides of the weld specimen. The maximum magnetic flux density was around 500 mT. It shows, that the applied magnetic field has a predominant dissipating effect on the weld pool dynamics independently of its polarity.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International journal of heat and mass transfer</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">30486</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.01.015</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0017-9310</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">11.02.2013</enrichment>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Vjaceslav Avilov</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electromagnetic weld pool control</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hartmann effect</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lorentz force</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Marangoni flow</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Natural convection</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>29709</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2014</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>578</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>591</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>214</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Experimental and numerical investigation of an electromagnetic weld pool support system for high power laser beam wleidng of austenitic stainless steel</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A three-dimensional turbulent steady state numerical model was used to investigate the influence of an alternating current (AC) magnetic field during high power laser beam keyhole welding of 20 mm thick stainless steel AISI 304 being modeled as an ideal non-ferromagnetic material. Three-dimensional heat transfer and fluid dynamics as well as the electromagnetic field equations were solved with the finite element package COMSOL Multiphysics 4.2 taking into account the most important physical effects of the process. Namely, the thermo-capillary (Marangoni) convection at the weld pool boundaries, natural convection due to gravity and density differences in the melt volume as well as latent heat of solidliquid phase transitions at the phase boundaries were included in the model.&#13;
&#13;
It is shown that the gravity drop-out associated with the welding of thick plates due to the hydrostatic pressure can be prevented by the application of AC magnetic field between 80 mT and 135 mT for corresponding oscillation frequencies between 1 kHz and 10 kHz below the weld specimen. Experimentally, a value of the magnetic flux density of around 230 mT was found to be necessary to allow for single-pass laser beam welding without sagging or drop-out of melt for a 20 mm thick combination of austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 and ferritic construction steel S235JRC at an oscillation frequency of around 2.6 kHz.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of materials processing technology</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">32640</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.11.013</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0924-0136</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-4774</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">09.12.2013</enrichment>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Vjaceslav Avilov</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electromagnetic weld pool control</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lorentz force</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Marangoni flow</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Natural convection</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>29982</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2013</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>5</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>20</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>10</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>Verlag der Technischen Universität Graz</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>Technische Universität Graz</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Multi-physical finite element simulation of an electromagnetic weld pool support in full-penetration high power laser beam welding of metal plates</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The influence of an alternating current (ac) magnetic field during full-penetration laser beam welding of thick metal plates was investigated numerically using a three-dimensional steady state model calculating for the fluid flow, temperature and electromagnetic field variables. The finite element software (FEM) COMSOL Multiphysics was used. Most important physical effects were taken into account here: Thermocapillary (Marangoni) convection, natural convection as well as the latent heat of melting/solidification phase transition. The Carman-Kozeny equation was used to account for porous media morphology in the solid-liquid transition zone. The ac magnet is located below the welded plate. The externally applied magnetic field is aligned parallel to the plate surface and perpendicular to the welding direction. The investigations were conducted for 20 mm aluminium plates. It is shown that a 70 mT(rms) ac magnetic field is enough to prevent the gravity-driven drop-out of the melt. The results of the calculations are in a good agreement with experimental data for 15 kW fibre laser beam welding of up to 30 mm thick Al-alloy plates.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Mathematical modelling of weld phenomena 10</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">32921</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-85125-293-4</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">10th International seminar numerical analysis of weldability</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Leibnitz, Austria</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">24.09.2012</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.09.2012</enrichment>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Vjaceslav Avilov</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electromagnetic weld pool support</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Marangoni convection</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>24171</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2011</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>179</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>184</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>WSEAS Press</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>World scientific and engineering academy and society</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">CFD simulation of the liquid metal flow in high power laser welding of aluminium with electromagnetic weld pool support</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">2nd International conference on fluid mechanics and heat and mass transfer 2011 - FLUIDSHEAT '11 (Proceedings)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">26801</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-61804-020-6</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventName">2nd International conference on fluid mechanics and heat and mass transfer 2011</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Corfu, Greece</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">2011-07-14</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">2011-07-16</enrichment>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Vjaceslav Avilov</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electromagnetic weld pool support</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lorentz force</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Marangoni stresses</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Natural convection</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>35668</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>022420-1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>022420-7</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>28</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>American institute of physics</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Woodbury, NY, USA</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Laser institute of America</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Full penetration laser beam welding of thick duplex steel plates with electromagnetic weld pool support</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Full penetration high power bead-on-plate laser beam welding tests of up to 20 mm thick 2205 duplex steel plates were performed in PA position. A contactless inductive electromagnetic (EM) weld pool support system was used to prevent gravity drop-out of the melt. Welding experiments with 15 mm thick plates were carried out using IPG fiber laser YLR 20000 and Yb:YAG thin disk laser TruDisk 16002. The laser power needed to achieve a full penetration was found to be 10.9 and 8.56 kW for welding velocity of 1.0 and 0.5 m min−1, respectively. Reference welds without weld pool support demonstrate excessive root sag. The optimal value of the alternating current(AC) power needed to completely compensate the sagging on the root side was found to be ≈1.6 kW for both values of the welding velocity. The same EM weld pool support system was used in welding tests with 20 mm thick plates. The laser beam power (TRUMPF Yb:YAG thin disk laser TruDisk 16002) needed to reach a full penetration for 0.5 m min−1 was found to be 13.9 kW. Full penetration welding without EM weld pool support is not possible—the surface tension cannot stop the gravity drop-out of the melt. The AC power needed to completely compensate the gravity was found to be 2 kW.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of laser applications</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.2351/1.4944103</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1042-346X</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1938-1387</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">12.05.2016</enrichment>
    <author>Vjaceslav Avilov</author>
    <author>André Fritzsche</author>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electromagnetic weld pool control</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Duplex stainless steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Full penetration welding</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>26914</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2012</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>467</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>470</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>Suppl. 1</issue>
    <volume>19</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Ed. Board</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Beijing</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Fluid flow simulation of the influence of a steady magnetic field on the weld pool dynamics in deep penetration laser beam welding of aluminium</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A multi-physics numerical model was developed to investigate the influence of a steady magnetic field during partial penetration keyhole laser beam welding of an aluminum plate in flat position. Three-dimensional heat transfer, fluid dynamics including phase transition and electromagnetic field partial differential equations were solved with the finite element differential equation solver COMSOL Multiphysics. The magnetic field was aligned perpendicularly to the welding direction. The main objective of these simulations was to estimate the critical value of the magnetic field needed to suppress convective flows in the weld pool during high-power (up to 20 kW) laser beam welding of aluminum alloys with up to 20 mm deep weld pool. It reveals that steady magnetic fields with corresponding Hartmann numbers Ha^2 ~ 10^4 based on the half-width of the weld pool can effectively suppress convective flows in the weld pool. Moreover, the typically occurring wineglass-shape of the weld cross section caused by thermo-capillary flow is weakened.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of iron and steel research international</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">29698</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1006-706X</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1001-0963</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">08.11.2012</enrichment>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Vjaceslav Avilov</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lorentz force</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Marangoni stresses</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Natural convection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hartmann effect</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>26913</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2012</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>114</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>117</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>Suppl. 1</issue>
    <volume>19</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Ed. Board</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Beijing</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Simulation of an inductive weld pool support for deep penetration laser beam welding of metal parts</title>
    <abstract language="eng">three-dimensional laminar steady state numerical model was used to investigate the influence of an altemating current (ac) magnetic field during single pass high power laser beam keyhole welding of 20 mm thick aluminum. The three-dimensional heat transfer, fluid dynamics and electromagnetic field equations were solved with the commercial finite element package COMSOL Multiphysics. Dominant physical effects of the process were taken into account: Thermo-capillary (Marangoni) convection at the upper and lower weld pool surfaces, natural convection due to the gravity influence and the latent heat of solid-liquid phase transition. Simulations were conducted for several magnetic field strengths and it was found that the gravity drop-out associated with welding of thick plates due to the hydrostatie pressure can be prevented by the application of an ac magnetic field below the weld specimen of around 70 mT (rms) at an oscillation frequency of 450 Hz. The inductive support System allows for single-pass laser beam welding of thick aluminum plates. The flow pattem in the molten zone and the temperature distributions are significantly changed by the application of the electromagnetic forces in the weld pool.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of iron and steel research international</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">29697</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1006-706X</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1001-0963</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">08.11.2012</enrichment>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Vjaceslav Avilov</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electromagnetic weld pool support</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lorentz force</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Marangoni stresses</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Natural convection</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>26993</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2012</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>7</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>COMSOL Inc.</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Multi-physics process simulation of static magnetic fields in high power laser beam welding of aluminium</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A three-dimensional turbulent steady state numerical model was used to investigate the influence of a stationary magnetic field during partial penetration high power laser beam keyhole welding of thick aluminum parts. COMSOL Multiphysics was used to calculate the three-dimensional heat transfer, fluid dynamics and electromagnetic field equations. Thermo-capillary (Marangoni) convection at the upper weld pool surface, natural convection due to gravity and latent heat of solid-liquid phase transition were taken into account. It shows that the application of steady magnetic fields produces a braking Lorentz force in the melt based on the Hartmann effect. The flow pattern  in the weld pool and also the temperature distribution and associated weld pool geometry thus change significantly. Convective flows in the melt can effectively be suppressed and the influence of thermo-capillary flow is diminished to a thin surface layer.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">COMSOL Conference 2012 (Proceedings)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">29780</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-0-9839688-7-0</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">COMSOL Conference 2012</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Milan, Italy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.10.2012</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">12.10.2012</enrichment>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Vjaceslav Avilov</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electromagnetic weld pool control</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lorentz force</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Marangoni convection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Buoyancy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>29412</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2013</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>3</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Penton/IPC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Cleveland, Ohio</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Magnets improve quality of high-power laser beam welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Welding is one of the most critical industrial processes, essential for building reliable metal structures in everything from ships to reactor vessels. When welds fail, often the entire structure fails, and expectations on weid quality have never been higher. Any process that uses a localized heat source, such as welding, is likely to result in some distortion. The welding process of very thick metal components is not inherently stähle and is barely controllable without external forces.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding design &amp; fabrication</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">32335</identifier>
    <identifier type="url">http://weldingdesign.com/processes/magnets-improve-quality-high-power-laser-beam-welding</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0043-2253</identifier>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Vjaceslav Avilov</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hartmann effect</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Marangoni flow</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>33037</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2015</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>10</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>12</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>March/April</issue>
    <volume>30/2</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Pennwell</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Tulsa, Okla., USA</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Magnets improve quality of high-power laser beam welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Welding is one of the most critical operations for the construction of reliable metal structures in everything from ships to reactor vessels. When welds fail, the entire structure often fails—so expectations on weld quality have never been higher. Any process that uses a localized heat source, such as welding, is likely to result in some distortion. The welding process of very thick metal components is not inherently stable and is barely controllable without external forces.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Industrial laser solutions for manufacturing</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">36116</identifier>
    <identifier type="url">http://digital.industrial-lasers.com/industriallasers/20150304#pg1</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1523-4266</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0888-935X</identifier>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Vjaceslav Avilov</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hartmann effect</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electromagnetic weld control</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Finite element simulation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>35035</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2015</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>571</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>579</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>Amer inst physics</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Melville, NY, USA</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Laser Institute of America (LIA)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Full penetration laser beam welding of thick duplex steel plates with electromagnetic weld pool support</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Full penetration high power bead-on-plate laser beam welding tests of up to 20 mm thick 2205 duplex steel plates were performed in PA position. A contactless inductive electromagnetic (EM) weld pool support system was used to prevent gravity drop-out of the melt. Welding experiments with 15 mm thick plates were carried out using IPG fiber laser YLR 20000 and Yb:YAG thin disk laser TruDisk 16002. The laser power needed to achieve a full penetration was found to be 10.9 and 8.56kW for welding velocity of 1.0 and 0.5 m min(-1), respectively. Reference welds without weld pool support demonstrate excessive root sag. The optimal value of the alternating current (AC) power needed to completely compensate the sagging on the root side was found to be approximate to 1.6 kW for both values of the welding velocity. The same EM weld pool support system was used in welding tests with 20 mm thick plates. The laser beam power (TRUMPF Yb:YAG thin disk laser TruDisk 16002) needed to reach a full penetration for 0.5 m min(-1) was found to be 13.9 kW. Full penetration welding without EM weld pool support is not possible-the surface tension cannot stop the gravity drop-out of the melt. The AC power needed to completely compensate the gravity was found to be 2 kW. (C) 2016 Laser Institute of America</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">ICALEO 2015 - 34th International congress on applications of lasers &amp; electro-optics (Proceedings)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">38187</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-940168-05-0</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">ICALEO 2015 - 34th International congress on applications of lasers &amp; electro-optics</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Atlanta, GA, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">2015-10-18</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">2015-10-22</enrichment>
    <author>Vjaceslav Avilov</author>
    <author>André Fritzsche</author>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electromagnetic weld pool support</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Duplex stainless steel</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>37759</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>362</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>372</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>83</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam [u.a.]</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">High power laser beam welding of thick-walled ferromagnetic steels with electromagnetic weld pool support</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The paper describes an experimental investigation of high power laser beam welding with an electromagnetic weld pool support for up to 20 mm thick plates made of duplex steel (AISI 2205) and mild steel (S235JR). The results of the welding tests show a successful application of this technology at ferromagnetic metals. Irregular sagging was suppressed successfully. An ac-power of less than 2 kW at oscillation frequencies between 800 Hz and 1.7 kHz is necessary for a full compasation of the hydrostatic pressure. Thus, it was demonstrated that the electromagnetic weld pool support is not only limited to non-ferromagnetic metals like austenitic steels. For future studies with duplex steel, the use of filler material has to take into account with regard to the balance of the mixed austenitic and ferritic phases.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Physics procedia</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.phpro.2016.08.038</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1875-3892</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-377593</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">13.01.2017</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitung 3.0</licence>
    <author>André Fritzsche</author>
    <author>Vjaceslav Avilov</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Kai Hilgenberg</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thick-walled steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ferromagnetic steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Weld pool support</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/37759/Fritzsche_High power laser beam welding of thick-walled ferromagnetic steels with electromagnetic weld pool support.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>31440</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2014</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>515</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>524</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>56</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam [u.a.]</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Experimental and numerical investigation of an electromagnetic weld pool control for laser beam welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of externally applied magnetic fields on the weld quality in laser beam welding. The optimization of the process parameters was performed using the results of computer simulations. Welding tests were performed with up to 20 kW laser beam power. It was shown that the AC magnet with 3 kW power supply allows for a prevention of the gravity drop-out for full penetration welding of 20 mm thick stainless steel plates. For partial penetration welding it was shown that an0.5 T DC magnetic field is enough for a suppression of convective flows in the weld pool. Partial penetration welding tests with 4 kW beam power showed that the application of AC magnetic fields can reduce weld porosity by a factor of 10 compared to the reference joints. The weld surface roughness was improved by 50%.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Physics procedia</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">34460</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.phpro.2014.08.006</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1875-3892</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-314405</identifier>
    <enrichment key="zsBemerkung">Die Aufnahme ist grundsätzlich falsch, da es sich bei "Physics procedia" nicht um eine Zeitschrift handelt, sondern um eine Tagungsband-Reihe. Die unten beschriebene Lösung wird aber bereits bei einigen anderen analog gelagerten Fällen durchgeführt, z. B. bei "Energy procedia".  Die Tagungsband-Reihe findet sich in der Master Journal List bzw. in dem Journal Citation Report selbstverständlich nicht wieder, da es ja keine Zeitschrift ist. Allerdings wird die Tagungsband-Reihe sehr wohl von Thomson-Reuters für Ihre Datenbank ausgewertet, als "Book Series". Daher muss sichergestellt werden, dass die dort erscheinenden Artikel auch für die "1000-Euro-Liste" berücksichtigt werden.  Die einfachste Lösung ist es, den Eintrag als Zeitschrift zu belassen, und das Häkchen bei "In MJL/CPCI von ISI enthalten" zu setzen. Das ist zwar formal nicht ganz korrekt, erzeugt aber das richtige Ergebnis.  Jan Harloff-Puhr 16.9.2014</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">25.09.2014</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitung 3.0</licence>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Vjaceslav Avilov</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electromagnetic weld pool support</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hartmann effect</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electromagnetic rectification</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/31440/1-s2.0-S1875389214001515-main.pdf</file>
  </doc>
</export-example>
